A IF IL (D IB^ OF THE NORTHERN AND MIDDLE SECTIONS 05 THE OB, A SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT AND i>SSCRIPTION QV ALL THE PLANTS HITHERTO DISCOVERED IV TUB UNITED STATES NORTH OF VIRGINIA. BY JOHN TORREY, M. D. Ereiident of the Lyceum of Natural History of New- York ; Member of the New- York literary and Philosophical Society ; of the Academy ot Natural Sciences of rhiladeiphia ; of the Physiographical Society of Lund, Sweden ; of the %Vemerian Natural History Society, Edinburgh, ic. VOLUME I. M'EW-YORK: PRINTED AND SOLD BY T. AND J. SWOIIDS, Na yj I'earl-strett. 1824. e\ / Co "i- TO THOMAS NUTTALL, ESQ; Fellow op the LmNiEAN Society op London, Member op the American Philosophical Society, &c. &c. THIS WORK IS RESPECTFULLY INSCRfBED, AS A TRIBUTE OF RESPECT FOR HIS SCIENTIFIC ATTAINMENTS, AND AS A TOKEN OF ESTEEM FOR HIS PERSONAL CHARACTER, BY HIS FRIEND, THt: AUTHOR. PREFACE, JL HE progress of botanical science in the United States has been so rapid during the last few years, that new works, containing the discoveries continually making, are, from time to time, required. The excellent Flora of Mr. Pursh, which appeared in 1814, exhibited all that was then on re- cord, as well as all which the enterprising author himself discovered, relative to North-American botany. Since that lime have appeared the " Genera of North-American Plants," by Mr. Nuttall, a work which has contributed more than any other to advance the accurate knowledge of the plants of this country ; Mr. ElHott's excellent " Sketch of the Bo- tany of Georgia and South-Carolina ;" " Barton^s Flora of North-America," besides numerous monographs and miscel- laneous observations on North-American plants, published in various scientific journals. A considerable number of out- plants have also found their way to Europe, and have there been described and illustrated by the most celebrated botanists of the age. A small proportion, however, of North-American plants, even of those growing in the most explored parts, have yet been attentively examined. Having devoted a number of years to the study of the plants of this country, particularly those of the northern and middle parts of the United States, the author conceived that a Flora embracing this section, would be a proper counter part to the work of Mr. Elliott on the Botany of the Southern States. He accordingly commenced collecting materials for the present- work; and, after much labour and care, he at length ventures to submit it to the public. The ad- vantage of local Floras is now generally acknowledged ; as their authors, it is presumed, must be better acquainted with the plants of which they treat than with those of a more ex- tensive district; they are the means of recording many facts and observations, and minute descriptions, which could not be introduced into general works; they also increase our knowledge of vegetable geography. It has been the object of the author to bring together all that has hitherto been published on the subjects embraced by this work, and to add such observations as his own opportuni- ties have enabled him to make. In prosecuting this task it lias been necessary, in many instances, to alter andanriend the characters of genera and species as they were described in previous works, and also to make some changes in nomenclature. He is well aware of the, great inconvenience of changing established names, but this must necessarily be done while botany is an advancing science. A large pro- portion of our plants have not been examined since botany has assumed a philosophical character : hence they have been imperfectly described, and, in many instances, referred to wrong genera and species. We are, therefore, often under the necessity of using erroneous names, or of changing thena for such as are more appropriate. It appears to us that the interest of science requires us to adopt the latter alternative ; but, at the same time, to make no alteration except such as the natural progress of botany renders necessary. There can be little doubt that Linnceus himself, had he lived to this day, would have materially altered both his system and nomenclature ; as he did in each successive edition of his own works. In all cases where there was not especial reason for the contrary, we have adopted the names given to plants by those who discovered or first described them ; thus we have revived the neglected name of Bartonia, given to a plant by Muhlenberg, and described in 1801, in- stead of adopting Centaurella of JVIichaux, which was several years later ; Gi/mnopogon of P. de Beauvois has been pre- ferred to Anthopngon of Nuttall, and Brasenia of Schreber to Hydropdlis of Michaux. So in specific names, Frasera carolinensis and Utriculnria injlata of Walter, have beea used instead of F. Walteri and U. ctratophylla of Michaux. The most important changes of this kind have been intro- duced in the Gkamine^, a family which has been less attended to by our botanists than any other of the phanerogamia. Mr. Nuttall has exhibited his usual acuteness in reforming their characters, but, as thfe Agrostographia of P. de Beau- vois had not reached this country when he published his valuable work, most of his new genera must give place to those of the French botanist. It is principally to this work, and to the recent Agrostographia of Trinius, that the author is indebted for the improved generic characters of the grasses, as well as for the somewhat new arrangement which he proposes. The Umbellifeu* are adopted with but Httle alteration from Sprengel, as they are elaborated by him in the 6th vo- lume of Roemer & Schultes' Systema Vegetabilium, though his distribution of the North-American species of this tribe is not ahogether satisfactory. Of the Cryptogamia, it is concluded at this time to* de- -scnbe only the ferns, leaving the other orders for a future period; when the author, in connexion with his friends, the Rev. L. D. Schweinitz, and A. Halsey, Esq. proposes to give a Cryptogamic Flora of the United States. Large col- lections have already been made towards this work. The names of genera and species proposed by the author have an asterisk (*) annexed to them. To a few doubtful plants the mark (+) is added. It is probable that these last should all be expunged from our Flora. The detailed descriptions are always original, except in a few cases, where the authority is given. The author would not forget his friends who have assisted him in contributions to this work. Although their names ap- pear so frequently on its pages, he must express his particu- lar obligations to the following gentlemen : — Prof. Bigelow, and J. Oakes, Esq. for plants of the vicinity of Boston, the White Hills, &c. ; Prof. C. Dewey, Dr.' J. Porter, Dr. Cooley, and the Rev. Mr. Hitchcock, from various parts of Massachusetts ; Dj. E. Ives, Dr. J. Hooker, and Mr. J. B. Brace, from Connecticut; Dr. L. C. Beck, Mr. J.Tracy, and Dr. E. James, from Albany and its neighbourhood ; Dr. M. Stevenson, from the northern parts of the State of New- York ; Dr. J. Barratt, from the Highlands; VVm. Cooper, and A. Halsey, Esqrs. from the vicinity of this city and else- where ; and Capt. Le Conte, Mr. A. Eaton, and the Rev. Mr. Schweinitz, from various parts of the northern and middle States. To the Messrs. Prince, of Flushing, he is indebted for unrestrained access to the Linna^an Botanic Garden ; which extensive collection embraces a large pro- portion of the plants of our country, capable of cultivation. Their establishment merits the extensive patronage it re- ceives. As this work, from its size, may be inconvenient for rc« ference in the field, or may be too expensive for many bo- tanists, a Compendium, comprising the essential generic and specific characters of all the plants described in the larger Fiora, has been prepared, and will shortly be published. Should the present undertaking be favourably received by the botanic world, it is the intention of the author to publish a General Flora of North-America, to include all the dis- coveries made since the work of Mr. Pursh, now amounting to many hundred species. Collections are continually making for this purpose, and the aid of botanists in all parts of our country, by the communication of local catalogues, observa- tions, and dried specimens, is respectfully solicited. N£v)'York, July ^Oth, \B1A. INDEX TO THB Principal Authors quoted in this worTi, ACT. sec. amlc. vat. cur. Der gesellschaft naturforschender freunde IJ. Uerlin. Neue schnflen. 4to. 1795 — 1801. .ilct. u/13. Acta Societatis regis scientiarum Upsaliensis. 1744, et seq. 4to, Jit. ktiv. Hortus Kewerisls ; or, a Catalorfue of the Plants cultivated m the Koyal Botanic Garden at Kevv, by W. Aiton. 3 vol. 8vo. London, 1789. Jit. ke-w. ed. 2. The second edition, enlarged, by W. Tovvnsend Alton. 5 vol. 8vi). London, 1810—1813. .imam. acad. Car. Linnsel Amoenitates acadenaicx. 10 vol. 8vo. Holmise, 174o_i769. Erlangse, 1785—1790. Ann dnmus, A nnales du Museum d'histoire naturelle. 20 vol. 4to. Paris, 1802—1813. Arm gen. des scienc. phys. Annales generales des sciences physiques. 9 vol. 8V0. Bruselles, 1819—1824, et seq. Ann lye. nat. hist. Annals of tiie Lyceum of Natural History of New- York. Svo 1823, et seq. Ann hot. Annals of Botany, by C Konig and J. Sims. 2 vol. Svo. Lon= don, 1805—1806. Bart fi phil C )mpendium Florae Philadelphicae, by W. P. C. Barton. Philadelphia, 1818. veg. mat. med. Id. Vegetable materia medica of the United States. 2 vol. 4to. Philadelphia, 1817—1819. — . - /. amcT. sept. Id. A Flora of North-America, illustrated by co- loured figures. 3 vol. 4to. Philadelphia, 1821—1824. Bolt Jil J um. Bolton, Filices Britannia:. Partes 2, 4to. Leeds and Hud- dersfield, 1785—1790. Bartram it. Travels tlirough North and South-Carolina, Georgia, Flo- rida, &c. by W. Bartram. " 1 vol. Philadelphia, 1791. Big. host. Fiorula Bostoniensis ; or, a Collection of the Plants of Boston, and its environs, by Jacob Bigelow. 1 vol. Svo. Boston, 1814. — — host ed. 2. The same greatly enlarged. 1 vol. Svo. Boeion. 1824. med. bot. Id. American Medical Botany. 3 vol. Svo. 1817 — 1821- Bosc. bull. soc. See Bull. Soc Phil. Boi. mag. The Botanical Magazine, by William Curtis. Svo. London, 1787—1798. Continued by J. Sims. 1799, et seq. Bot. rep. The Botanist's Repository for new and rare Plants, by H. An- drews. 4to. London, 1797, et seq. Browne, jam. The Civil and Natural History of Jamaica, by Patrick Browne. 1 vol. fol. London, 1756. Brown, li. Prodromus florae Novz HoUandis et Insulz van Dleman. vol, primum, Svo. London, 1810. Bxdl. soc. phil. Bulletin des sciences, par la societe philomatique de Pa- ris. 1771, et seq. Catesh. car. The Natural History of Carolina, Florida, and the Bahama Islands, by Mark Catesby. 2 vol. fol. London, 1741—1743. Can. ic. A. J. CaviniUes icones el descriptiones plantarum. 6 vol. foL Mau-iti, 1791—1801. C/wis prnd. hyp. Prodromus d'une monographic de la famille des Ilyperi- cinees, par J. O. Choisy. 4lo. Geneve, 1821. Clay.virg. See Gron. virg. Comm.gas. Commeotarii societatis regiac scientiarum Coettingensls. 4to. 1751—1820. Cem;^. hort. Ilorli mcdici Amstelodamensis rarioruin nlantarum descriptio INDEX. iX et icones, pars prima, auctore J. Commelino. l vol. fol. AiTistelodatni, 1697. Pars altera, auctore Caspar Commelino. 1701. Corn, canad. Jac. Cornuti, Canadensium plantarum aliarumque nondum editarum historia. ivol. 4to. Paris, 1635. Be Ca7id. cat. h. monsp. Catalogus plantarum horti botanici Monspeli- ensis addito observationum circa species novas aut non satis cognitas fasciculo, auctore A. P. De Candolle. 1 vol. 8vo. Monspelii, 1813. — -: reg. -veg. Id. Regni vegetabilis systema naturale. 1 vol. Svo Paris, 1818. 2 vol. 8vo. 1821. syn. ft. gall. Id. Synopsis plantarum in flora Galliqa descnp- tarum. l vol. 8vo. Paris, 1806. astrag. Id. Astragalogia. I vol. 4to. Paris, 1802. De la roche eryng. Eryngiorum nee non generis novi alepidix historia 1 vol. fol. Paris, 1808. JDesf. atl. Flora Atlantica, auctore Renato Desfontaines. 2 vol. 4to. Pa- ris, 1790—1799. Desv jour.bot. Journal de botanique, par Desvaux. Svo. Pans, 1808, et seq. DiU.elth. Job. Jac. Dillenius, Hortus Elthamensis, 2 vol. fol. London, 1732,. ——muse. Id. Historia muscorum. 1 vol. 4to. Oxonii, 1741. Don7i cat. Hortus Cantabrigiensis ; or, a Catalogue of Plants, &.c. ed. 10 1 vol. Svo. London, 1223. Duham. arb. Duhamel du Monceau, traits des arbres et arbustes qui se cultivent en France en pleine terre. 2 vol. 4to. Paris, 1755. Seconde Edition considerablement augmentee. 1801. Bun. sol. Histoire naturelle medicaieet ^conomique des Solanum et des genres qui ont ete confondus avec eux. 1 vol. 4to. Montpellier, 1816. Bu Roi harbk. J- Phil. Du Roi, Harbkesche wilde baumzucht. 2 vol. 8vo,. Braunschweig, 1771 — 1772. Eat. man. A Manual of Botany for the Middle an4 Norlhcrn States ct America, ed. 3. 1 vol. l2mo. Albany, 1822. Edin. phil.jour. The Edinburgh Philosophical Journal, ed. by Dr. Brewste'v and Prof. Jameson, vol. 10, Svo. 1819—1824. Ehrh. beitr. Frid. Ehrhart, Beltrjcge zur naturkunde. 7 vol. Svo. llano- ver, 1787—1792. Elliott sk. A Sketch of the Botany of South-Carolina and Georgia, by Stephen Elliott. 2 vol. 8vo. Charleston, 1817—1824. Eng. hot. English Botany, by J. E. gmilb and J. Sowerby. 20 vol. Svo London, 1790—1814. '"I. dan. Icones plantarum sponte nascentinra In regnis Dam^ et Nor- vegiae, etc. edita: a G. C. Oeder, F. MiiUer, M. Vahl, et J. W. Hornemann, 8 vol. Hafnise. 1761—1816. Fl. peruv. Vid. Ruiz and Pav. Cxrt. de fr. & sem. Jos. Gaertner, de fructibus et semiaibus plantarum. 2 vol. 4to. Lipsiz, 1788—1791. Gxrt.carp. G. F- Gsertner, Carpologia. lvol.4t{). Lipsix, 1805— 1307. Gen.pl. Car. a Linne, Genera plantarum, ed. Svo- curante J.C. D. Schre- ber. 2 vol. Svo. Francof Mcen, 1789—1791. Gmel. sib. J. G. Gmelin, Flora Sjbirica. 4 vol. Svo. Petropoli, 1747—1769. Gmel. syst. Caroli Linn jci, systema nature, edit. Joh. Frid. Gmelin. 10 vol. Svo. Lugduni, 1796. Gron. virg. J. F. Gronovius, Flora Virginica exhibens plantas quas .1 Clayton in Virginia collegit. ed. 1, 1 vol. Svo. Lugd. Bat. 1743 i ed. 2. 4to. 1762. ffoj. sal. G. F. Hoffman, Historia salicum. 1 vol. fol. Lipsiae, 1785. Eook.Jl. scot. Flora Scotica, by William Jackson Hooker. 1 vol. Svp. London, 1B21. ■ exot.Jl. Id. Exotic Flor.i. 1vol. Svo. 1822, et .?eq. Hort. diff. Vid. Lin. hort. Cliff. Hort. schoen. Vid. Jacq. hort. Schoen. Host. gram. Nich. T. Host, Icones et descriptiones gramlnum Ausirla- corum. 3 vol. fol. Vindobonx, 1801 — 1803. J INDEX. Humb & Bonp. ^qiUn. A. de Humboldt et Am, Bonpland, Plantes equi- J^°q'^ obs^^^i'xrh J Jacquin, Observationes botanic*. 4 fasc. fol. Vin- dobon*. 1774—1771. ,. ^ , . ^ , <• , ,r-„ . hort vind M. Hortus botanicus Vindobonensis. 3 vol- tol. Vm- dobonx. 1770—1776. . « , n tt- j k ic. rar. Id. Icoues plantarum ranorum. 3 vol. fol. Vindobonae, oxal. Id. Oxalis monographia Iconibus illustrata. 1 vol. 4to. Vin- dobonae, 1792. . ^ ^ . hort. schoen. Id. Plantarum rarlorum horti cacsarei Schoenbrunen. sis. 4 vol. fol. 1797—1804. eclog. Jos. F. Jacquin, Eclogx botanica. fol. 1811—1816. Tour, acad phil- Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Phila- delphia. 3 vol. 8vo. 1817—1824. Continued. Juss.gen. A. L. Jussieu, Genera plantarom secundum ordines naturales disposita. I vol. Svo- Paris, 1789. Kunth. ryn. Synopsis plantarum quas in itinere ad plagam equinoctialem orbis novi coUigerunt, A. de Humboldt et Am. Bonpland. 3 vol. 8vo- Paris, V 1, 1822 ; v. 2, 1823 ; v. 3. 1824. Lagas- gen & spec. nov. A. M. Lagasca, Genera et species plantarum, qus aut novK sunt, aut nondum recte cognoscuntur. 1 vol. Svo. Ma- triti, 1816. Lam. enc Encyclopedie Methodique ; botanique par M. de Lamarck. 4 vol.410. P«ris, 1783—1797. — — ill Id. Illustration des genres, pi- 900, et 2 vol. de texte. 4to Paris, 1791, etsuiv. Lamb. pin. A Description of the Genus Pinus, by Aylmer Bourke Lambert- 1 vol. fol. London, 1803. Lehm aspenf. Plantac e familia Asperifollarum nuciferae, descripsit J. G. C. Lehmann. partes 2 4to. Berlin, 1818. — — - nicoi. Id. Generis Nicotianarum historia. 1 vol. 4to- Hambur- gii, 1820. I'fferii. corn. C L- I'Heritier, Cornus. 1 vol. fol. Paris, 1788. sert. a7ig. Id. Sertum Anglicum. 1 vol. fol. Paris, 1788. Lin hort. cliff. C- a Linne, v. Linnxus, Hortus Cliffortianus. 1 vol. fol. Amstelodami, 1737. fl.lapp. Id. Flora Lapponica, ed. 2, cur. J.E.Smith. 1 vol.8 vo. Londoni, 1792. sp pi. Id Species plantarum. 2 vol- Svo. Holmise, 1762. syst. veg. Id. Systema vegetabilium, curante J. E. Murray. 1 vol. Svo. Gottings. 1784. ——snpp. C. Luinjeus fil, Suppletnehtum plantarum. 1vol. Svo. Bruns« vigx, 1781. Lin. trant. Transactions of the Linnssan Society of London. 14 vol. 4to, 1791— 1824, etseq. Lob. ic. M de Lobel et P. Pena, Stirpium icones. 2 vol 4to. Antver- piae, 1581—1591. Marsh, ari. Hump. Marshall, Arbustrum americanum. 1vol. Svo. Phi- ladelphia, 1785. Med. rep. The Medical Repository. 24 vol 8vo. New-York, 1797—1824, and continued. Mem. du mus. Memoires du Museum d'histoire naturelle. 8 vol 4to. Paris, 1815—1822, et contin. Mem. wern. soc. Memoirs of the Wernerian Natural History Society. 4 vol. Svo. Edinburgh, 1811—1824. Mich.fl. Andr. Michaux, Flora Boreali-americana. 2 vol. Svo. Paris, 1803. ~TT 5'"f' ■<^; ^^- Histoire des chenes de I'Amerique Septentrionale. 3 vol. fol. Pans, 1801. Mch. f. arb. Histoire des arbres forestiers de I'Amerique Septentrionale. 3 vol. 8vo. Paris, 1810-1813. The same translated into English. 3 vol. svo. rar IS, 1819. INDEX. Xl Michel, gen. Pet. Ant. Michell, Nova plantarum genera. 1 vol. fol Florentis!, 1729. Mill. ic. Figures of Plants described in the Gardener's Dictionary, by Philip Miller. 2 vol. fol. London, 1760. Manck. math. C. Mccnch, Methodus plantas horti et agri Maburgensi* describendi. I vol. 8vo. Maburgi, 1794- Moris, hist. Rob. Morison, Plantarum historia universalis Oxoniensis. 2 vol. fol. Oxonii, 1C80. Muhl. cat. Hen. Muhlenberg, Catalogus plantarum Americae Septen- trionalis. ed. 2, 1 vol 8vo. Philadelphia, 1818. ■ gram. Id. Descriptio uberior graminum et plantarum calamari- arum Americae Septentrionalis. 1 vol. Philadelphia, 1817- J^utt gen. The Genera of North-American Plants, and a Catalogue of the species, to the year 18l7j by Thomas Nuttall. 2 vol. l2mo. Philadel- phia, 1818. Pall ait. P.S.Pallas, Species Astragalorum descriptw et iconibus illus- trate. I vol fol. Lipsia, 1800. P. deBeauv. agroat. Essai d'une nouvelle Agrostographia. 1 vol. 8vo. & 4to. Paris, 1812. Pall.Jl. ros. Id. Flora Rossica- 2 vol- fol. Petropoli, 1784—1788. Parad. land. The Paradisus Londinensis, containing plants cultivated ia the metropolis; the descriptions by R. A. Salisbury; the figures by Wil- liam Hooker. 2 vol 4to. 1805—1808. Pers- syn Synopsis plantarum, sen Enchiridiumbotanicum, curante €• H. Persoon. 2 vol. 12mo. Paris, 1807— 1809. PI. rar. hung Fran. C. Waldstein et P- Kitaibel, Descriptiories et Icone.^ plantarum rariorum Hungnrire. 3 vol fol. Viennie, 1802 — 1812. Pluk. phyt- Leon. Plukenett, Phytographia sive Stirpium illustriorum, etc. 4to. Londoni, 1691—1692. — — aim. Id.' ^Imagestum botanicum. 1 vol- 4to. Ibid. 1696. mant. Id- Almagesti botanici mantissa. 1 vol. 4to. Ibid. 1700. — — umalth. Id. Amaltheum botanicum. 1 vol. 4to. Ibid. 1705. Plum. amer. Carl- Plumier, Description des plantes de I'Amerique. Ivol, fol. Paris, 1693— 1713. ■ ^l. Id Traite des fougeres de I'Amerique. 1 vol. fol. Paris, 1705. Poir. enc Encyclop6die methodique ; Dictionnaire de botanique, continue parPoiret, 4vol.4to. 1804—1808. — — ^^Stoc. sup. Id. End. method, supplement au Dictlonn. de botanique. 4 vol 4to. Paris, 1810—1816, et continue. Purshf. Flora America Septentrionalis, by Fred. Pursh. Svol.Svo. Lou- don, 1814. Raf precis des decouv. Precis des decouvertes somologiques ou zoologi- ques de C. S. Rafinesque- 1 fasc 12mo. Palerme, 1814. Ited.lit. Les Liliacees par P. J. Redoute 8 vol. fol. Paris, 1802— 1816. Vol. 1—4, text par De CandoUe ; vol. 5—7, par F. De La Roche ; vol. 8, par A. R. Delille- Bees' cyclop. The new Cyclopedia, edited by Abraham Rees, American ed.; the botanical articles by J E. Smith. 46 vol- 4to. Rostk June. F. G. Roslkovii, Dessertatio botanica de Juncc 1 vol. 8vo. Halse, 1801- Roth. cat. A. W. Roth, Catalecta botanica. 3vol.8vo. Lipsiae, 1797— 1805. . ■■■ germ. Id- Tentamen florae Germanics. SvolBvo. Lips ia, 1788 — 1801. beitr- Id- Beitrage zui' botanik- 8vo. Bremen, 17fe2 — 1783. Roem. & Schidf. Car- a Linne, Systema vegetabilium, curantibus J. A. Roemer and J, A. SchuUes. 8 vol. 8vo. Stuttgardtis, 1817—1820, et continuatio. ■ gen. Id. C a Linne, syst. veg. secund. classes ordines et genera. 1 vol. Stuttgardtise, 1820. Salisb. stirp. R. A. Salisbury, Icones stirpium rariorum descriptionibus illustratae. 1 fasc. fol. Londoni, 1791. Scheuch. gram. J. Schevjcbzer, Agro&tographia. lvo].4to^ Tiguri, 17J.9' :iii INDEX. Schk. car. C Schkuhr, Beschrelburg der reldgraesser. 2 vol. 8vo. Wit- tenberp, 1812. ,^„, .„„^ -i hatib. Id. Botanlsches handbuck. 3 thelle, 8vo. 1791— 180o. Schh. fil. Id. Abbildungen der FarrnkrSuter. 4to. Schmidt, arb. Franz Schmidt, CEsterreichs alleigmeine Baumzucht. 2 band.fol. Wieii, 1792— J794. Schrad. Jl. germ. II. A. Schrader, Flora Germanica. 1vol. 8vo. Gotv tinprse, 1806. Schreb. gram. J. C. D Schreber, Beschreibung der Graser. 2 theil, fol. Leipzig, 1769—1779. Sill.jonm. The American Journal of Science and the Arts. 8 vol. 8vo. 1816 — 1821, and continuation. Shane jam. A Vo)'age to the Islands of Madeira, Barbadoes, Nevis, St. Christopher's, Jamaica, &c. 2 vol. fol. London, 1707—1725. Sm. f. brit. J. E. Smith, Flora Britannica. 3 vol. Svo. Londotii, 1800—1804. exot. hot. Id. Exotic Botany, fasc. 4to. London, 1804—1808. icon. pict. Id. Icones pictae plantarum rariorum. 3 fasc. fol- Lon- don!, 1790—1793. icon. ined. Id. Plantarum icones hactenus ineditae, 3 fasc. fol. Lon- doni, 1789—1791. spic. Id. Spicilegium botanicum, 2 fasc. fol. Londoni, 1791 — 1792. Spreng. nmb. C. Sprengel, Plantarum umbelliferarum denuo disponenda- rum prodromus. 1 vol- 4to. Halae, 1814. — — ■ «(?Me. entd. Id. Neue entdeckungen in ganzen umfang der pflan- zenkunde. 2 vol. 12mo. Leipzig, 1820— 1821. pi. pug. Id. Plantarum minus cognitarum pugillus primus, 8vo. Halae, 1813: 2, 1815. S-wartz fl. ind. occ. Ol. Swartz, Flora Indiae occidentalis. 3 vol. Svo. Elang.ie, 1797—1806. icon. Id. Icones plantarum Indiae occidentalis, 1 fasc. fol. Elan- gae, 1794. — obs. Id. Observationes botanicae. 1 vol. Svo, Elangae, 1791. fl. Id. Synopsis filiciim earum genera etspecierum. 1 vol. Svo. Kiliae, 1806. Trans, amer. phil. soc. Transactions of the American Philosophical So- ciety. 6 vol. 1771—1809. Torre-u cat. pi. JV. Yopk. A Catalogue of Plants growing spontan^ijsly within 30 miles of the city of New-York. 1 vol. Svo. Albany, IM^ Tre-a. pi. rar Plantae rariores, curavit J. J. Trew. 1 vol- fol.qjOTim- bergte, 1763- Trin. agrost. C B. Trinius, Fundamenta Ag^ostographla, sive Theoria constructionis floris graminei, &c. 1 vol. Svo. Vienuae, 1820. Vahl. enum. M. Vahl, Enumeratio plantarum. 2 vol. Svo. Hauniae, 1805-1806. symb. Id. Symbolae botanicae, 3 fasc fol. Hauniae, 1790— 1794- Vent eels. Description des plantes nouvellesoupeu connues du jardin de J- M. Cels, avec figures, par E. P. Ventenat. Paris, 1800. clwix. Id. Choix des plantes, 10 fasc- fol- Paris, 1803-1808- Wahl. fl. iGpp- G- Wahlenberg, Fl. Lapponica. 1vol. Svo- Berolini, 1802 Walt. car. Flora Caroliniana, auctore Thorn. Walter- 1 vol. 8vo. Lon- doni, 1788. Wang. amer. F. A. J. Wangenheim, Anpflanzung nordamericanischer holzarten. 1vol. fol- Gottingen, 1787. Willd. sp- pi. C L- Willdenow, Species plantarum C. Linnsei, ed. post Reichard quinta. 5vol.8vo Berolini, 1797— 1810- . aniar. Id. Historia Amaranthorum. 1 vol. fol. Turici, 1790. hort. ber. Id. Hortus Berolinensis, fasc fol. Berolini, 1806—1810. ' enum. Id. Enumeratio plantarum hort. bolan. Berolinensis. 2 voL Zxo. Berol. 1809. Supp. 1813, CLASS I. M O N A N D 11 I A. ORDER I. MONOGYNIA- I.SALICORNIA. L. /^y/ZFX turbinate, entire, somewhat ventricose, sue- culent. Corolla o. Stamens 1, 2. Style bifid; seed 1, covered by the inflated calyx. Gen. pi. 14. Roemer £i? Sc/iultes gen. 31. Jtiss. p. 86. Nutt. Gen. I. p. 2. Lam. 111. t. 4. Nat Ord. Atriplices. Juss. Stems leafless, with opposite branches. Glass-wort. Marsh Samphire. 1. S. herbacea L.: annual; stem erect, or branched; joints connpressed, notched at the summits; spikes penduncled: cal} X truncate. W i 1 1 d. Spec. \. p. 23. M i c h. FL I. p. 1 . Big. Bast, p, 2. Pursh FL I. p. 2. Ell. Sk. I. p. 3. Ro em. 4" S chill t. I. p. 38. S. virginica L. Syst. veg. p. 52. Willd. Spec, I. p. 25. Pursh FL I. p. 2. C I ay 1 071 Virg, p. 1. Root fibrous or fusiform. Stem 6 to 10 inches high, more or less branched, succulent; branches jointed and succulent, the sum- mit of each joint with 2 pretty sharp teeth. Flowers in threes at each joint, very minute. Stamens always 2, expanding at different times ; anthers didymous, yellow. Germ, ovate ; styles very short ; stigmas glandular. Hab. In salt marshes, common. August — September. On the Salt-Lake of Onondaga, New-York. Pursh. The S. virginica of Linnseus does not appear to differ in any respect from the European S. herbacea., except in being less branched, ■which is a character of no importance. The con nion species of this vicinity varies considerably, being sometimes aimost simple, sometimes very nmch branched. 1 2 MONANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. salicornia, 2. S.ambigm Mich.: perennial, procumbent, branch- ing ; joints crescent-shaped, small ; spikes opposite and alter- nate ; calyx truncate. Elliott Sk.l. p. 4. M i c h. FL I. p. 2. Pursh FL\. p.^. Roem. ^ Schull. \. p, 39 & 41 ! {bis.) Root fibrous, creeping. S(em procumbent and ascending. Flowers, cahjx, and Jilaments, as in the preceding. Anthers purplish yellow. Germ, short, ovate. Styles 2 or o. Stigmas 2, obtuse, glandular. Elliott. \.c. ^ or ^ . Hab. In sedgy salt-meadows. New-Jersey to Carolma. Pursh. New-York and New- Jersey. Mu hlenberg. Intermediate between S. Aer^crfa and yr«/fcosa Z.. Mich. This species I insert on the authorities above quoted. I have found a Sali- cornia on the sea-coast of Long-Island, which was a little fru- tescent at the base, but it was evidently a variety of S. her- bacea. 2. HIPPURIS. L. Calyx entire, very small. Corolla o. Style received into a groove of the anther. Stigma simple. Seed 1. Ge7i. pi 15. Nutt. Gen. I. p. 3. Juss. p. 18. Ann. du Mus. III. t. 3. f. 3. Roem. ^ Sc limit. Gen. 32. La 772. III. t. 5. Nat. Ord. Naiades. Ju s s. Mares- tail. H. vulgaris L. ; leaves verticillate, in eights, linear-lan- eeolate, acute. Willd. Spec 1. p. 26. Mich, FL L p. 1. Pursh Fl.l. p. 3. Eng, Bot, t. 763. Roem, ^~ Schult. I. p. 41. Stem a foot or more high, the lower part floating, simple, articu- late. Leave's almost linear, those on the emerged part of the stem about three-fourths of an inch long, narrowed at the base, with an obscure nerve along the middle ; submerged leaves much longer and more crowded. Flowers situated in the axils of the leaves ; calyx very minute, crowning the germen» Stamen growing out of the side of the minute calyx ; ^lament short, flat; anther oblong, formed of two rounded lobes, through which the style passes, purple ; stigma simple, glan- dulous. Ri/ie seed not seen. Hab. In a pond near Schenectady, New- York, in company with the remarkable Bidens Beckii.* August. In ditches and small ponds. Canada to Pennsylvania. Pursh. In Penn- sylvania, flowers in May I Muhlenberg.** The only American locality of this plant with which I am acquainted, is that near Schenectady, discovered about four •• The specimen of Hippunis vulgaris in Muhlenberg's Herbari- um is -probably not native, as the handwriting is the same as that on the labels of many undoubted foreign specimens in that collection. sippURis. MONANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. S years since by Dr. L. C. Beck, a gentleman to whom I am under many obligations for his valuable contributions to this work. From a careful comparison of the American Hififiuris with numerous specimens of H. -vulgaris of Europe, I have little doubt of their identity. The former has, according to the observations of Dr. Beck, pretty constantly eight leaves in each whorl, though Michaux describes it as having six. Pursh remarks {Fl. 11. p. 774) that he compared speci- mens of Hififiuria vulgaris from Hudson's Bay, with the European species, and found them entirely distinct. Are there two species of this genus in North-America ? ORDER II. D I G Y N I A. 3. CALLITRICHE. L. Calyx inferior, 2-leaved. Corolla o. Capsule 2- celled, 4-seeded, compressed. Gen.pl. 17. Nutt. Gen. I. p. 3. Jiiss. p. 19. Roem. y Schult. Gen. 39. Lam. Ill t. 5. Nat. Ord. Naiades. Ju s s. Leaves opposite, flowers axillary, sometimes monoicous, " seed 4, naked." Smith. Nut tall. Water- Chickweed. 1. C. vtrna 0, intermedia Willd.: upper leaves spa- tulate-obovate, inferior ones linear, obtuse, and emarginate ; flowers polygamous; margin of the seed obtuse. Willd. Enum. H.Berol. I. p. 8. Ro em. i^ S c hult. ]. p. 46. C aquatic a Big. Bost. p. 2. C. heterophylla Pursh Fl. I. p. 3. Elliott Sk. 1. p. 46. C. ver7ia Mich. Fl. I. p. 2. Muhl. Cat. p. 1. Walt. Car. p. 69. Root annual, fibrous. Stefrt floating, composed of two tubes, nearly simple, in deep water sometimes two or three feet long. Leaves two to each joint, the uppermost ones crowded into a stellated tuft, obscurely 3-nerved, the lower ones gradually be- coming narrower till they are quite linear. Flowers solitary, the uppermost ones stameniferous, the middle ones perfect, and the lowest fertile ; calyx (corolla, L in. &c.) white, leaves lan- ceolate, as long as the germen, but shorter than the ripe cap- sule. Stamen 1 ; (rarely 2 ;) JUament as long as the germen ; anther oblong, didymous. Germen quadrangular, compressed and emarginate, twice as long as the subulate styles : capsule 2-parted ; seeds oblong. Hab. Very common in shallow waters, stagnant or flowing. April — August. I MOiNANDKlA. DIGYNIA. calhtrighe. 2. C.aufumnalis L. : leaves all linear, 1 -nerved, truncated or emarginate, seeds with acute margins; flowers perfect. Wilid. Spec. 1. p. 29. Mich. Fl. I. p- i'. Roem. <$/• Schult. I. p. 47. C. linearis Pursh Fl. I. p. 3. Fooc annual. Siem floating, somewhat branched, bifistulous and diaphanous. Leaves spreading, very narrow, generally emar- gbate, or slightly bifid at the end ; the uppermost ones some- what lanceolate and 3-nerved. Calyx shorter than the ger- men, obtuse ? Cu/isule very short, margin more or less acute, (membranaceous in the European plant. JVa hi end erg.) Hab. In similar situations with No. 1, and perhaps not a distinct species. In a pc-nd near Williamsburg, Long-Island. In small streams about Williamstown, Massachusetts. Dewey. 3. C. terrestris R af. : procunfibent, diffused ; leaves ob- long, uniform, rather obtuse ; capsule grooved on the margin. Raftnesque in Med. Repos. XI. p. 358. Roem, ir Schult. 1. p. 47. Muhl. Cat.^. ll DesvauxJour. de Bat. I. p. 223. C. brevifolia P ur s h FIA. ^. 3. Roe m, <$-• Schult. 1. c. Rooe annual. Siem creeping, densely covering the earth on Avhich it grows. Leaves crowded, short, obtuse, succulent, nerves obsolete. Flowers polygamous, the upper ones per- fect. Cafisule very short and broad, emarginate, with a deep groove as if a re-entering angle on the margin. Stamen very short. Styles 2, recurved. Hab. In swamps and on the muddy borders of ponds and rivers. June — August. On the banks of the Passaic, New-Jersey. Near Babylon, Long-Island. In muddy places in New-Jersey. R afi n e s q ue. Sandy barren grounds near mill-ponds. New-York to Virginia. P urs h. In Pennsylvania. Muh l- enb erg\ 4. BLITUM. L. Calyx 3-cleft. Corolla o. Seed 1, covered by the Ciilyx, wliicli enlarges, and becomes a berry. Gen. pi. 18. JVutt. Gen. I. p. 4. Roe?n. ^ Schult. Gen. 40. Jtiss. Gen. p. 86. La?ju III. t. 59. Nat. Ord. Atriplices. Juss. 1. B. capitatum L.: procumbent: leaves triangular-has- tate; heads alternate, in a terminal leafless spike. Mich, Fl. I. p. 2. Willd. Spec. I. p. 30. Pursh FL I. p. 4. Roem. ir Schult. I. p. 48. Root annual. Stem a foot high, branched. Leaves with acute angles, deeply toothed. Heads round, sessile, about a fourth of an inch in diameter, approximated on the extremities of the branches, consisting of 30 or 40 minute flowers. Segments of TjLiTUM. MONANDRIA. DIGYNIA. 5 the calyx ovate, spreading, becoming succulent and red when ripe. Stamen longer than the gernien ; anther didymous. StTjle very short ; stigmas simple. Seed ovate, compressed. Hab. In fields and w^aste places, rare. June. Near Williams- tov/n, Massachusetts. Dewey. Resembles a CAeno/zoc/zMm, Sometimes called Strawberry Sfiinach. Introduced from Europe. 2. B. virgatum L. : leaves triangularly hastate ; heads scattered, lateral. Willd, Spec. I. p. 30. Muhl. Cat. p. 3. R em. ^ S chult. \. ^. 48. Root annual. Stem spreading, branched. Leaves 2-3 inches long, with large sinuate teeth ; petioles shorter than the leaves. Flowers in axillary heads, always lateral, calyx as in the preced- ing species, swelling and becoming red, resembling a straw- berry. Hab. In similar situations with No. 1, which it much resembles. Doubtless introduced. 3. B. maiitimum J^utt.: calyx membranaceous; clus- ters axillary, spiked, naked 5 leaves lanceolate, attenuated at each extremity, incisely toothed. Nutt. Gen. Supp. Torrey Cat. PL N. York. p. 1. Root annual. Stem a foot or two high, erect, much branched. Leaves succulent, attenuated into a petiole, teeth few and large- Heads axillary, numerous ; flowers very minute. Calyx^ 3- leaved, leaves concave, obtuse, rather longer than the germen. Stamen 1 ; anther minute, didymous. Styles 2, short, simple, (" Style 1." J^u 1 1.) Seed lenticular, vertical. Hab. In salt-marshes. Hoboken, New-Jersey. On Long- Island, near New-York. J^u t tall. An unsightly plant, re- sembling an Atrifilex. CLASS II. D I A N D R I A. ORDER I. MONOGYNI A. A. Floiucrs complete, inferior, l-petaUed. t. Fruit a drupe or nut. 5. LIGUSTRUM. 6. CHIOXAXTHUS. 7. ORNUS. ft. Fruit a capsule. 8. VERONICA. 12. HEMIAKTHUS. 9. LEPTANDRA. 13. CATALPA. 10, GRATIOLA. 14. JUSTICIA. 11. LINDERNIA. 15. UTRICULARIA. t+f. Seeds 4, naked. (Labiatce), IG. LYCOPCS. 19. MOXARDA. 17. CUXILA. 20. SALVIA. 18. HEDEOMA. 21. COLLIXSOMA. B. Flozcers superior, t. complete. 22. CIRCAEA. ft. incomplete. 23. LEMNA. 24. CRYPTA. 5. LIGUSTRUM. L. Calyx 4-toothed. Corolla 4-cleft. Berry 2-celled ; cells 2-seeded. Gen. pi. 23. Roem. ^J' Schult. Gen. I. p. 52. Juss. p. 106. Lam. III. t. 7. Nat. Ord. Jasmines. Juss. LiGusTRUM. DIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. 7 L. vulgare L. : leaves elliptical-lanceolate, smooth ; ra- cemes compound, crowded. Sp. pi. p. 10. Willd, Spec. I. p. 41. Ejig. Bot,t.l64. Mich. Fl.l. ^. 3. Pursh Fi. 1. p. 7. Big. Bost. p. 5. A shrub 4 to 6 ieet high, with smooth opposite leaves and branches. Flowers in terminal panicles, white; calyx very small, with obtuse, almost obsolete teeth ; corolla funnel-form, tube cylindrical, much longer than the calyx, segments ovate, obtuse. Filaments opposite ; anthers as long as the tube of the corolla. Berries black, nearly round. Hab. In hedges and open woods. Seldom found far from the habitations of men. Common in many places near New-York, particularly in woods on Long-Island. May. Introduced from Europe. Prim or Privet. 6. CHIONANTHUS. L. Calyx 4-parted. Corolla deeply 4-parted, segments long and linear. Drupe 1 -seeded. Nut striated. Gen. pi 13. Nutt. Ge?i. I. p. 5. Juss. p. 105. Roem. ££f Schult. Gen. I. p. 51. Lam. III. t. IX. Nat. Ord. Jasmines. Juss. Fringe-tree. C. virginica L.: racemes terminal, peduncles 3-flower- ed; leaves acute. Willd. Spec. I. p. 46. Mich. Fl. I. p. 3. Pursh Fl.\. 1^.1. Elliott Sk. I. ip.6. Roem. &; Schult. I. p. 72. Walt. Car. p. 60. Amelanchier virg. &LC. Catesb. Car. I. p. 68. t. 68. «. montana ; leaves oval-lanceolate, coriaceous, smooth ; panicles dense ; drupe oval. Pursh Fl, I.e. C. -virg. latifolia. A i t. Keiv. I. p. 23. $. maritima ; leaves obovate-lanceolate, membranaceous, pubes- cent; panicles very loose, drupe elliptical. Pursh 1, c. Cvirg. angustifolia. Ait. Kenv I.e.. A small tree, 6, 10, or more feet high, with numerous opposite branches, and large pendulous panicles of white flowers. Calyx very minute, 4-cleft. Corolla sometimes 5 or 6-cleft {Per- s con); segments lanceolate-linear, about three-fourths of an inch long. Stamens very short, subulate. Germen ovate; style as long as the calyx ; stigma 3-cleft. Drufie purple. Hab. Var. a. in mountains of Pennsylvania; /3. on the sea-coast, in boggy woods, New-Jersey. May — June. Pursh. Near Port-Elizabeth, New -Jersey, Z. Collins, Esq. found a tree 30 feet high ; probably the var. (S. Fringe-tree. White Ash. 7. ORNUS. Dalech. Calyx 4-parted. Corolla 4-parted ; petals long and ligulate. Filaments 4. JVut winged. Pers. I. p. 9. Pursh FL I. p. 6. Nutt. Gen. I. p. 6, Fraxi- 8 DIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. ornus. Nus sp. L. Nat. Ord. Jasmine.^. Juss. Fhwer- ing Ash. 0. amtricana Pursh: leaves broad-ovate, serrated; the terminal one obcordate. Pursh Fl. I. p. 8. O. Eu- ropma ^. americana Pers. SyruU. p. 105. Flowers reseniblint^ those of Chionanthus ; seeds small, winged. Hab. In moist shady woods; Maryland and Virginia; rare. May. Pursh. With this plant I am entirely unacquainted. It docs not appear to have been described by any botanists except P^^rsoon and P«rs A, and the habitat is not even mentioned by the former. 8. VERONICA. L, Calyx 4-partcd. Corolla rotate, 4-lobed, unequal, the lovVer segment narrower. Capsule 2-celled, obcor- date ; seeds' few. Gen. pi. 32. Nu 1 1. Gen. I. 6. Juss. Roem. ^ Schiilt. Geii.l. p. 53. Lam. Ill t. XIII. f. 1. ■ Nat. Ord. Rhinanthace^. J II s j.. Speedwell. 1. V. officinalis L.: spike lateral, peduncled. leaves ob- ovate, or obovate-subrotund, serrated, hairy ; stem procumbent, rooting below. !Vi lid. Spec. 1. p. 59. M i c h. Fl. \. p. 5. Pursh Fl. 1. p. iO. Elliott Sk. I. p. 8. Eng. Bot. t. 765. Roem. i>- Schult. I. p. 1 1 0. Root perennial. Stem diffuse, with the branches ascending. Leaves opposite, on short peduncles, scabrous, pale green. Sfiikes erect, generally proceeding from the lower part of the stem. Corolla pale blue, with darker veins. Cafisule much compressed, pubescent ; seeds 8 — 10, nearly round, flattened, yellow. Hab. In dry woods; more rarely in meadows. Hoboken, New- Jersey. Common in the vicinity of Philadelphia. Near Al- bany. Dr. L. C. Beck and Mr. Tracy. June— July. Introduced ? 2. V. strpyllifolia L.: raceme elongated, many-flower- ed ; leaves ovate, crenate, smooth ; capsule as long as the style; stem ascending. Willd. Spec. 1. p. 64. Mich. Fl. I. p. 4. Big. Bost. p. 5. Pursh Fl. 1. p. 11. Elliott Sk. I. p. 8. Walt. Car. p. 60. Clayton Virg. p. 2. Eng. Bot. t. 1075. Roerr^. ^ Schult. I. p. 102. Root perennial. Ste7n procumbent at base, 5 — 6 inches long. Leaves opposite, as in all the rest, nearly sessile, rather fleshy. Racemes with somewhat distant flowers. Corolla pale blue, VERONICA. DiANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. 9 sometimes almost white, with darker coloured veins. Capsule broadly obcordate ; seeds 15 — 20, ovale, compressed. Hab. Among grass, in meadows, road-sides,- Sec; very com- mon. May. Probably introduced. 3. V. Beccabunga L.: racemes opposite; leaves ellip- tUcal, obtuse, on short petiole?, subsenate, glabrous ; stem procumbent, rooting at the base. IV i 1 1 d. Spec. I, p. 64. Pursh FL\, p. li. M u h L Cat. p. 2. Eng. Bot. t. 635. Roem. <^ Schult. I. p, 105. Root perennial. Stem about a foot long, throwing out roots at the base, terete, smooth. Leaves decurrent into a short pe- tiole. Racemes erect, axillary, arising from near the extre- mity of the stem, beai'ing numerous flowers ; bracts lanceo- late, shorter than the pedicels. Calyx rather obtuse. Corolla, blue. Cafisule inflated. Hab. In ditches and small creeks. Near Albany. Dr. E. James. Mr. Tracy. Williamstown, Massachusetts. Prof. Dewey. In Pennsylvania, i^/u /We 7i 6 erj-. June. Brook- lime. 4. V. anagallis L.: racemes opposite; leaves lanceo- late, serrate ; stem erect. Willd. Spec. I. p. 65. Mich. Fl.hp.5. Pursk Fl.l. p. lU E llio 1 1 Sk. I. ip. 0. Eng. Bot. t. 721. Roem. <^ Schult. I. p. 105. Vero- nica foliis inferioribus oppositis ovatis ; &c. Cold. pL Coldenham. No. 1. Root perennial. Stem succulent, somewhat 4-sided, a foot or more high. Leaves about an inch and a half long, very smooth ; the upper ones nearly sessile, the others on short petioles. Racemes longer than in the preceding species ; peduncles somewhat hairy, nearly as long again as the bracts ; Jiowers pale blue. Calyx as long as the capsule ; segments acute. Capsule inflated, eraarginate. Seeds numerous, ovate, com- pressed. Hab. In ditches and creeks ; common. June — August. 5. V. sculellata L. : racemes lateral and alternate ; (rarely opposite;) pedicels divaricate; leaves linear, somewhuS toothed ; stem nearly erect, W i 1 1 d. Spec. I. p. 75. M i c h. Fl. I. p. 5. Purs h r/. I. p. 1 1 . Bi g. Bost. p. 5. Eng, Bof. t.72G. Roan. <$/• Schult. II. p. 106. V. caulibus procumbentibus, &c. Cold.pl. Coldenham. No. 2. Root creeping, perennial. Stem weak, often branched and dif- fuse, about a foot high. Leaves opposite, narrow-linear, or linear-lanceolate, 14^ — 2 inches long, remotely denticulate, or rarely almost entire, rather fleshy, 1 -nerved. Racemes axil- lary, filiform, pendulous and divaricate after flowering. Bracts subulate, shorter than the pedicels. Segments of the calyx lanceolate and acute. Qorolla pale blue, or flesh-coloured ; :0 DIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. vERo^-rc£.. segments ovate-subrotund. Capsule nearly orbicular, much compressed. Hau. In wet meadows and inundated places; common. May- June. 6. V. arveyisis L. : flowers solitary, subsessile ; inferior leaves petiolcd, cordate-ovate, serrate; (stem-leaves crenate;) floral ones lanceolate, sessile, longer than the peduncles f segments of the calyx unequal ; capsule obcordate, com- pressed. JVi I Id. Spec, I. p. 73. M i c h. FL I. p. 4. Pu rsh /"/. I. p. 11. Elliott Sk.\. ^.'d, Walt. Car, ip. 61. C lay. Firg.^.2. Etig, Bot. t,734r, R o em. ^- S c hul i. 1. p. 125. Root fibrous, annual. Stem procumbent and ascending, 2 to 8 inches long, more or less branched. Leaves, as well as the stem, pubescent. Corolla pale blue, shorter than the calyx. Capsule much compressed, with 6 to 8 seeds in each cell. Hab. On dry hills, and in fields; not rare. April — August Introduced from Europe. 7. V. agreslis L, : flowers solitary, peduncled ; leaves petioled, cordate-ovate, serrate ; segments of the calyx equal, ovate, hairy ; stem procumbent, pubescent. Willd. Specie, p. 72. Muhl, Cat, p. 2. Elliott S/c. I. p. y. Eng. Bot, t. 783. Roem, ^ He hull, I. p. 125. 7?oor fibrous, annual. tS^fm diffuse, branched. Xeat/fs alternate, round-ovate, shorter than the petioles. Peduncles about the length of the leaves, recurved after the fruit is formed. Seg- ments of the calyx 3-nerved, ciliate. Corolla pale blue, with deep blue veins ; sometimes nearly white. Capsule a little turgid, emarginate; seeds about 8 in each cell, each with a deep pit. Hab. In dry sandy fields near New- York ; rare. May. W. Y. peregrina L. : flowers solitary, sessile ; leaves ob- long, serrate, rather obtuse ; stem erect. Willd. Spec. 1. p. 76. Mich. FL\.p.^. Pursh Fl.l.p.ll. Elliott SA. 1. p. 10. Roem. ^ Schxilt. I. p. 122. Y . marilan- dica Murr, Comm. Golt. 1782. t. 3. V. caroliniana Walt. Car. p. 61, V. carnulosa Lam. Ill, I. p. 47. V. romana Lin, Mant. p. 317. The whole plant is smooth. Root annual. Stem simple, or branched at the base. Radical leaves ovate, decurrent into a petiole ; those on the stem sessile and much narrower. Seg- ments of the calyjc linear-lanceolate. Corolla very small, whiter or pale blue. Capsule obcordate, compressed. Seeds shining. Hab. In low clayey situations ; frequent. May — July. 9. Y.hcderifulia L.: flowers solitary; leaves equalling \he petiole?, cordate-round, 5-lobedj the upper ones 3-lobcd ; VERONICA. DIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. , 11 segments of the calyx cordate, ciliate, acute ; stem procum- bent. fViUd. Spec, I. p. 73. Muhl. Cat. p. 2. Eng. BoL 784. Roem, ^ Schult. I. p. 121. Roj( fibrous, annual. Stem diffuse, pubescent, reniform-cordate, hairy, and a liltle fleshy. Calyx somewhat 4-angled when the fruit is ripe ; margin only ciliate, the rest smooth ; segments converging. Corolla blue, caducous, smaller than the calyx. CatisiUe somewhat 4-sided, ventricose. Seeds '2 in each cell, large and urceolate. Hab. Among the shady rocks on the hills between Bergen and Weehawk, New-Jersey. Near Brooklyn, Long-Island. In Delaware. Muhle nb erg. One of our first spring plants, frequently flowering as early as the 28th of March. 10. V. reniformis R af. : stem procumbent hispid ; leaves sessile, reniform, entire, hairy, villose ; flowers axillary, soli- tary, subsessile. Raf. in Med. Repos. XI. p. 360. R. in D esv. Jour, de Bot. 1 808. I. p« 228. Roem. i^ Schult. }. p. 127. (excl. syn. Pursli). Root annual, fibrous. Stems few, terete, villose, nearly simple, procumbent. Leaves alternate, subsessile. Segments of the calyx ovate, somewhat acute. Corolla white, or pale blue ; segments rounded, obtuse. Capsule compressed, smooth. Raf. Hab. In sandy soils. New-Jersey. Flowers in summer. R afi ne a q ue. With this species I am unacquainted. It is probably th.e V. arvensis of this work. 9. LEPTANDRA. Nutt. Ca/z/x 5 -parted; segments acuminate. Corolla lu- bular-campanulate ; border 4-lobed, a little ringent; the lower segment narrower. Stamens^ and at length the pistils, much exserted. Capsule ovate, acuminate, 2-celled, opening at the summit ? Nu 1 1. Gen. I. p. 7. Callistachya Raf in esq. Veronica, spec. Lin. Nat. Ord. ANxiRRiiiNEiE {Nutt.) Rhi- NANTHACE.(E? L. virginica JV*. : leaves verticillate, in fours or fives, lanceolate, serrate, petiolate. Veronica virginica Lin. Willd. Sped. p. 54. Mich. F/. I. p. 5. Pursh Fl. 1. p. 10. Elliott Sk. I. p. 10. Clayt. Virg. p. 2. Pluk. aim. t. 70. f. 2. Roem. ^ Schult. I. p. 67. Callistachva virginica Raf, Cat. PI. J^. York. p. 10. Eat. Man. Bot. p. 183. lii DIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. leptandra. Root perennial. Stem angular, 2—3 feet high, smooth, simple. Leaves trenerally in fours, sometimes in sixes, sharply serrate^ a little pubescent beneath. Flowers in long, dense, terminal spikes. Coro/Za wliite, tubular, pubescent within. Filaments much longer than the corolla, at length divaricate ; anthers cor- date, didymous, white. Style at length exceeding the stamens, persistent ; stig?na capitate, entire. Cafisule with 2 marginal nerves contrary to the dissepiment ; valves opening about half way down {J^u 1 1.;) seeds numerous, obovate, compressed. Hab. In woods and fertile vallies. July— August. Culver's Physic. The Veronica virginica was many years since proposed as the type ot a new genus by Co Id en,* and afterwards by R afi ne sque, who called it Callistachya. I should have adopted his name, had it not been already applied to a South- American genus. This species is said to be also a native of Japan, which seems hardly probable. " Non, ut Heist er suasit, genus proprium." Roem. Isf Sc hult. 1. c. 10. GRATIOLA. L. Calyx 5-parted, often with i2 bracts at the base. Corolla irregular, resupinate, 2-Iipped ; the upper lip 2-lobed ; the lower equally 3 -cleft. Stamens 4, two of which are sterile. Stignia 2-lippcd. Capsule 2- celled, 2-valved.t Gen. pi 37. Nutt. Gen. p. 8» Juss. p. 121. Roem. £:? Schult. Gen. 10. Lam. III. t. XVI. f. 1. Nat. Ord. Personate L. ScROPHULARiiE J u s s. Dissepiment contrary to the valves. Hedge Hyssop. 1. G. aurta M u h I. : snnooth ; leaves linear-oblong, half embracing the stem, obscurely toothed ; leaves of the calyx equal; sterile filaments minute. Pvrsh Fl. I. p. 12. Muhl. Co/, p. 2. Big, Bost.^.Q. Elliott Sk,\.^ IS. Bart. Fl.Amer,Sej)t.\,^.l\.i.'2(i. Roem. ^ Schult, I. p. 129. G. officinalis Mich, Fl. I. p. 6. G. Carolini- ensis Pers, Sy)i. I. p. 14. Root perennial, creeping. Stem herbaceous, 8 — 12 inches high, somewhat quadrangular, 2-furrowed, rooting at the base. Leaves obtuse or acute, obscurely 3-nerved, dotted with minute glands, with 2 or 3 remote teeth on each side. • Haec planta tota facie a Veronicis diversa : et cum partis fructificatio- nis etiam diversx sunt, ad diversum genus referenda, vel dislinctum genus. cons' ituendum. C olden pi Coldenham. in Act. Upsal. an. 1742, p. 83. f " Laps, quadrivalvis, dissepimento e marginibu^ inflexis, tardius so- labilibus." Ji. lira ion Prod. FL JV. mil. urvATiOLA. DIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. 13 Floivers on axillary peduncles, which are at first shorter, h\\^ Afterwards longer, than the leaves, alternate, (rarely oppo- site,) pubescent. Bracts as long as the calyx. Corolla bright yellow, pubescent. Filaments inserted into the tube of the corolla ; the st,erile ones inferior, hardly apparent. Capsule ovate, rather shorter than the calyx. Seeds minute, rough. Hab. In wet sandy situations. In woods and on the borders of ponds on Long-Island. Common throughout the sandy swamps of New- Jersey. Near Boston. Bi g e I oiv. Litchfield, Con- necticut. Brace. August — September. Golden-fiert. It is remarkable that the sterile filaments in this species should have been overlooked by Pursh, Big el oiv ^ and •Michaux, who all remark that they are wanting. 2. G. xirginica L. : stem pubescent, assurgent, terete; leaves smooth, lanceolate, sparingl)' dentate-serrate, attenu- ate and coanate at the base ; leaves of the calyx equal; ste- rile filaments wanting. Torrey Cat.pl. K. York, p. 89, (sub G. neglect.) '■'■ G. virginiana Herb. Lin.'''' Smith. Willd. Spec. I. p. 104. Pursh Ft. ]. p. 12. Walt. Car. p. 62. Roem. ^ Schnlt. I. p. 30. (excl. sjn. Vahl.) G. foliis lanceolatis, &LC, O r o n. xirg. p. 3. G. rirginica Herb. Muhlenberg. Root fibrous, perennial. Stem about 6 inches high, branched at the base, terete. Leaves broad-lanceolate, smooth, rather obtuse, a little connate. Peduncles varying in length, some shorter, others longer than the leaves; the upper ones oppo- site. Segments of the cahjx lanceolate, obtuse, a little more than one-third the length of the corolla. Tube of the corolla curved, yellow; throat hairy; segments all emarginate, white; the upper one longer. Filaments shorter than the tube. Stig- ma oblique, compressed. Capsule ovate, rather acute, about as long as the calyx. Hab. In inundated meadows. July — August. Allied to G. s/ihxrocarfia F 1 1. This species appears to differ from the G. virginica of Flliott, and was named G. neglecta by me in the Catalogue of N. York Plants. Having, however, sent specimens to Sir J. E. Smith for examination, this excellent botanist obligingly compared them with the Linn^an Herbarium, and informs me it is " precisely the authentic G. virginiana from Ka I m." The southern plant differs from ours in having sterile fila- ments^ a smooth stem, See. 3. G.megalocarpa Ell.: leaves lanceolate, serrate, pu- bescent; peduncles opposite, longer than the leaves ; leaves of the calyx linear, as long as the globose capsule. Elliott Sk. I. p. 16. G. acuminata Pursh Fl. \. p. 12. (excl. syn.) Flowers pale yellow. Capsule larger than in any other Gra- tiola. P/i. 14 DIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. gratiola, Hab. In ditches and pools. Pennsylvania. July— August- Purs/i. This plant I have never seen. n.LINDERNIA. L, Calyx 5-parted. Corolla resupinate, tubular, 2- lipped; upper lip short, reflected, emarginate; the lower one trifid and unequal. Filaments 4 ; the two longer forked and sterile. Capsule 2-celled, 2-valved ; disse- piment parallel with the valves. Gen. pi. 1 03 1 . Nu 1 1. Gen. I. p. 9. Juss. p. 122. Lam. III. t. DXXII. Nat. Ord. Scrophulari^ Juss. Didynamia angio- spermia Lin, 1. L. dilalata M uhl. : leaves dilated at the base, am- plexicaul, remotely toothed ; peduncles longer than the leaves^ Elliott Sk. I. p. 16. Muhl. Cat. p. 61. Cat. PL N. York, p. 10. Bart. Fl. Amer. Sept. I. p. 109. t. 31. L. pyxidaria Pursh Fl. II. p. 419. Gratiola ana- gatlidea Mich. Fl. I. p. 6. G. inequalis Walt. Car. p. 61« G. jloribus pedunculatis, Sic. Gran. Virg. p. 3. Boot annual. Stem procumbent, quadrangular, smooth, a little branching, about 6 inches long. Leaves oblong, obscurely 3 — 5 nerved. Peduncles alternate, sometimes opposite above, quadrangular, at length spreading horizontally. Segments of the calyx nearly equal, ciliate. Corolla pale purple, 4-cleft ; the upper segment broadest ; the inferior segments (forming the lower lip) oval, obtuse. Filaments 4 ; two of them as long as the corolla, sterile and forked; the shorter ones fertile. Stigma 2-lipped. Capsule ovate, acute. Seeds numerous, oval. Hab In wet meadows, borders of ponds, Sec. in the vicinity oi New- York : much rarer than the next species. July — Sep- tember. 2. L. altcnuata M u h I. : leaves lanceolate and obovatej narrowed at the base ; peduncles shorter than the leaves, erect. El lio tt Sk.].^. 11. M uh I. CaL^). G\. Cat. PL JV". York, p. 10. L. pyxidaria $. major Pursh Fl. IL p. 419 (foliis repando-dentatis, pedunculis brevibus). Root annual. Ste?}i erect or procumbent, a little branched, thicker than in the preceding species, quadrangular, smooth- Leaves subspatulate-ohovate, serrate or dentate. Peduncles at first shorter than the leaves, but at length equalling them. Calyx nearly equal. Corolla and stamens as in L. dilatata. Hab. In similar situations with No. 1, but much more com raon. July — September, tiNDERNiAo DIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. 15 3. h. monticola Muhl.: stem slender, dichotomous ; radical leaves spatulate ; cauline ones linear, small and re- mote ; peduncles very long, at length deflected. N uti. Gen. II. Supp. Muhl. Cat. p. 61. Root perennial. Stem erect, 4 — 6 inches high, quadrangular, smooth. Radical leaves exactly spatulate, obscurely toothed, rather fleshy, punctate; cauline ones very few. Peduncles an inch or more long ; bracts subulate. Calyx one-fourth as long as the corolla, deeply 5-parted ; segments, lanceolate, acute. Corolla pale blue, smooth ; lower lip very large, seg- ments round, very obtuse; upper lip emarginate. Sterile filaments as long as the tube of the corolla, glandular ; fertile ones much shorter; anthers 2-lobed. Style as long as the fertile stamens; stigma 2-llpped. Capsule oblong, acute, longer than the calyx ; dissepiment parallel with the valves. Seeds minute, round, compressed. Hab. On the White Hills of New-Hampshire. NuttalL The above description is taken from specimens collected in North-Carolina, and obligingly sent me by Mr. Sch%i>einit- and Cafit. Le Conte. 12. HEMIANTHUS. Nutt. Calyx tubular, border 4-toothed, cleft on the under side. Upper lip of the corolla obsolete ; lower 3-parted, intermediate segment ligulate, much longer, closely in- curved. Stamens 2 ; filaments bifid ; lateral fork an- theriferous. Capsule 1-celled, 2-valved, many seeded. Nutt. Jour. Acad. Philad. I. p. 119, t. 6, f. 1. Gen. II. p. 42. Nat. Ord. Lysimachi^ Jtiss. H. micranthemoides J^ itt I. 1. c. Herpestis micrantka Pursh Ft. II. p. 418. (excl. syn.) Root fibrous, annual. Stem dichotomous, creeping. Leaver opposite, crowded, sessile, oblong-elliptic, smooth, succulent, somewhat 3-nerved. Flowers axillary, solitary, pedicellate ; pedicels at length reflected. Calyx somewhat compressed, attenuated towards the peduncle; teeth obtuse, very short. Corolla bilabiate; tube gibbous; upper lip very minute; lower lip rarely expanding, with 2 lateral segments resembling teeth ; the middle segment incurved, and generally remaining V'ithin the tube. Stamens seated on the lower lip ; anthers obcordate, 2-lobed, 2-celled. Style 1, declined, bifid halfway down; stigma small, capitate. Cafisule round, 1-celled ; seeds ovate, shining, smooth, acute at the base. JVii 1 1. Hab. On the gravelly banks of the Delaware, overflowed by the tide, near Philadelphia. Xuttall. Near New-Haven, Connecticut. Prof. Ives. August — September. )6 DIANDRIA. MOiNOGYNlA. iiEmx^itivi, This genus, as Mr. Nuttall justly observes, is nearly allied to MicRANTHEMUM of Mi c /lau X, but is sufficiently distin- guisliecl by the very irregular corolla, bifid style, smooth seeds, See. It differs from Lindernia in the same characters, and jn having a 1 -celled capsule. 13. CATALPAi Juss, Calyx 2-parted. Corolla campanulate ; tube ven- tricose ; border 4-lobed3 unequal. Stamens 2, fertile ; 2 — 3 sterile (rare.) Stigma bilamellate. Capsule long and cylindric, 2-valved= Dissepiment opposite to the valves. /Sf^cf/,? with membranaceous margins. Jiiss, p. 188. Nutt. 0l. JVutt. Gen. I. ip- '^2- J^^^^- p. 98. Roem. b' Schult. Gen. 88. Lam. III. t. XIV. Nat. Ord. Lysimachi^ Juss. Primu- LACEJE R. Br ow?u Bladder-ivort. 1. V.inflata Walt.: floating; scape many- flowered . radical leaves verticillate, inflated, pinnatifid at the exlremi- • " Anthers biloculares, loculis insertione sspe inequaVibus." Ji. Rro-.on. .0 DIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. utriculariav lies; lewci lip of the corolla 3-lobcd ; spur deeply emar^i- nate. IV a 1 1. Car. p. 54. Elliott Sk. I. p. 20. U. ce- ratophylla Mich. Fl. I. p. 12. Pursh Fl. 1. p. 15, I'ah'l Ennm. I. p. 197. Roem. c^ SchulU I. p. 194. .Y 2< 1 1. Gen. 1. c. Root perennial. Leaves (roots ?) submerged, dichotomously branching, furnished at the divisions with numerous com- pressed air-vessels or utricuU ;* radical leaves (involucrum) alternate, but so close as to appear verticillate, cylindrical, of a delicate spongy texture, dichotomously divided at the extre- mities into many capillary segments furnished with utriculi. Scafie about 8 inches long, 5 — 8-flowered; lower fieduncles elongated, so as to give the flowers a corymbose appearance. Bracts ovate, obtuse. Calyx persistent; leaves ovate, con- cave. Corolla about 3-fourths of an inch in diameter, yellow ; ufificrli/i broad-ovate, entire; lower lifi 3-lobed, crenate; sfiur half the length of the lower lip, conic-lanceolate, compressed^ bifid ; tube of the corolla very short. Filameyits inserted near each other at the base of the lower lip. Style as long as the stamens. Hab. In ponds on Long-Island : particularly abundant near Babylon. In the lower part of Delaware, near Lewiston^ .Yuttall. Neav Elizabeth-Town, New-Jersey. Eddy, August. 2, \].xulgarts L.: floating; stems submerged, dichoto- iTious ; leaves many-parted, vesiculose ; scape 5 — 9-flowered: upper lip of the corolla entire, broad-ovate ; spur conical, in- curved. Wi 1 1 d. Spec. I. p, 198. Vahl Enum. I. p. 1 98. Eng.Bot. t. 253. Big. Bost. p. 6. Pursh Fl. I, p. 16. Roem. (^ Schult. 1. p, 195. U . macrorhiza Le Conte. monog. Utric. ined. Cat. pi, N. York, p. 11. Perennial. Stems submerged, 1 — 3 feet long. Leaves some- what pinnate, dichotomous, capillary. Scape 8 or 9 inches long, generally bearing 7 or 8 flowers. Peduncles about 3-fourths of an inch long, bractcated at the base, spreading, and at length reflected. Calyx persistent ; leaves concave, with- out nerves ; the lower one a little emarginate. Corolla yelloW; as are all the succeeding, except No. 8 ; lower lip entire, cre- nulate on the margin, striated with red ; palate equal ; spur rather obtuse, and entire at the apex. Style as long as the sta- mens ; stigma 2-lipped, the upper lip truncate, the lower fringed. Hab. In ponds of deep water, and sometimes in slow-fibwing streams. Common throughout the Northern States. August. Allied to U. fibrosa Wa 1 1. but distinct. * \t first, these vesicles are filled with water ; when the flowers are ready to expand, they become inflated with air, to raise the scaj^e above v.-ater. After flowering-, the air escapes and the plant sinks. i^TRicuLARiA. DIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. 19 3. U. minor L. : spur carinate ; upper lip emarginate ; palate equal ; throat open ; leaves 3-parted, dichotomous. Tfl A / £num. I. p. 199. {V ill d. Spec. \. i^. \]'2, Pursh Fl. I. p. 15. Eng. hot. t. 254. Jloem. ^ Schtilt. I. p. 196. Boot filiform. Stems decun-ibcnt. Leaves smooth, bearing air- vesicles. Upper lip of the corolla emarginate ; the lower one obovate. Anthers connected. Sli^^mu obtuse, triangular, en- tire. Roem. 55* Schult. I.e. Hab. In swamps and ditches of the pine-barrens of New- Jersey. ' August. Flowers small, deep yellow. Pursh. A doubtful native. 4, U. stlacea Mich.: scape filiform, rooting, 2 — 3 ilowered ; upper lip of the corolla ovale 5 the lower distinctly 3'lobed ; spur subconical, shorter than the lower lip of the corolla. Mich. FL I. p. 12. Vahl Emm. I. p. 201. El liott Sk.h^.'23. .VuU. 1. c. I. p. 14. Roem. ^ Schult. I. p. 197. U. subulata Pursh Fl. I. p. lb> U. pumila Walt. Car. p. 64. Sca/ie rooting in the mud, very slender, 4—6 inches high. Flowers generally 2, the lower one on a short footstalk, about half an inch in diameter. Calyx persistent; leaves equal. Upper lip of the corolla half the size of the other; the lower divided into 3 nearly equal obtuse lobe$. Spur straight, co- nical, rather obtuse. Hab. Overflowed swamps, in the pine-barrens of New-Jersey, June. The species here described differs from Mr. Elliott's U. setacea^ in having fewer flowers, and the spur shorter than the lower lip ; still, however, I think them not distinct. I have specimens of Ucricularia setacea collected in Georgia by Capt. Le Conte, with but 2 or 3 flowers on each scape, and the nectary nearly the length of the under lip. 5. U. gibbn Gron.: floating ; scape generally 2-flowered ; ^pur shorter than the lower lip of the corolla, obtuse, gibbous in the middle. E 1 1 i 1 1 Sk. \, p. 22. Gro n. Virg. p. 129. Willd. Spec. I. p. 113. Fahl Enum. I. p. 204. P M r s /i F/. I. p. 1 6. Roem. ^Schult. I. p. 1 99. Boots dichotomous, sparingly furnished with utriculi, Sca/ic 2 — 3 inches high. Corolla larger than in the preceding spe- cies ; lips very obtuse, slightly lobed ; spur swelling out in the middle, obtuse. Hab. In ponds near Schenectady, New-York. Dr. L. C. Beck. Near Albany. Mr. Tracy. In the vicinity of Philadelphia. Barton. Pittsfield, Massachusetts. Eaton. July. 6. U. cornula Mich. : scape rooting, erect, rigid ; flowers 2 — 3, subsessile -, inferior lip of the corolla \ery wide 20 DIANDRIC. MONOGYNIA. utricularia. 3-lobcd; spur very acute, porrccted. Mich. FL I. p. 12. PwrsA F/. 1. p. 16. Nutt.Gen.L^.\A. R o e m, ir Schulf. 1. p. 197. Scc/ie rootiniij in the ground, about a foot high ; sides furnished with minute appressed bracts. Flowers approximate, nearly sessile, as large as those of U. vulgaris. Calyx unequal. Upper lip of the corolla ovate, obtuse; lower broad, round; palate very prominent; sfiur projecting off from the corolla, longer than the lower lip. Filaments inserted very near toge- ther, sliort, hollovir at ttie extremiiies. Hab. 0'i calcareous rocks near the Falls of Niagara. Eddy. J\ru (tall. Near Phillipstown, in the Highlands of New- York. Dr. Barrat t. Tliroughout the Allegany Mountains, from Canada to Virginia. M'utt. In a marsh bordering Crooked Lake, Plainfield, Massachusetts, Dr. Porter. August— September. Mr. JSTuttall thinks this species is con- fined to a calcareous soil. 7, U. striata Le Conte : floating; scape 2— 3 flowered; upper 'ip of the corolla ovate-round, subemarginate, margin waved ; lower lip 3-lobed, redected at the sides ; spur straight, obtuse, shorter than the lower lip. Torrey Cat. pi, jVo York, p. 89. Stems submerged. Leaves ? few, capillary, sparingly furnished with utriculi. Scape about a foot high, slender. Flowers generally 2, sometimes 3. Calyx subequal, obtuse. Corolla much expanded, large and elegantly striated with red ; spur nearly a third shorter than the lower lip, obtuse, slightly swell- ing in the middle. Hab. In swamps in the pine-barrens of New- Jersey. June. This species is nearly allied to \J . Jibrosa of Walter and Elliott, but differs in having the spur shorter than the lower lip. It was first observed by J. Le Conte, Esq. who has de- scribed it in his Monograph of the N. American Utricula- HiAE ; which work we hope soon to see published. 8. v. purpurea Walt.: scapes axillary, generally 1 -flowered, involucrum 0.; lower lip of the corolla 3-lobed ; lateral lobes cucullate on the under side ; spur compressed, half as long as the corolla. Elliott Sk. I. p. 21 . (sub U, saccata) W a 1 1. Car. ^. 64. P ur s h FL l.ip. \5. J^utt. Gen. 1. p. 1 3. Roem. ^ Schul t. I. p. 1 97. Stems floating, 2—3 feet long ; branches verticillate and pinnati- fid, setaceous. Scapes solitary and in pairs, 2 — 3 inches long, rarely 2-flowered. Calyx small ; leaves round or emarginate. Corolla purple '. upper lip nearly round ; the lower with the lateral lobes formed into little sacks; middle lobe largest; palate large and prominent ; spur subulate, appressed to the corolla. Hab. In ponds on Schooley's Mountain, New-Jersey. Le Conte. On the Blue Ridge, in the State of New-York ; and yTRicuLARU. DIANDUIA. MONOGYNIA. 2i on the Broad Mountain, Pennsylvania. In a pond near Lewis- town, Sussex Co. Delaware. JSTuttail. August. 16. LYCOPUS. L. Calyx tubular, 5-cleft or 5-toothed. Corolla iuhn iar, 4-cleft, nearly equal ; upper division broader and emarginate. Stamens distant. Seeds 4, retuse. Gen, pi 44. Nutt. Gen. I. p. 15. Juss. p. 111. Roem. ^ Schult. Gen. 90. Lam, III. t. XVIII. Nat, Ord. Labiate Juss. Water Horeliound. 1. L. europceus 0. angustifoHus* : smooth; stem acutely quadrangular; leaves narrow-lanceolate, with large acute teeth ; lower ones somewhat pinnatifid ; segments of the ca- lyx acuminate, terminating in short spines, much longer than the seeds. Lycopus angustifolius Elliott Sic. I. p. 26, li.mrop<£usMich.Fl,\.^.\A. Big. Bost.^. 6. Pursh Fl. I. p. 16. L. americanus Muhl. Cat, p. 3. L. exalta- ius Pursh Fl. II. p. 727. (excl. syn ?) Elliott \. c. p. 26. L. foliis lanceolat. «fcc. Cold. pi. M'oveborac. No. 6. Root perennial, creeping. Siem erect, 1 — 2 feet high, much branched, quadrangular, with the sides concave. Leaves op- posite, narrowed into a petiole at the base, smooth, sprinkled with minute resinous dots; upper ones incisely toothed ; the serratures growing deeper on the lower leaves. Flowers very minute, crowded into whorls. Calyx about the length of the corolla, scabrous, sprinkled with resinous dots ; each segment with a strong midrib, which is continued beyond the point into a short spine. Corolla white, with a tinge of red, bearded within. Filaments a little shorter than the tube ; anthers di- dymous. Style 2-cleft; divisions reflected. Seeds obovate, compressed, with an acute margin. Hab. In wet meadows and in ditches. August. This plant may yet prove a distinct species from the L. curojixus of the old world, though I shall for the present con- sider it merely as a variety. I have no hesitation in referring to the plant described above, the L. angustifolius oi Elliott^ as it agrees exactly with his description, and with specimens thus named sent me from N. Carolina by Mr. Sc hiv einitz. The L. exaltatus of Pursh and Elliott, and L. sinuatus of the latter, do not appear to be distinct from this species. 2. L. xirginicus L. : leaves broad-lanceolate, serrate, narrow and entire at the base; calyx shorter than the seed, spineless. Willd. Spec. I. p. 121. M ich. Fl.\. p. 14. P«r5/t F/. I. p. 16. Elliott Sk.l.^, 25. Walt. Car. jj DIANDllIA. MONOGYNIA. lycopus, p. 64. Roem. ^- Schtilt. I. p. 207. L. foliis lanceola- tis, «S:c. G ron. Virg. p. 8. Root perennial, creeping. Stem herbaceous, often throwing out suckers at the base, a footer 18 inches high, quadrangular, with obtuse angles, pubescent, simple, or sparingly branched. Leaves subsessile, smooth, coarsely-serrate, often, as well as the stem, of a purplish colour. Floivers in whorls, but less crowded than in the preceding species. Calyx much shorter than the corolla, segments acute, but not terminating in spines. Corolla slightly punctate, white ; tube a little ventricose. Seed projecting beyond the calyx when ripe. Hab. In shady wet places : frequent in moist woods. August. Called Bugle-weed, and of some reputation as a popular re- medy in /lamofitysis and other hsemorrhages. 3. L. unijlorus Mich.: plant small; root tuberous; stems simple ; leaves oval, obtuse, obsoletely toothed ; axils 1-flowered. Mich. F/. I. p. 14. h. pumilus Vahl Enum, I. p. 211. Pursh Fl.l. ^. 16. R o em. ^ S chul t. h p. 207. Root tuberous; stolons leafy. Stem about 3 inches high, rather smooth. Leaves on petioles, with few teeth. Flowers axil- lary, solitary. Mi c h. ex herb. Juss. Fa h I. Hab. In Pennsylvania. August. Muhlenb erg. A doubt- ful species, perhaps a dwarf variety of L. virginicus, as that plant is often very small, bearing only 2 or 3 flowers in each axil, and throwing out long stolons from the base of the stem. There is no specimen of this plant in Mu hi en berg's Her , jiarium. 17. CUNILA. L. Calyx cylindrical or tubular, 5-tooliied, 10-striate„ Corolla ringent : upper lip short, flat. Fertile stamens and style much exserted ; sterile stamens v^vy short» Gen. pi. 21. Nutt. Gen, I. p. 15. Juss. p. Ill, Lam. 111. t. 18, f. 2, 3. Ziziphora Roem, £&' Schult. Nat. Ord. Labiate /w^ 5. 1 . C. mariana L. : leaves ovate, sessile, serrate ; co- rymbs axillary and terminal, dichotomous. Wit Id. Spec, T. p. 122. Mich. F/. I. p. 13. Pursh Ft. II. p. 406. Elliott Fl. I. p, 27. Bart. Veg. Mat. Med. t. 42, ZiziPiionA mariana Roem. 4- Schult. I. p. 208. Thy- mus foliis ovatis, &c. Gro n. virg. p. 64. Calamintha ma- riana, &c. P luk, mant. p. 34. t. 344. f. 1. Root perennial. Stem a foot high, quadrangular, with nu = merous, opposite, spreading branches, nearly smooth, purplq ounila; DIANDRIA. MONOGYI^IA. 23 Leaves with numerous diaphanous dots, opposite, broad-ovate, acute, a little cordate at the base; upper surface smooth, slightly pubescent beneath. Flowers in small fastigiate co- rymbs, with the terminal divisions somewhat in threes. Calyx oblong, sprinkled with resinous dots ; teeth prominent, acute, nearly equal; throat densely villose. Corolla pale pink, a little hairy ; upper lip erect and emarginate ; the under with rounded emarginate lobes. Stamens and style nearly twice as long as the corolla ; anthers 2-lobed ; stigma bilamellate. Seeds oval, smooth. Hab. In rocky and mountainous situations : sometimes in sandy woods. On the hills near Weehawk. In the pine-barrens of New-Jersey, &c. August — September. Mountain Dittany. 2. C. glabella Mich, : smooth ; stem surculose ; radical leaves nearly oval; stem leaves oblong-linear, all entire; flowers axillary, mostly solitary, on long peduncles. Mich. F/. I. p. 13. Vahl Enum. I. p. 13. Hedeoma glahrnni Pers. II. p. 131. Pnr^A F/. II. p. 414. Mutt. Gen, I. p. 16. ZiziPHORA glabella Roem, ir Schult. I. p. 209. Root perennial, creeping. Stem 8 or 10 inches high, quadran- gular, branched below, producing long suckers from the base bearing small obovate leaves. Stem leaves often linear, with diaphanous dots, smooth, without veins, sessile, margins revo- lute ? Peduncles setaceous, shorter than the leaves, the upper ones somewhat verticillate in threes. Calyx oblong-cylindric, 10-striate, not gibbous at the base, indistinctly 2-lipped ; teeth nearly equal, subulate, the 3 upper ones approxim.ated ; throat closed with hairs. Corolla violet, much longer than the calyx. Fertile stamens 4 ? two of them exserted. Hab. On the limestone rocks near the Falls of Niagara. £dd y. Kuttall. August. This plant, though disagreeing a little with the generic cha- racter, is certainly much more nearly allied to Cunila than to Hedeojia, to which last genus it is referred by Per so on and Kuttall. I regret that my specimens are not suffi- ciently perfect to describe the flowers accurately. It appeared to me, however, that there were decidedly 4 stamens, all of which were antheriferous and perfect. 18. HEDEOMA. Per so on. Calyx 2-lipped, gibbous at the base ; upper lip 3 -toothed, teeth lanceolate ; lower lip of 2 subulate teeth. Corolla ringent. Stamens^ 2 fertile, as long as the corolla; 2 sterile, short. Pers, Syn,\\. p. 231. Nutt. G^«. I. p. 16. Qu^u.A Li7i. Nat. Ord. Labiatje Juss, 24 DIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. hedeoma. H. pulegioides P crs.: leaves oblong, remotely serrate ; peduncles axillary, numerous. P e r 5. 1. c. p. 23 1 . Pursk /'Z. 11. p. 414. Elliott Sk. I. ip. 28. JVwf /. 1. c. p. 16. CuNiLA pulegioides L, sp. pi. ed. 2, p. 50. JVilld. Spec. I. p. 122. Mich. Fl.]. p. 13, B ig, Bost. ip. 7, Bart. Vcg. Mat. Med. t. 41. Ziziphora pulegioides Roem. ^' Sc/iult. I. p. 209. Melissa floribus verticillatis, &c. G r on. virg. 167. Root fibrous, annual. Stem from a span to a foot in height, ob- tusely quadrangular, pubescent, branched above. Leaves narrowed into a petiole, sparingly toothed, about an inch long, punctate. Flowers on short peduncles, 4 — 6 in each whoii. Ca^yj; distinct, gibbous below, hispid, 10-striate; seg- ments of the upper lip lanceolate, very acute ; those of the lower lip subulate, strongly ciliate; throat slightly villous. Corolla pale blue, about as long as the calyx. Stamens hardly exserted. Stigma a little bifid. Seeds oblong, smooth. Smell powerful, resembling that of Mentha fiulegium. Hab. On dry hills and in open barren woods. July — August. Wild Pennyroyal. The genus Hedeoma was, with much propriety, separated from CuNiLA by P er s on. The present species was re- ferred to the latter genus by Michati x, with a mark of doubt. 19. MONARDA. L. Calyx 5-toothed, tubular. Corolla ringent ; upper lip linear, involving the filaments; lower lip reflected, 3-lobed. Gtn. pi 48. Nu 1 1. Gen. I. p. 48. Ju s s. p. 111. Roejn. y Schult. Gen. 94. Latn, III. 1. 19. Nat. Ord. Labiate Juss. Mountain Balm. 1. M. didijma L.: leaves ovate, acuminate, subcordate, somewhat hairy ; flowers in simple or proliferous heads ; ex- terior bracts large, coloured, lanceolate. Willd. Enum. Hon. Btrol. I. p. 33. Spec. 1. p. 125. Pursh Fl. I. p. 16. Rocm. 4- Schult. 1. p. 213. Bol. Mag. t, 546. Mrcoc- cinea Mich. Fl. 1. p. IC. M. purpurea Lam. III. IV. p. 256. M. caule acutangulo, capitulis terminalibus, &;c. Cold, ^'^oveh. No. 7. Root perennial. Stem about a foot and a half high, quadrangular, with the sides concave, hairy about the joints. Leaves oppo- site, on hairy petioles, a little rugose, broad-ovate, more or less cordate at the base ; serratures mucronate. Bracts large and purple, the interior ones gradually diminishing in breadth. Calyj: striate, slightly curved, somewhat pubescent, with acute teeth. Corolla large, scarlet, pubescent ; tube narrowed belovr: MONARDA. DIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. 25 middle lobe of the lower lip much the largest, the lateral ones reflexcd ; upper lip folded round the stamens^ which project a litt/e beyond it. Style bifid at the point. Hab. Near Cambridge, in the State of New-York. Dr. Ste- ■V ens on. — indigenous? Coldenham, (Orange Co.) New- York. Co I den. In Pennsylvania. Muhlenberg. Wil- liamstown, Massachusetts. Dewey. Oswego Tea, ^. anguslifolia : leaves ovate-Ianceolale, acuminate, and with the stem, pubescent. M. Kalmiana P urs h FL I. p. 17, t.l, Roem. ^ Schult. I. p. 213. Hab. Near the Little Falls of the Mohawk. Coo fie r. Fair- field, New-York. Prof. Ha dley. In boggy woods in rich black soil, near Onondaga and Oswego, New-York. Pursh. July. After a careful examination of the Monarda Kalmiana of Pur shy I cannot discover sufficient characters to distinguish it as more than a variety of M. didyma o^ Linn a us. Speci- mens received from Prof. Ha dley have the leaves a little cor- date at the base, and the heads of flowers sometimes proliferous. In specimens collected by Mr. Co o/ie r, the leaves are some- •what narrowed at the base, but not so much as mPursh's figure. The M. didyyna «.. I have never found indigenous. 2. M. oblongata A i t. : pubescent ; heads sinnple, exte- vtor bracts ovate ; calyx short, throat bearded, teeth divari- cate ; stem obtuse-angled, hairy above ; leaves oblong-lance- olate, rounded at the base. Pursh FL I. p. 18. Ait, Kew,ed.'2,\.p.5\. WiUd. Spec. \. ^. Uo, Roem,'^ Schult. I. p. 212. Root perennial. Stem 2—3 feet high, pubescent, especially on the upper part, much branched. Leaves 2 — 3 inches long, hairy, with unequal remote teeth ; base more or less cordate ; petioles about 3-fourths of an inch long, almost villous. Flowers in large terminal heads ; bracts ovate, very acute, coloured. Calyx striate, bearded at the throat ; teeth subulate, spreading. Corolla pubescent ; tube moderately long, flesh-coloured ; up- per lip villous at the end. Hab. In rocky and mountainous situations: New-Jersey. In Pennsylvania. Muhlenberg. Near Williamstown, Massa- chusetts. Prof. Dewey. July. Pursh., who appears to have examined the genus Monarda with considerable attention, separates the M. mollis of Lin- n.\^. Nat. Ord. Naiades* /z^ 5 J. Aqua- tics, floating on the surface. Fronds (Hooker; leaves Lin. Sec.) increasing laterally; roots calyp- trated at their extremities. M o n o e c i a Diandria L i n, Duckh-meat. 1. L. trisuica L. : fronds thin, elliptico-lanceolate, cau- date at one extremity, at the other serrate; roots solitary. Hook. FL Scot. I. p. 10. fViUd. Spec. IV. p. 193, MuhL Cat. p. 86. Eng. Bot. t. 926. Rotm. <^ Schult. I. p. 282. jinnual, as are all of the genus, (fierennial Mu h I. l ) Fronda about 3-f.)urth3 of an inch long, pellucid, flat, smooth : on each side of the margin is a cleft, from which a young plant is pro- • R Bvo-un proposes to place the genus Lemna, together with Char a and Najas, among the HiDaocHABiDEAE. •• A Jussieu inter Fiiicis tf\\- turn." R. a S. UJM3A. DIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Si duced, which is again, and often repeatedly, proliferous. Floivers not seen. Root a single fibre, proceeding from the middle of the under surface of the frond, terminated at the extremity by a sheath-like appendage, resembling the calyptra of mosses. Hab. In pure stagnant waters. Deeifield, Massachusetts. Dr, Coo ley and Mr. Hitchcock. At Saratoga Springs, New- York. Dewey. Pennsylvania. Muhlenberg. 2. L. minor L. : fronds nearly ovate, compressed ; roots solitary. H o o A;. 1. c. p. 1 1. W ill d. Spec, IV. p. 194. Mick. FLU. p.\63. Muhl, Cat.p.ne. PurshFl.], p. 22. Eng. Bot, t. 1095. G r o n. Virg. p. 143. Rotm^ ^ Schult. I. p. 283. Fronds a line, or a line and a half long, thick and succulent^ slightly convex beneath, multiplying prodigiously by gemmae ; the young closely sessile, giving the plant a stellated appear- ance. Flowera not seen. Hab. In stagnant waters : very common throughout the United States. 3. L. gibba L.: fronds obovate, nearly plane above, he- mispherical beneath; roots solitary. Hook. I. c. p. 11, wind. Spec, IV. p. 194. Pursh fl. I. p. 22. Eng. Bot. t. 1233. Roenu ^ Schult. I. p. 283. Fronds the size of L. minor, but distinguished by the gibbous, pellucid, reticulated under surface. Ho o k. Hab. In stagnant waters near Liverpool, in the western parts of the State of New-York. (c. fl.) Pursh. 4. L. polyrrhiza L.: fronds obovate-rotundate, com- pressed ; roots numerous, fasciculate. Hook. I.e. Wiild. Spec. IV. p. 195. Pursh Fl. 1. p. 22. Eng. Bot. 2458. Roem. <^ Schult. I. p. 283. Fronds 3 — 4 lines in length, succulent, and of a firm texture ; a little convex beneath, sparingly producing gemmae. Hoot a bundle of 8 or 10 simple fibres proceeding from the middle of the frond. Flowers not seen. Hab. In stagnant waters ; frequently in company with L. minorf but not so common. A very singular genus, which was not accurately defined by any author until it was lately illustrated by Hooker. This deservedly celebrated botanist, to whom we are so largely in- debted, more particularly for his labours in the Cryptogamia, has given a new description of the genus Lemna in his valuable Flora Scotica, which I shall here quote. " All the species are aquatics, floating on the surface, or sinking only when the seed is ripe, and the plant dying away. Fronds (for I cannot consider the whole plant, from which spring the flowers, as a leaf) mi- nute, ovate or orbicular, compressed, foliaceous, or thick and succulent; from the centre beneath, throwing out one or more slender roots, which are terminated by sheath-like appendages 2 DIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. lemka, resembling the calyptra of a moss. The margins of the fronds at one extremity, on each side, have a cleft, in which some- times are produced one or more flattened orbicular gemmx^ (and this is their common mode of increase,) which there grow into perfect fronds, and then fall away, or a single j?ow(?r, con- sisting of an urceolate, membranaceous, monophyllous peri- anth^ from a small opening in the top of which the stigma is protruded, and which bursts irregularly as the stamens become developed. These are two in number {rarely wanting.) An- thers of two rounded lobes, opening nearly vertically, each into 2 valves. Germen roundish, compressed, carinated on one side, tapering into a style about its own length, and terminated by a flattish rather expanded stigma. Fruit a utricle, transverseh oblong, compressed, emarginate at the top, on which is the short persistent style. Seed 1, very hard, oval, lying horizon- tally in the utricle, and fixed by its lower side. Embryo oblong, monocotyledonous, horizontal, central, surrounded by a whitish fleshy albumen." Hook. 1. c. 24. CRYPTA, ^'uttalL Calyx 2-leaved, inferior. Corolla 2-^3-petaIIed.. closed. Style almost wanting. Stigma obtuse. Cap- sule 2 — 3-celled, 2 — 3-valved; cells 4 — 5-seeded. J\'utf. Jour. Acad. Philad, I. p. 117, t. 6, f. 1. Gen, II. Supp. Peplis Pursh. Dwightea Ives, in lit. Nat. Ord. Portulace^ Juss. C. minima iN'utt. I.e. Fevlis americana Pursh Fh p. 238. M u h I. Herb. (A* u 1 1.) Root fibrous, annual ? Stems prostrate, creeping and rooting ; branches assurgent, half an inch or an inch high, succulent, (with 6 or 8 dissepiments diverging from a common axis. JVutt) Leaves cuneate-obovate, opposite, entire, obtuse, I -nerved. Florjers very minute, globular, axillary, with mi- nute stipules at the base. Calyx leaves oval, concave, obtuse. Corolla 2-petalled (sometimes 3. A'ur?. ;) petals roundish, concave, obtuse, closely incumbent over each other and the germ, white. Stamens generally 2, rarely 3, seated on the base of the petals; filaments about as long as the germen ; anthers roundish, 2-celled. Style very minute and short ; stigma ob- tuse. (Style 0; stigmas 2 or 3, like so many minute points, which arc only visible through a strong lens. J\fu 1 1.) Capsule globular, depressed, membranaceous; seeds 2 — 3 in each cell, large in proportion to the capsule, oblong-cylindrical, obtuse^ a little incurved, striate longitudinally, and transversely corru- gate. (Perisficr?n 0. ^miryora erect, flat ; radical cylindric, large, descendent. Cotyledons 2, small, subovate. JVji 1 1.) Hab. On the sandy margins of ponds on the south side of Long- Island, particularly near Islip. Along the ponds and streams CRYPTA. DIANDRTA. MONOGYNIA. 33 around New-Haven, Connecticut. Prof. I-v e s. On the banks of the Delaware near Philadelphia. jYu 1 1 all. On the shores of the Hudson near Albany, New-York. Eaton. August. A singular little plant, allied to Montia ; very properly erected into a new genus by Nuttall, who has admirably illus- trated it in the Journal above quoted. It is probably widely- spread over the country, though not easily detected on account of its minuteness. I have specimens from Mr. .Yu ttall^ which he collected more than a thousand miles up the Mis- souri. First discovered by Prof. Iv e s, of New-Haven, who called it Dwightea, but never published a description. CLASS III. T R I A N D R I A. ORDER I. MONOGYNIA. A. Flowers superior, t. complete. 25. FEDIA. tt. incomplete. 26. IRIS. 27. LACHNANTHES. B. Flowers inferior. t. complete. 28. COMMELINA. 29. XYRIS. tt. incomplete. 30. SCHOLLERA. 31. HETERANTHERA. 32. SISYRINCHIUM. C. Flowers glumaceous. 33. KYLLINGIA. 39. CYPERUS. 34. SCIRPUS. 40. ERIOPHORUM, 35. SCHOENUS. 41. FUIRENA. 3G. RHYNCHOSPORA. 42. CENCHRUS. 37. MARISCUS. 43. LIMNETIS. 38. DULICHIUM, 44. ORYZOPSIS. 25. FEDIA. Gaert. Calyx 1 -leafed, 3 — 6 toothed. Corolla monopeta- lous, unequally 5-cleft. Capsule (nut ?) crowned with the persistent calyx, 3-celled; only one of the cells iEDiA. TRIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. 35 usually fertile. Gaert. ^q fruct. et seinin. II. p. 36. Mich. Fl. I. p. 18. Nutt. Gen. I. p. 21. Boem, &? Schult. Gen. 120. Valeriana sp. Lin, Va- LERiANELLA De C a n (l. Nat. Ord. Dipsace^e Juss, Valeriane^ De Cand, F. radiata Mich,: leaves spatulate-oblong, nearly en- tire ; fruit pubescent, somewhat 4-sided, naked at the top, Mich.X.c. FaA/ £nw7n. II. p. 21. Pt/r s /i F/. I. p. 28. Elliott Sk. I. p. 42. Roem, <^ Schult. I. p. 363. Valeriana radiata Willd, Spec, I, p. 184. Y, locusta t. radiata Lin. sp.pl. 48. V. locmta Walt, Car, p. 66. V. cauie dichotomo, &c. G ron, Virg. 10. Root annual. Stem mostly erect, about a foot high, dichotomous, nearly round, slightly pubescent. Leaves opposite, rather ob- tuse, finely ciliate on the margin. Flonvers in fastigiate co- rymbs, with lanceolate bracts at the base, forming a kind of in- volucrum. Calyx minute, 3 — 4-ioothed. Corolla pale blue, gibb(jus at the base ; segments ovate, very obtuse. Stamens long, exserted. Stigma simple, obtuse. Hab. In fields; near Albany. Eaton. In Pennsylvania. Mu hie nb erg. May. I i.ave specimens collected by Capt. Douglassj on Gross Isle, Detroit-river. 26. IRIS. L. Corolla 6-parted ; 3 of the segments reflected, the others erect or connivent. Style short, or 0. Stigmas 3, petaloid, covering the stamens. Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, many-seeded. Gen. pi. 79. Nutt. Gen. I. p.22. Juss.\).57. Roem.y Schult. Gen.l^:^. L a m. III. t. XXXlll. Nat. Ord. Irides. Juss. Flag, Flower-de-luce. 1. I. versicolor L. : flowers beardless ; stem terete, more or less flexuous ; germen somewhat triangular ; leaves ensi- form. a. sulcata : stem slightly compressed ; interior petals longer than the stigmas ; germen with the angles distinctly sulcate, sides concave ; capsule oblong, ventricose ; angles indistinctly furrowed. I. versicolor Will d. Spec. I. p. 233. excl. syn. D i 1 1, hort. Elth. t. 1 55. f. 1 87. Elliott SK \. p. 45. Big. Med, Bot. t. 16. Walt, Car. p. 67. 1. virginica P urs h Fl. I. p. 29. excl. syn. Bot, Mag. t. 703. Big. Bost. p. 12. I. americana stylo crenato, Dili, hort, Elth, Uld5,L\Q7. ^^,0 TRIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. mis. /g. communis : stem erect, distinctly flexuous ; leaves narrow-ensiform ; interior petals a little shorter than the stigmas ; angles of the germen not grooved when young ; sides deeply concave ; capsule cylindrical-oblong. I. ver- sicolor Pursh Fl. 1. p. 29. Curtis Bot. Mag. t. 21 = I. americana stylo non crenato Dill. I. c. f. 187. Root large and fleshy, creeping. S(e7n 2 — 3 feet, rather taller than the sword-shaped leaves. Flowers 2 — 4, in a terminal raceme. Segments of the corolla spatulate, blue variegated with yellow ; interior segments of a paler colour. Filaments inserted into the tube of the corolla ; anthers linear, very long, yellow. Stigmas very large and resembling petals, strap- shaped, 2-toothed at the base. Ca/isule, when ripe, obscurely triangular ; seeds flat, triangular. Hab. In wet meadows, ponds and rivulets : the variety a. is less common than /S. which is abundant throughout the United States. May — June. Common Flag. 2. I. virginica L. : flowers beardless ; stem solid terete ; leaves very long and narrow ; capsule elongated, prismaticj acute at each end. W illd. Spec. I. p. 232 ? M u h I. Cat. p. 4. \. gracilis Big. Bast. p. 12. ]. prismatica Pursh /"/. I. p. 30. i^o em. (^ ,Sc Awn. I. p. 47G. Cat. pi. J^ezo- York, p. 12. Root large and fleshy, creeping. Stem round, smooth, slender, marked by a prominent line on opposite sides, but never anci- pitous. Leaves seldom lialf an inch broad, and often much narrower, generally overtopping the stem. Floivers 3 — 6, in a terminal raceme ; fictuls spatulate, the 3 exterior ones spread- ing, purple on the edges, yellow in the middle; the interior ones longer than the stigmas, slightly emarginate. Germeii triangular, angles deeply grooved. Capsule distinctly trian- gular, sides flat. IIab. In wet meadows and swamps. In the brackish meadows between Newark and Hackinsack. In the pine-barrens of New-Jersey abundant. In the vicinity of Boston. Bigelow. Near New-Haven, Connecticut. Prof. Ives. In Pennsylva- nia. Muhlenberg. June. There has been much confusion respecting the two species of lias here described, the principal cause of which is the im- perfect descriptions given of tliem by L i n nxus and Wi 1 1- denonv. The Iris virginica of Purgh and other botanists is not sufiicienlly distinct from I. versicolor. Our l.' virginica is the true plant of Linn a: us, according to Muhlenberg's Herbarium, which I have lately had an opportunity of examin- ing. _ Pursh quotes the >^-. in Dillen. Hort. Eltham (188.) for his I. virginica, but the plant there represented is certainly only a variety oil. versicolor, to which it is referred by Will- denow. The character of the crenated stigma, represented hy Dillenius,i% not noticed by Purs h, and was probably IRIS. TRIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. 37 only an accidental variation. The 1. versicolor of Curiis^ Bot. Ma^. t. 21, Dr. Bigelow supposes, and I think with much reason, to be only a luxuriant variety of our common species : the stem is represented much more flexuous than I have ever observed it. 3. I. lacustris JV u 1 1. : flowers without a bearded crest ; leaves eiisiform, much shorter than the 1 -flowered scape ; pe- tals nearly equal, attenuated on the tube ; capsule turbinate, 3-sided, margined; roots tuberous. JSfutl. Gen. I. p. 23. Torrey in Sill. Jour. IV. p. 57. Roots extensively creeping and forming dense tufts. Leaves 3 — 5 inches long, and about a quarter of an inch broad. Scafie compressed, not an inch long, clothed with very short leaves, or rather sheaths. Petals obtuse and emarginate, pale blue, the exterior ones marked with a slight crest I the interior ones narrower, but about the length of the others. Stigmas shorter than the petals. ^ ; Kab. On the gravelly shores of the calcareous islands of Lake Huron, near Michilimacinack. Xuttall. I have specimens from Presq-Isle in the same lake, collected by Catit. Dou g- lass., who found it abundant among the pebbles on the shore. Found in flower June 5th. The flowers of the species of Iris being of such delicate structure that they lose many of their characters in drying, I am unal)le to determine whether the plant above described is distinct from I. cristata of A it on. It does not dilTer from the description in the Hort. Keivensis, except in having, ac- cording to J^fu (tall, flowers destitute of a bearded crest. It appeared to me, however, in the specimens collected by Capt. Douglass which I examined, that there was an indistinct crest on the outer petals, which might have been more elevated in the living plant. Mr. .A'u 1 1 all himself remarks, that it ap- pears allied to I. cristata, and that he had seen no perfect spe- cmiens. 27. LACHNANTHES. Elliolt. Calyx superior, petaloid, externally hirsute, deep^v 6-parted, nearly equal. Style declining; stigma mi- nutely 3-lobed. Capsule globose, 3-celled; cells 3 — 6-seeded. Elliott Sk. I. p. 47. Dilatris jXutt. Gen. I. p. 24. Heritiera Mich. Fl. I. p. 20. Anonymos IValt. Car. p. 67. Nat. Ord. IrIDES JllSS. H^MODORACEiE E. BroxvTi. h.tindoria Ell. I.e. Anonymos /mc/on Walt. I.e. Heritiera tinclorum Bo s c. Bull, de la Soc. philom. n. 1 9. p. 145. (fide R. S,r S.) Redo u i e I iliac. V. t. 247. G m c L 38 TRIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. lachnanthes. Si/sl. Veg. p. 113. H. Gmclini Mich, Fl. I. p. 21. t. 4. ViLATRis Heritiera P ers. Syn.l. p. 54. Boem.ir Schult. I. p. 483. D. tinctoria Pursh Fl. l. p. 30. JRooi fibrous, perennial, of a reddish colour. Stem erect, simple, about 2 feet high, hairy towards the summit. Leaves ensi- form, 8 — 10 inches long and 4 or 5 lines wide, smooth, sheath- ing at the base. Flowers in a terminal corymbose panicle. Calyx (corolla Elliott and others) with the 3 exterior seg- ments linear; the others lanceolate, all of them tomentose ex- ternally, and yellow within. Filaments equal, {Elliott) in- serted into the base of the inner segments of tne calyx ; an- thers linear-oblong, involuted when dried. Style filiform, as long as the stamens. Cafisule crowned with the persistent calyx, obsoletely triquetrous, opening at the angles; apex truncated. Seeds (6 — 7 in eacn cell Walt.) round, and somewhat compressed. Hab. In the sandy swamps of New-Jersey. Pursh. In the same State, near Piiiladelphia. Barton. July. Muhlen- b erg., in his Catalogue, has given New-York as a habitat of this plant; but I am assured by Prof. J. Green, that the only authority for this is a small Herbarium of his, in which was a specimen of Lachnanthes erroneously labelled as from New-York. This collection was sent to Muhlenberg for ex- amination, who noted all the localities of the specimens it con- tained. Red-root. The genus Lachnanthes o^ Elliott is still retained in DiLATRis by JVu ttall. With deference, however, I am obliged to differ from this excellent botanist in this instance. The for- mer appears to have sufficient characters to constitute a dis- tinct genus, namely, its monopetalous corolla, equal filaments, and many-seeded cells. De C and o lie thinks the Ameri- can plant differs generically from the 3 species of Dilalris found at the Cape of Good Hope, in the dissepiments of the capsule growing from the interior margin of the valves, as well asintiieequality of the stamens. De C and. afiud. Re d o ut e 1. c. It also differs from Argolasia, to which it has much affinity, in being triandrous insiead of hexandrous. 28. COMMELINA. L. Calyx 3-leaved. Corolla 3-petailed. Stamens 6 ; 3 — 4 stt;rile, and furnished with cruciform glands. Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved ; one of the valves often abonive. Gen. pi. 86. Niitt. G(?«. I. p. 27. Juss. p. 45. Roem. ^ Schult. Geti. 156. Lam. 111. t. XXXV. Nat. Ord. JuNci Juss. Commeline^ R.Brown. Daij-fiower. \. C. angiistifolia Mich.: assurgent; slender; rather smooth ; petals unequal, (one very minute j) leaves linear- coMMEMNA. TRfANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. 39 lanceolate : bracts peduncled, short-cordate. M i c h. FL L p. 24. Vahl E7ium. II. p. 265. Pursh FL I. p. 31. Muhl. Cat, p. 4. Roem. ^ Schult. I. p. 528. C. erecta IV ill d. Spec. I. p. 250 ? C. truncata W illd, Supp. Eniim. hort. Berol. I. p. 5. R o e m, ^- Schult. 1. c. 528. Rooc perennial, with fleshy fibres. Stem erect ? branched a little below, about a foot high. Leaves lanceolate ; border of the sheaths fringed with ferruginous hairs. Involucrufn (bractea) cordate-falcate. Petals cordate, very entire, blue ; the lower one much smaller, pedicellate. Abortive stamens (nectaries jL.) 4, pedicellate, and supporting cruciform anthers; one of them much smaller. Fertile stamens "H. 5^z//e subulate ; stig- ma simple. Capsule subglobose, indistinctly 3-sided. Seeds 2 in each cell, oval. Hab. Borders of a swamp 2 miles from Flushing, Long-Island. Mr. P. Dudgeon. In Pennsylvania. Muhlenberg, June. 2. C. virgiynca L,: petals nearly equal; stenf\ erect, a little pubescent ; leaves long-lanceolate, subpetiolate ; throat. bearded. Will d. Spec. I. p. 25 1 . P ur s h FL h ip, 31. Elliott SkA. p. 49. Vahl Emm. \L p. '267. Wait. Car. p. 68. Roem. ^ S chul t. \. p. 530. C. longifoUa Mich. FL I. p. 23. C. hirtella Vahl Enum. II. p. 166. Ephemerum phalangioides, &c, P Ink, Aim, 135. t. 174, f.4. Root perennial Stem generally erect, 2 feet high. Leaves ob- long, sometimes ovate-lanceolate, finely serrulate, scabrous on the upper surface, paler and smooth on the under, sprinkled with a few hairs. Sheaths furrowed, rather smooth, the margin and throat ciliate, with a rufous beard. Flowers clustered at the summit of the stem, sometimes axillary in the upper leaves. Bracts nerved, scabrous ; when extended, reniform ; enclosing 2 pedicels, one fertile, the other sterile. Calyx o-leaved ; leaves membranaceous, ovate-lanceolate, the upper one very small Corolla o-petalled; petals nearly round, clawedj sky-blue; the inferior one smaller. JVectaries (abortive sta- mens) 3, ovate, yellow, emarginate at the summit, contracted and 2-cleft at the base ; with 2 lateral glands on footstalks, co- loured, subulate, shorter than the filaments, inserted into the upper side of the germen at its base. Filaments 3, white, longer than the corolla, inserted into the lower side of the germen at its base. .4nthers incumbent, furrowed, somewhat sagittate, yellow. Style longer than the stamens. Elliott. Hab. In Pennsylvania. Muhlenberg. July. Not having examined this plant in a living state, I have adopted the detailed description of Elliott, though it does not exactly apply to M ic h aux*s C longifolia. The principal discrepancy, however, is in the breadth of the leaves, which is a variable character in the genus. 40 TRIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. xyris. 29. XYRIS. L, Flowers in a roundish or oblong head. Cahjx glu- maceous, cartilaginous, 3-valved. Corolla 3-petalled, ^qual. Stigma 3-cleft. Capsule 1-celled, 3-valved. Gen. pi. 89. Nu 1 1. Gen. 1. p. 30. Ju s s. p. 44. Roem. ^ Schult. Gen. 167. Lain. III. t.XXXVL Nat. Ord. Junci Juss. Yellow-eyed grass. 1. X. caroliniana Walt,: leaves linear, grass-like; scape 2-edged ; head ovate, rather acute ; scales round. Walt. Car. p. 69. Vahl Enum. II. p. 206. Pursh Ft, I. p. 33. Roem. ^ S chut t.\.Tp. 55\, X. jupacai M i c h, FL I. p. 23. B ig, Bost. p. ] 3. X. fiexuosa Elliott Sk. 1. p. 61. X. foliis gladiatis Groiu Virg. p. 11. Root somewhat bulbous, cespitose. Scape about a foot higbj straight, or a little twisted, erect, very smooth. Leaves much shorter than the scape, a line or a line and a half wide, flat, or occasionally spirally twisted. Head round-ovate. Outer valve of the calyx (bract £11.) nearly orbicular, rigid, concave, covering the lower part of the corolla, green in the centre, the margin yellowish ; (inferior scales empty ;) inner valves shorter, linear-lanceolate, ciliate on the upper part. Petals yellow, as long as the calyx ; border flat, retuse ; claws narrow. Fila- ments pubescent ; anthers oblong. Style as long as the sta- mens; stig7nas obtuse. Cafisule oblong, membranaceous, ob~ tusely triangular, opening at the angles. Seeds very numerous, minute, oblong, acute at each end. Hab. In wet meadows and sandy swamps ; not uncommono July — August. 2. X. brevifolia M i c h. : leaves subuiate-ensiform, short; head nearly globose ; interior valves of the calyx shorter than the exterior valve, slightly notched. Mich. Fl.l. p. 23. Elliott Sk. \. \). 52. Pursh Fl.l. ^. 23. Roem.ir Schult. I. p. 552. Root perennial. Stem 12 — 18 inches high, compressed near the summit. Leaves 3 — 6 inches long, linear-subulate, much twisted. Elliott. Hab. In Pennsylvania. Mu hlenberg. 30. SCHOLLERA. Schrcb, Spath 1 -flowered. Anthers of 2 forms. Corolla, tube very long ; limb deeply 6-parted. Capsule 1-celled. Gen. pi. 1711. JVilld. n. act. Soc. scriit. H. Nat. III. p. 438. (fide i^. £s? ^.) Muhl. Cat. -p. 5. Lep- TANTHus Mick. Nat. Ord. Narcissi Juss, SCHOLLERA. TRIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. 41 S. graminifolia W ill d. I.e. Mil hi. Cat, I.e. S. gramineus Bart. Fl. Am. Sept. t. 54. Leptanthus gra-- mineus M i c h. Fl. I. p. 25. t. 5. f. 2. Per s. Syn. I. p. 56. Heteranthera graminta V a hi Enum. II. p. 45. P ur sh Fl. I. p. 32. CoMMELiNA duhia J acq. Obs. hot. III. p. 9. t. 59. Anonymos aquatica graminifolia. Clayt. Firg-. n.814. RooC perennial. Stem floating, slender, dichotomous, rooting at the base of the lower leaves. Leaves sessile, narrow-linear, 3 — 6 inches long, slightly sheathing at the base. Sfiath short, lanceolate, terminating in a long sharp point. Tube of the corolla very long and slender, a little curved ; border yellow, deeply divided, appearing as if 6-petalled ; segments lanceo- late, acute. Stamens 4 ; filaments broad and flat, inserted into the orifice of the corolla ; 3 of the anthers linear, longer than the style ; the other abortive, shorter than the style. Style thick; stigma obtuse, 3-lobed ? Hab. In flowing water ; not uncommon, July — August. 31. HETERANTHERA. Ruiz ^ Pavon. Calyx a spath. Corolla^ tube long and slender; border 6-parted, equal. Anthers of 2 forms. Capsule 3-celled, many-seeded, opening at the angles ; dissepi- ment contrary. Ruiz £i? Pav. FL Peruv. I. p. 43. tyi.f.a. Roem.^J Schult. Gen.14.1. Heter- ANDRA P.de Beauvois Trans. Amer. Pkil. Soc. IV. p. 173. Leptanthus il/ic//. i^/. I. p. 24. Nutt, Gen. I. p. 28. Nat. Ord. Narcissi Juss. H. reniformis /?. c^- P.: leaves orbicular-reniform ; spath oblong, acuminate, 2 — 3-flowered.- Ruiz ^ Pav on. I.e. Roem. <^- Schult. I. p. 487. H. acuta Va h I Enum. II. p. 42. P ur sh FL I. p. 32. Heterandra reniformis P. de Beauv. 1. c. cum icone. Leptanthus reniformis Mich. 1. c. p. 25. L. peruviana et xirginica P ers. Syn. I. p. 5Q. Root perennial, creeping. Stem prostrate or partly floating, branched at the base, about 3 inches long. Leaves on foot- stalks about 2 inches long, broad-reniform or cordate, with a short point, marked with semicircular nerves meeting at the apex. S/iath closely enveloping the flowers, terminating in a cusp. Corolla white, very evanescent and only partly expand- ing; tube cylindrical; segments oblong. Stamens very un- equal ; filaments inserted into the limb of the corolla at the throat ; anthers, 2 small and nearly round ; the other oblong. Style as long as the tube of the corolla; stigma simple, obtuse. Cafisule oblong, subtriangular, crowned with the persistent style. Seeds oval, marked with about 8 elevated longitudinal lines, and minutely striated transversely. 43 TRfANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. he'Teranthera / Hab. In muddy, overflowed situations. On the banks of the Passaic, 8cc. New-Jersey. Near Fishkill, New-York. In Si)utli-Bay, below Hudson. Eaton. Near New-Haven, Connecticut. Prof. Ives. In the vicinity of Philadelphia, common ; and in the Slate of Delaware. Barton. July — August. 32. SISYRINCHIUM. L, Spatha 2-leaved. Corolla (calyx Juss.) 6-petalIed/ flat, tqual. Stamens cohering below. Stigma 3-cleft. dpsule 3- celled. Gen. pL llOl. JVutt. Gen. I. p. 24. Ju ss. p. 57. Roe m. b' Schul t. Gen. 143. Lam. III. t. DLXIX. Nat. Ord. Irides Juss. Munoecia monadelphia L i n. Blue-eyed Grass. 1. S. anceps C a v a n. : scape 2- edged, winged, simple, nearly iealiess ; spath about 4-flowered, unequal, shorter than the flowers ; petals mucronate. Willd. Spec. HI. p. 579. Pers.Spi.l.p.5Q. P u r s h Fl. \. p. 31. Big.Bosf. p 161. Roem. ^r S c hu 1 1, I. p. 493. S. hermudianum Mich. Fl. II. p. 33. S. bermudianum «, Lin. Syst. Veg.. 682. S. graminmm L a m. Encyc. I. p, 403. Curt. Mag, 464. Redout e liliac.Y. t. 282. Bermudiana graminea, &c. Dill. hort. Ellh. t. 41, f, 49? Sys. bermudiense, «fec. Pluk.Alnu 368. t. 61. f. 2. Root perennial. Slong-lanceolate and acuminate, which is not the. case in cup plant. 2. S. mucronatum Mich.: scape simple, winged ; spath coloured, one of the valves extended into a long marcescent point. Mich. FLU. Y>.33. P e r s. Syn.\. p. 50. Pnrsk Fl. 1. p. 31. Roem. <^ Schul t. I. p. 494. S. cceruleum, &c. PluL £lm.. 36B.t. Ql,(. \. ' stsvRiNCHiUM. TRIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. 43 Eooi perennial, fibrous. Stem cespitose at base, about a foot high, setaceous and rather dry; margin distinctly winged, aS in the preceding species. Spath consisting of 2 very unequal valves; one of them about as long as the peduncles, the other continued half an inch or more beyund the flowers, and ending in a rigid point ; both of them strongly coloured, generally of a violet colour. Flowers about 4 in each spaih ; fieduncles veiy slender, each with a glumaceous bract at the base ; petals obcuneate, emarginate and mucronate, blue. Stamens^ cap- sule., 8cc. as in the preceding species. jHab. In sandy fields. Long-Island, near Islip, &c. ; also in New-Jcrsey, near Philadelphia. In Pennsylvania. Mu h len- der g. June — July. This species is easily distinguished from S. ance/is by Us large coloured spath. 33. KYLLINGIA, L. Flowers distinct, disposed in a roundish, sessile, subimbricated spike. Cali/x 2-valved, 1 -flowered. Corolla 2-valved, longer than the calyx. Gen. pi. 91. JVutt. Gen. I. p. ho. Juss. p. 37. Roem, £s? Scliult. Gen. 188. Lam. 111. t. XXXVIII. Nat. Ord. Cyperoide^ Juss, K. monocephala L.: stem filiform, 3-angled ; head glo- bose, sessile ; involucrum 3-leaved, very long. W il I d. Spec, \, p. 256. Va h I Enum. II. p. 379. Muhl. Gram. p. 3. FAliott Sk.\. ^. b^, R o em, 4r S chul t. Gen. U. p. 236. Boot perennial, creeping, stoloniferous. Culm 3—12 inches high. Leaves linear, shorter than the stem. Head always single, uniformly inclined to one side. Involucrum sometimes with a fourth leaf; one of the leaves always erect and twice or thrice the length of the horizontal ones. Elliott. Hab. In Pennsylvania. Muhlenberg. Probably distinct from the K. monocephala of India. 34. SCIRPUS. L, CalyXy glumes 1-valved, 1-flovvered, imbricated on all sides. Gen. pL 94. JVutt. Gen. I. ^. 32. Juss. p.27. ^ciRV\JS I>. Fa hi. Isolepis et Eleocha- ms li. Brown. Fimbristylis Fahl. Tricho- PHORUM Pers. Lam. III. t. XXXVIII. Nat, Ord. C Y p e R 1 D liE Jus s. Club-rush, 44 TRIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. scirpus. §. I. Seed surrounded with bristles at the base. f. Style articulated to the seed ; base dilated and fier- sistent. Seed often lenticular. (Spike solitary.) 1—10, Eleocharis R. Br own. tt- Style filiform^ not bearded^ deciduous. 11 > 17. Scirpus L. F.Brown. ftf. Style Jili/orm, deciduous. Bristles much longer than the seed. 18 — 19. Trichophorum Pers. §. 2. Seed naked at the base. f . Style simfile at the base, not articulated to the seed^ deciduous. 20 — 22. Isolepis R. Brown. tf. Style bulbous end comfiressed at the base, ciliate on the margin. 23 — 24. Fimbri3Tylis VahL 1. ^. lenuis Willd.: culm very slender, quadrangular ; spike elliptical, acute at each end ; glumes ovate, obtuse ; stamens 3 ; style 3-cleft ; seed rugose. Will d. Enum. hort. J5ero/. 1. p. 76. Muhl,Grajn.p.21. R o eni' ^ S c hu i t. U. p. 127. Root fibrous, perennial. Culm naked, 8 inches or a foot high, acutely quadrangular, with the sides sulcate ; the lower part with one or two purple truncate sheaths. S/iikc at first rather obtuse ; the 2 or 3 lower glumes larger and empty. Glumes very dark brov/n, with a whitish scarious margin. Seed round- ish, obtusely triangular, brown, crowned with an orbicular tu- bercle. Bristles 2 — 3, sometimes wanting. Hab. Swamps, and borders of ponds; generally in brackish water. June — July. A very common plant, but not described by Purs h. It was probably confounded by him with the S. r/uadrangularis of Michaux, as it was' by Muhlenberg in his Cata- logue. The real S. guadrangularis is a very different plant, which probably only inhabits the Southern States. It is well described by Elliot t^ and also by Muhlenberg, who calls it S. marginatus, 2. S. glaucus*: culm many-angled, glaucous ; spike ovate, acute; glumes ovate, obtuse or emarginate. Stamens 3; tstyle 2-cleft. Scirpus No. 7. (anonymos) M u h I. Gram. scmrvs. TRIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. 45 p. 29. S. glaucecms Willd. Enum. hort. BeroL I. p. 76? Roem. ^ Schiilt. II. p. 126? Root perennial. Culm very slender, about a foot high. Sfiike brownish. Glumes very obtuse and generally emarginale. Bristles 4, longer than tlie seed, but shorter than tlie tubercle. p[AB. Borders of salt marshes near New -York. July. This species differs from the S. tuberculosus of Ali c haux^ which Mu hi en b erg remarks it should be compared Vfith, in having an angular, instead of a round, culm, Sec. 3. S. palustris L. : stem round, inflated ; spike oblong- lanceolate ; glumes somewhat obtuse ; seed roundish, punc- tate and rugose ; bristles scabrous. Willd. Spec. I. p. 291, Pursh Fl.\.p.5i. Elliott Sk.\. p. 77. Mu hi. Gram. p. 28. Ri.TE.ocnK^is palustris Roem.^- Schult. II. p. 151. Culm erect, a foot and a half or two feet high, slightly striate, leafless. Sheaths very long, embracing the lower part of the culm. Sfiike sometimes oblique; the lower glUmes larger, and often empty. Seed crowned with a conical tubercle, yel- lowish, as long as the bristles. Stamens 3. Style 2-cleft, Hab. In overflowed meadows, and on the borders of ponds. June. 4. S. capltatus L. : culm terete, or somewhat compressed ; spike ovate, obtuse ; seed oval, compressed, smooth. Sp, pi. 70. fVi 1 1 d. Spec. 1. p. 294. excl. syn. nisi L in. et G r o n* Wa 1 1. Car. p. 70. Pursh Fl. I. p. 55. Elliott Sk. I. p. 77. Muhl. Gram. p. 30. S. ohtusm Willd. Enum. h. BeroL I. p. 76. Roem. ^r Schult. II. p. 126. Eleo- CHAB.IS capita ta R. B r w 71. Roem.^r Schult. U.^. 153, Root fibrous, perennial. Culms cespitose, erect, attenuated be- low the spike. Sfiike sometimes almost globose; glumes pvate-round, brown, with membranaceous margins. Tubercle of the seed conical, acute. Bristles 6, a little longer than the seed. Stamens 3. Style bifid. Hab. In similar situations with the preceding. July — August. 5. S.acicularis L. : culm setaceous, quadrangular; spike ovate, acute, 3 — 6-flowered ; glumes somewhat obtuse ; sta- mens 3 ; style bifid ; seed obovate. W Hid. Spec. I. p. 295. Vahl Enum. II. p. 215. S. trichodes M u h I. Gram, p. 30. Elliott Sk. I. p. 76. S. capillaceus Mich. Fl. I, p. 30. Eleoch ARis acicularis R.oem. ^' Schult. 11. p. 154, Culm 3-^6 inches long, hair-like, cespitose. Spikes seldom more than 4-flovvered ; sometimes even single-flowered. Lowest glume large, empty, and obtuse. Seed white or yellowish, obscurely triangular, marked with 6 or 8 prominent longitu- dinal lines and finely striated transversely. Bristles 4, rarely wanting. 46 TRIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. scmpus. Hab. Borders of ponds ; generally partly under water. June— = July. Differs a little from the S.acicularis of Europe, particularly in having much more slender culms and bristles at the base of the seed. In some specimens of S. acicularis from Europe, I have found, occasionally, one or two bristles at the base of the seed. S. trichoidea et exigua of Humboldt and Bon- pland ^VQ not very distinct from this species. 6. S. ptisillus Vahll: culm compressed and a little angular ; spike ovate, compressed ; seed obovate ; stamens 3 ; style 2— 3-cleft. Elliott Sk. I. p. 75. Vahl Enum. 11. p. 246 ? Cufm erect, about an inch high, slightly furrowed on one side, rigid Tubercle crowning the seed conic. Bristles about 6. Hab. In salt marshes; growing in large patches like mosSo July — August. 7. S. intermeclius M u h L: culms cegpitose, quadrangularj sulcate ; spike ovate-oblong, acute; giumes rather acute; stamens 3 ; style 2-cIeft; seed broad-obovate, compressed; tubercle distinct. Muhl. Gram. p. 31. Boot creeping. Culm slender, ascending, 3 or 4 inches long. Spikes a little variable in length ; sometimes appearing bifid by the divarication of the lower glumes on one side. Glumes dark brown, with green sides. Bristles 6, longer than the seed. Tubercle very minute, conic, distinct from the seed, which is generally of a greenish colour. Hab On the muddy and overflowed banks of rivers; sometimes in sandy swamps. Not rare in the vicinity of New-York. Near Dcevfiekl, Massachusetts. Coo ley. In Pennsylvania. Muhlenberg. September. 8. S. planifolius Muhl.: culm triquetrous; radical leaves linear, flat, nearly equalling the culm ; spike terminal, oblong, compressed, shorter than the cuspidate bracts at the base. Muhl. Gram. p. 32. Boot a tuft of large fibres. Culms cespitose, about a span high, acutely triangular, scabrous on the angles. Leaves carinate, margins scabrous, the lower ones shorter and broader. Spike at first lanceolate, about 6- flowered; glumes ovate, mucronate, yellowish; the 2 lowest ones bracteiform, unequal ; the exte- rior one longer than the spike. Stamens 3. Style deeply 3-cleft ; stigmas long and glandular. Bristles 4, rather longer than the triangular seed. Hab. In wet woods, and in bogs. Deerfield, Massachusetts. Hitchcock and Cooley. In the western parts of the State of New-York. Stevenson. In Pennsylvania and Delaware. Mu h lent erg. May — June. sciftptfs. TRIANDRTA, MONOGYNIA. 47 9. S. suhterminalis* : culm floating, silicate, inflated, leafy below ; spike solitary, somewhat terminal, lanceolate ; style 2-cleft ; seed triquetrous. Root fibrous. Culm 3 feet or more long, of a spongy texture ; when dried, much roughened by the irregularly-contracting medulla. Leaves very narrow, concave. Sfdke about as large as in S. fialustris, shorter than the large bract (or rather con- tinuation of the culm) at its base. Glumes ovate-lanceolate, mucronate. Stamens 3. Style a little cleft. Seed large, acutely triangular, surrounded by 6 bristles, which it nearly equals in length. Hab. In ponds and streams of fresh water near Deerfield, Massachusetts. Br. Coo ley. August. The whole plant, except the spikes, is under water. 10. S. ccespitosus L.: culms cespitose, terete; spikes ovate, few-flowered ; lower glumes bracteiform, as long as the spike; sheaths with rudiments of leaves. Sp,pLl\, IVilldc Spec. I. p. 292. Vakl Enum. II. p. 243. Wahl, FL Lcpp.ip. 13. Eng.Bot. t* 1029. Roem, ^ Schult. IL p. 122. ^. callosus Big, MS.: glumes thickened and carti- laginous at the tips. JRoot fibrous, fasciculose. Culm about a span high, slender, finely striate; lower part densely covered with imbricated sheaths, Inferior sheaths marcescent, obtuse; the upper ones green, producing a very short, obtuse leaf. Sfiike 4 — 5-flovvered, compressed. Glumes yellowish-brown, obtuse; the 2 lower ones resembling bracts ; the exterior a little longer, and the other a little shorter, than the spike. Stamens 3. Style 3-cleft. Bristles 6, smooth, longer than the germen. Ripe seed no' seen. Hab. On the White Hills of New-Hampshire. Bigeloii? and Bo 1 1. July. For specimens of this interesting plant I am indebted to Prof. Bige I 01V. Though it differs in some respects from the European species, it does not seem specifically distinct. To S. cain/iestris it has much affinity. 11. S. americanus Pers.: culm nearly naked, trique- trous; sides concave; spikes lateral, (I — 5.) ovate, conglom- erate, sessile ; glumes round-ovate, mucronate ; seed tri- quetrous, acuminate. Pers. Syn.]. p. 68. Pursh FL L p. 56. Elliott Sk, I, p. 80. Roem. ^ Schult. U. p. 129. S. triqneter M icL FL I. p. 30, MuhL Gram. p. 33. Big, Bosl, p. 14. 48 TRIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. ' scirpus* Culm 5 — S feet high, slender, clothed at the base with one or two sheaths, which generally bear leaves 6 — 8 inches in lengths Sfiikea bursting from the culm a few inches below the summit, which is erect and mucronate. Glumes ferruginous ; margins scarious and sometimes a little pubescent. Stamens 3. Style 2-cieft. Seed compressed on the one side, convex on the two others. Bristles 6, longer than the seed. Hab, In salt marshes and swamps, and on the banks of rivers; common. July — August. I have noticed 3 varieties of this piarit. 1. The common one of our salt marshes in this vici- nity ; 4 or 5 feet high ; spikes 2 or 3, growing out of the side of i!ie culm from 3 to 6 iiiches below the extremity. 2. Culm 3 — 4 feet high, thick ; spikes 3 — 5, nearly terminal. Grows near New-Haven, Connecticut. S. miKronaius P ur sh? 3. Culm very slender, 2 feet high ; sheaths leafy ; spike gene- rally single, remote from the extremity of tlie culm. Col- lected near New-Haven by Mr. E. Leavenworth. 12. S. debilis Muhl.: culms cespitose, deeply striate ; spikes about 3, lateral, ovate, sessile ; glumes ovate, obtusej mucronate. Muhl. Gram. p. .34. Pursh FL I. p. 55. Roem. ($r Schult. II. p. 128. Culm from a span to a foot in height, with a few subulate leaves at the base. Sfiikes 1 — 3, turgid, short-ovate, rather acute, bursting out of the side of the culm 2 or 3 inches from its ex- tremity. GUanes broad-ovate, smooth, carinate, sometimes acu- minate; margins membranaceous. Stamens 3. Style 2-cleft. Seed obovate, flat on the inner side, convex on the other, shin- ing, with obscure impressed dots. Bristles 4 — 5, a little longer than the seed. Hab. Borders of ponds, particularly in sandy soils. Long-Island, near Babylon, he. Banks of the Connecticut River. In Penn- sylvania, &c. August — September. I have specimens of S. debilis from Massachusetts, in which there are no bristles at the base of the seeds. 13. S.lacustris L. : culm terete, attenuated above, naked; panicle subterminal ; spikes peduncled, ovate. W il Id. Spec, I. p. 296. jyjtch. FL I. p. 31. Pursh FL I. p. 55. Elliott Sk. I. p. 31. Muhl. Gram. p. 32. Roem. ($•- Schult. II. p. 135. S. validus Vahl Enum. II. p. 268. Pursh FL\. p. 56. Roem. <^ Schult. II. p. 138. Culm 4—8 feet high, more than half an inch in diameter at the base, gradually diminishing towards the extremity. Sheaths at the base of the culm, bearing short leaves. Sfii/ces in an un- equal subdivided panicle or cyme, conglomerated in threes at the extremities of the branches. Glumes ovate, obtuse, and slightly mucronate, brown, pubescent under a lens ; margins cihate. Stamens 3 (sometimes more, Mu h L). Style deeply 2-cleft. Seed obovate, compressed, pointed with the remains of the style. Bristles 4—6, hispid, longer than the seed. sciBPUs. TRIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. 49 Hab. In ponds and marshes on the borders of lakes and rivers. June. The plant here described differs from the S. lacustris of Europe, in having a 2-cleft instead of a S-cleft style, and in its ciliate glumes. I have, however, seen specimens of S. iacus- tria from Connecticut, in wrhich the style was 3-cleft. The fianicle varies greatly in size ; sometimes it is much decom- pound, frequently somewhat sessile. 14. S. acutus MuhL: culm terete, (not attenuated,) •potted ; peduncles numerous, sublateral ; spikes oblong ; glumes pubescent, mucronate. MuhL Gram. p. 33. B i g, °Bost. p. 1 5 .? Culm 4 feet high, of nearly uniform diameter throughout, co- vered with oblong brown spots. Panicle or cyme proliferous ; peduncles compressed, bracteate at the divisions. Glumes brown, ovate, carinate, dilated. Stamens 3. Style 2-cleft. Seed as in the preceding species. Hab. In ponds and wet swamps. Litchfield, Connecticut. Brace. Pennsylvania. Muhlenberg. June — July. 15. S. atrovirens MuhL: culm triangular, leafy ; cyme terminal, compound, proliferous ; involucrum 3-Ieaved ; spikes conglomerate, ovate, acute ; glumes ovate, mucronate, pu- bescent. MuhL Gram. p. 43. Willd, Enum. h. BeroL 1. p. 79. Roem, ir Schult. II. p. 143. Culm obtusely triangular, about 2 feet high. Involucrum foli- aceous, longer than the cyme. S/iikes crowded into small heads of 10 or 12 each, about a line and a half long. Glumes dark green, becoming brownish, terminating in a distinct point. Stamens 3. Style 3-cleft. Seed white, smooth, plano-convex. Bristles 4, longer than the seed. Hab. In wet meadows; common. June — July. Resembles the next species. 16. S. hrunntus MuhL: culm leafy, obtusely triangular; cyme decompound ; involucrum 3 — 4-leaved ; spikes round- ovate, clustered in heads of about sixes ; glumes ovate, ob- tuse. MuhL Gram. p. 43. S. exaltatus Pursh FL\. p. 56. Elliott Sk. \. ^.^1.- Roem. ^ Schult. IL p. 143. Culm 2 — 3 feet high, clothed with sheathing leaves nearly as tall as the cyme. Principal branches of the cyme about 5, com- pressed or angular, unequal, with truncate sheaths at the base. Sfiikes rather larger than in the preceding species. Glume* of a brown colour, carinate. Stamens 3. Style 3-cleft. Seed triquetrous, shining, shorter than the bristles which surround the base. Hab. In water, on the borders of ponds and lakes ; rare. In New-Jersey, near New-York. Deerfield, Massachusetts. 50 TRIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. scirpus. Coo ley and Hitchcock. In Pennsylvania. Muhleri' b e rg. August — September. 17. S. macrostnchyos Muhl.: culm triquetrous, leafy; corymb clustered ; involucrum about 3-leaved, very long ; spikes oblong ; glumes ovate, 3-cleft, the middle segment subulate and reflected; style 3-cleft. Muhl. Gram, p. 45. S. robustus Pursh Fl. I. p. 56. R o em, ir S chul t. II. p. 140. S. maritimus /?. macroslachyos Mich. Fl. 1. p. 32, S» maritimus Big, Bost.Tp. 15. Elliott Sk, I. p. 86. Culm acutely 3-angled, 3 — 4 feet high. Leaves smooth, cari- nate, taller than the culm. Involucrum resembling the leaves. Sfiikes in a kind of conglomerate corymb, 6 — 10 in number, nearly an inch long. Glumes brown, lacerately 3-cleft, pu- bescent. Stamens 3, Seed compressed-triangular, pointed with the remains of the style. Bristles 4, about as long as the seed. Hab. In salt-marshes, and in ditches near salt-water. July — August. Nearly allied to S. mariiimusy but differs in the form and size of the spikes, Sec. ^ * ¥ 1 8. S. Eriophorum M i c h. : culm obtusely triangular, leafy; panicle decompound, proliferous, nodding; spikes all pedunculate; bristles surrounding the seed exserted. Mich. Fl, I. p. 33. S. eriophorus Va h I Enum. II. p. 282. Roem. '9'2. Muhl. Gram. Tp. 49. Roem.^- Schxtlt, 1. p. 159. E. spica compacta erecta, &c. Gron. Virg. 132. Pluk. A\m. 179. t. 299. f. 4. Root creeping. Culm 2 — 4 feet high, leafy, smootft. Leaves a fcot or 18 inches long; ahf)ut 2 lines wide. Involucrum gene- rally of 2 narrow leaves, 4 — 6 inches long. Peduncles 3 — 4, each bearing several conglomerated spikes and forming a kind of umbel. Sfiikes ovate, acute when young, sessile on the pe- duncles. Glumes ovate, acute, striate ; inferior ones empty ; sides brownish ; carina green. Stamen I. Style 3-cleft, sca- brous. Wool of a reddish colour, at first not longer than the glumes, but becoming 3 times as long when mature. Seed ovate, plano-convex, slightly acuminated, brown. Hab. In swamps and bog-meadows ; common. July. iS. gracik*: culm very slender; leaves almost filiform. Hab. In the Cedar Swamp near New-Durham, New-Jersey. August. ERioPHORVM. TRIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. 67 5. E. angustifolium Roth.: culm somewhat triangu- lar; leaves channelled-triquetrous ; peduncles very smooth. Willd. Spec, I. p. 313. Big, Bost, p. 16? (E. poljsta- chyon?) Pursh Fl. I. p. 58. MuhL Gram. p. 48. Roem, ir Schult, II. p. 158. Culm a foot or more high ; sides convex. Leaves very narrow. Sfiikea 3 — 5, on short peduncles. Involucrum I -leaved, linear- lanceolate. IVool white. Hab. Near Boston. Big e low. New-York and Delaware. Muhlenberg. Resembles No. 3. The plant I once considered as the Eriophorum angustu folium, I am now convinced is nothing more than a variety of E. virginicum. I have never seen an Eriophorum from this country resembling my European specimens ot E. angusti- folium. The plant which Bige low lias described under iliifi name appears to be E. poUjstachyon. 41c FUIRENA. L. Glumes avvned, imbricated on all sides into a spike. Corolla t 3-valved, petaloid, cordate, avvned, ungui- culate. Geti. pi, 90. JVutt. Gen. I. p. 37. R. Brown Prod. I. p. 220. Ju s s. p. 26. Mo em, ^ Schult. Gen. 186. Lam. Ill, t. XXXIX. Nat, Ord. CvpEROiDEiE Juss, F, squarrosa Mich,: spikes clustered (5 — 6,) ovate; ,«ulm smooth; leaves ciliate ; sheaths hairy; valves of the corolla cordate-ovate. Mich, FL I. p. 37, Fa h t Enum, II. p. 385. Pursh Fl. I. p. 58. Elliott Sk. I. p. 53 t. 2. f. 3. Aluhl, Gram. p. 50. Roem, ^ Schult, I. J). 234. Culm about ^ foot and a half high, angular, gradually becoming very slender towards the top. Leaves few, linear-lanceolate, flat, pubescent on each side. Sheaths distinctly striate ; sti- fiules membranaceous, brown, ciliate. Sfii/res aggregated into 2 heads; lateral head on along peduncle proceeding from the sheath of the upper leaf; terminal head 3 — 6-spiked. Invo- lucrum of 2— r3 subulate leaves, shorter than the spikes. Glumes ovate, awned ; awns squarrose, as long as the glume. Valves of the corolla distinctly pedicellate or clawed, cordate or rounded at the base, 3-nerved, awned at the tip. Stamens 3. Style 3-cleft. Seed triquetrous, white. Bristles 4 — 5. Hab. In bog-meadows. New-Jersey. Pursh and Muhlen- berg. August. t Perianthj i?. £rown,-rBemmal iavolucellum, JsfuttaU, (58 TRIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. fuirena. yg ? pnmila*: culm pubescent above ; leaves smooth ; throat of the sheaths hairy ; spikes 1 — 3, terminal. Culm 3 — 6 inches l.igh, angular, smooth, except a little below tl'e spikes. Leaves linear-lanceolate, 2 — 3, flat, equalling the culm, striate, naked. Margin and throat of the sheaths hairy. Spikes generally 3, often solitary, with 2 unequal leaf- like bracts at the base. Glumes ovate-lanceolate, terminated by short squarrose awns ; the lower ones hairy. Petals ovate- lanceolate, embracing the seed by their bases. Stamens 3. Seed triquetrous, pedicellate, surrounded at the base with 3 or 4 retrorsely scabrous bristles. Hab. On the ovei flowed sandy margin of a creek near Babylon on Long-Island, in company with Gratiola aurea, Xyris caroliniana, 8tc. This may be a variety of Y.aquarrosa; but if the characters above given are constant, it certainly must be a distinct species. 42. CENCHRUS. L. Involucrum lacmiate, echinate, includmg about 2 spikdets. Calyx 2-valved, 2-flowertd ; the inferior flower sterile, the other perfect. Corolk awnless. Style 2-cleft. (Styles connate at the biise Trin.) Gtn.pl. 1574. Nu 1 1. Gen. I. p. 38. Ju s s. p. 30. Roe m, CsP Schult. Gen. 1201. Trin. Agrostograph. 140. P. de Beativ. Agrostograph, p. 57. t. Xlii. f. 7. R. Brown Prod. I. p. 195. Nat. Ord. Gr amines Ju s s. Flowers in a simple raceme or spike. Burr- grass. C. echinatus L. : spike with the flowers approximated ; involucrum subglobose, villose ; culm compressed. Wiltd, Spec. I. p. 117. Vaht Enum. 11. p. 393. MnhL Gram. p. 52. Roe in. 4)" Schult, II. p. 253. C carolimanus Walt. Car. p. 79. Root fibrous, annual. Culm erect or procumbent, 1 — 2 feet long, geniculate and branching at the base. Leaves lanceolate, smooth, carinate. Sheaths smooth and swelling, bearded at the throat. Raceines or spikes about 2 inches long, consisting of 6 — 10 heads. Peduncle angular, pubescent, hivolucrum cartilaginous, externally beset with rigid, retrorsely hispid spines, pubescent, including 2 — 3 spikelets each bearing from I to 3 flowers; lowest floret neuter. Calyx unequal, ovate- lanceolate, smooth, 5-nerved. Corolla ovate-lanceolate, acu- minate, membranaceous, longer than the calyx ; inferior valve 7-nerved. Stamens 3. 6V7/^c filiform, deeply 2-cleft. Seed], round-ovate, reddish brown. IIab. In sandy arid soils. On the hills at Kingsbridge near cENCHRus. TRIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. 69 New-York. Common in the pine-barrens of New-Jersey. In Pennsylvania. Muhlenberg. August. /3. tribuloides* : spikes and nnargins of the sheaths white, pubescent. C. tribuloides L. Sp. pL 1489. Willd, Spec. \. p. 317. Mich. Fl. I. p. 61. Pursh FL I. p. 60. Elliott Sk. I. p. 93. t. 4. f. 3. Muhl. Gram. p. 52. Roem. 4' Schult. II. p. 253. C. capitulis spinosis to- mentosis. Gron. Virg. 122. jC«/OT a foot or a foot and a half high, compressed, smooth. Leaves linear-lanceojate, condupiicate, a little roughened above. Sheaths dilated, open. Racemes 10 — 14-flovvered; rachis angular, hairy. Invoiucrum split on one side, hairy, in- cluding about 2 spikelets, each 1 — 2-flowered. Calyx, co- rolla, Sec. as in the preceding. Hac. In the sand on the sea-coast and near the mouths of rivers. August. After a careful examination of the Cenchrus of our sea- coast (which is doubtless the C. tribuloides) with the common species of the pine-barrens of New-Jersey, and which all our botanists call C. echinacus, I can find no specific difference be- tween them ; the only discrepancy being the white pubescence on the spikes and margins of the sheaths. 43. SPARTINA. Schreb. Fbxvers in unilateral spikes, imbricated in 2 rows. Calyx 2- valved, compressed, unequal. Corolla 2-valved, awnless, unequal. Nectaries collateral. Gen. pi. 98. Tr i n. Agrost. 37. P.de Beau v. \. c. p. 25. t. VII. f. 6. Roem. ^ Schult. Ge?i. 203. Trachyng- TiA Mich. Fl. I. p. 64. LiMNETis P ers. Syn, I. p. 72. Nutt. Gen. p. 38. Dactylis Lin, Nat. Ord. Gr amines Juss. Marsh-grass, \ . S. cynosuroides Willd.: spikes numerous, (10 — 40,) pedunculate, panicled, spreading; leaves broad, flat, at length convolute ; calyx with a short awn on one of the glumes ; style 2-cleft at the summit. Willd. Enum. hort. Berol. I. p. 80. Big. Bost.Tp.\6. Roem. <^ Schult. W. p.26l. ?i. polystachya Muhl. Gram. p. 53. Trachynotia cyno- suroides e.i polystachya M i c h. Fl. I. p. 64. Limnetis cyno- suroides et polystachya P e r s. Syn. I. p. 72. Purs h FL I. p. 59. Dactylis cynosurQides Sp.pl. 104. Ait. Kcw. I. p. 103. Walt. Car. p. 77. Willd. Spec. I. p. 407. Gra- men maritimum, &c. Gron. Virg. 135. Rool perennial. Culm 4 — 9 feet high, an inch in diameter at the base, erect, terete, fistulous. Leaves 2 feet long, 4—- S 70 TRIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. spartina. lines wide, somewhat glaucous, at first flat, but at length con- volute on the edges. Sheaths shorter than the joints, smooth. Stifiule bearded. Sfiikes linear, about 3 inches long, scatteredj generally alternate, on scabrous peduncles half an inch or an inch long, spreading when the flowers are perfected. Flowers arranged on 2 sides of a depressed triangular rachis. Calysr strongly serrulate on the keel ; inferior glume about a third tne length of the superior, linear, acute ; superior glume linear- lanceolate, nerveless, very acute but scarcely awned. Corolla awnless, nearly equal, shorter than tlie superior glume of the calyx, lanceolate, without awns, serrulate on the keel. Sfa- mens 3 ; anthers linear, yellow. Style a little cleft ; (stylee connate ?) stigmas white. Seed linear-oblong, coated. Hab. On the borders of salt-marshes, and on the sea-coast; common. In meadows about Albany. Mr. Tracy. In Pennsylvania. Muhlenberg. August. This species varies a little in the leaves and spikes. Whei^ it grows near the salt-water, the leaves are often convolute on the edges. In the specimens sent to me from Albany by Mr. Tracy, the spikes are of a yellowish colour, and the superior glume of the calyx is produced into a short awn. 2. S, juncea Willd,: leaves distichous, convolute, spreading ; spikes few, (1 — 3,) pedunculate ; peduncles smooth ; corolla rather obtuse ; styles 2. Willd. Enum. I. p. 81. M uhl. Gram. Tp. 5^. Big. Bost, p. ]7. Elliott Sk. 1. p. 94. Rotm. ^ Schull. II. p. 263. Trachy- NOTiA juncea M ich, Fl. I. p. 64. Limnetis juncca P ers. Syn.]. p. 72. Pursh Fl. I. p. 59. Sp. pumila Roth. Rotm. <^ Schult. II. p. 262. Root extensively creeping. Culm about a foot and a half high, erect, terete, rigid, smooth, sometimes cespitose at the base. Leaves 8 — 12 inches long, almost setaceous. Sheaths remote, spreading ; Stifiule ciliate. Spikes generally 3, rarely 5 ; the lower ones distinctly pedunculate, an inch and a half long, linear-lanceolate. Rachis compressed. Calyx very unequal ; the superior glume 1 -third the length of the other, and very narrow. Corolla with the inferior valve shorter, lanceolate, serrulate-ciliate on the keel ; apex slightly cleft ; superior valve lanceolate, nearly smooth on the back ; apex entire. Stamens 3; anthers linear, purpje. Style cleft nearly to the base; each stigma with a small fpathered process jjrowing from its side. Seed oblong. Hab. On the gravelly banks of rivers near the salt->yater, an4 on the sea-coast. Also in salt-marshes. July— August. The S. patens of Muhlenberg (Gram. p. 55.) is pro- bably only a variety of the plant described above. 3. S. glabra Muhl.: leaves concave, erect; spikes alternate, sessile, erect, appressed ; corolla nearly smooth on the keel; style cleft about half way down. MuhL Gram. 3PARTINA. TRIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. 71 1. p. 54. Big. Bast. I). ]7, E I lio 1 1 Sk. I. ^. 95. Dac- lYLis maritima IV a 1 1, Car. p. 77. Root perennial. Culm 3 — 5 feet high, terete, a little succulent, and very smooth. Leaves about 2 feet long, gradually taper- ing to a long point, about half an inch wide, at length convo- lute. Sheaths somewhat open. Sfiikes 8 — 14, closely ap- pressed to a triangular rachis. Calyx appearing ciliate on the keel under a lens ; inferior glume very narrow, half the length of the other; superior glume mucronate by a continua- tion of the callous keel beyond the tip. Corolla with unequal linear-lanceolate valves, a little rough on the keel near the apex, as long as tlie superior glume of the calyx ; the inferior valve shorter. Stamens 3 ; anthers yellow. Style filiform ; stigmas feathered. Seed oblong. Hab. Common along the borders of salt-marshes, and on the muddy shores of salt-water rivers. August — September. Mr. N'u tt all found this species as high up the Missouri as Fort Mandan, so that it is not confined to the vicinity of the sea. 44. ORYZOPSIS. Micha-ux, Calyx 1 -flowered, 2-valved ; valves membranaceous, nearly equal, loose, obovate, awnless. Corolla 2-valved, coriaceous, cylindric-ovate, hairy at the base ; the in- ferior valve avvned at the tip. Nectaries linear, elon- gated. Mich. Fl. I. p. 51. t. IX. {opt.) Nutt. Gc«. I. p. 39. Roem.^ Schul t. Ge?i. 205. Tr i ;z. Jgrost. 28. P.de Beau v. Agrost. t. VI. f. 5. Nat. Ord. Gr a m I n EiE Juss. Flowers panicled. O, asperifulia M ich. : culnn nearly naked ; leaves erect- rigid, pungent at the point ; flowers in a racemose panicle, Mich. l.^c. Vahl Enum. 11. p. 397. Pursh Fl. L p. 60. Roem. ^ Schnlt. \\.}^.'2QA. Root perennial. Culm about a foot and a half high, purple at the base. Radical leaves nearly equalling the culm, acumi- nate, glaucous beneath, scabrous on the margin ; culm-leaves about 2, seldom exceeding an inch in length, and generally much shorter. Sheath swelling, a little rough. Stifiule short, truncate, ciliate. Panicle very simple, flexuous; branches 1 — 2-flowered ; fiowers all pedicellate. Glumes of the calyx nearly equal in length ; the superior broader, abruptly acumi- nate, a little larger than the corolla, 5 — 7-nerved. Corolla with a bearded ring at the base, white, hairy ; inferior valve involute and surrounding the inner valve, abruptly awned at the apex ; anon bent, about 3-fourths of an inch long ; supe- rior valve villose at the apex. Stamens 3 ; anthers linear. Style 2-cleft; stigmas 2. (Style 3-cleft ; stigmas 2. Fa hi.) Seed oblong, large, white. 72 TRIANDRIA. MOJNOGYNlAo oryzopsis, Hab. In mountain-meadows in the interior of the Northern States. Neur Deerfielci, Massachusetts. Dr. Coo ley and Mr. Hitchcock. Williamstown, Massachusetts. Prof. Dewey. April — May. On the Broad Mountains of Penn- sylvania. Pursh. P UTS h thinks this grass is deserving the attention of agri- culturists, on account of the fine flour yielded by its large seeds. • ORDER 11. D I G Y N I A. (Gra mina.) A. Floioers all perfect, t. Spikekts (locustae, Beauv.) 1-Jlozcercd. * Calyx 0. 1. LEEUSIA. ** Calyx ^-valvf^d, a. Corolla without abortive rudiments at the base. 1. Glumes and corolla of dissimilar textures- inferior valve involving the superior.. a. Corolla unarmed. 2. PASPALUM. 3. MILIUM. /3. Corolla owned or bristled at the tip. 4. PIPTATHEftUM. 5. STIPA. 6, ARISTIDA, 2. Glumes and corolla of nearly similar tex' ture, often carinate, a. Panicle more or less spreading. 7. MUHLENBERGIA. 10. CINNA. 8. TRICHODIUM. 11. POLYPOGON. 9. AGROSTIS. 12. TRICHOCHLOA., 13. ARUNDO. /?. Panicle more or less contracted mto «r spike, 14. PSAMMA. 16. ALOPECURUS, 15, CRYPSIS. 17. PHLEUM. TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA. 73 b. Corolla with I or 2 abortive rudiments of Jlorets at the base, 1. Glumes and corolla of dissimilar texture, 18. CYNODON. 19. GTMNOPOGON. 2. Glumes and corolla of neurit/ similar texture,. 20. PHALARIS. 21. ANTHOXANTHUM. 22. BRACHYELYTRUM, ft. Spikelels many-flowered. * Florets all perfect, a. Panicled. 1. Corolla unarmed, 23. PHRAGMITES. 25. UNIOLA. 24. GLYCERIA. 26. BRIZA. 27. POA. 2. Corolla more or less setigerous or mucronate, «. Seed free, 28. AIRA, 29. URALEPIS. 30. TRICUSPIS. |S. Seed adnate, 31. FESTUCA. 33. DIARRHENA. 32. CERATOCHLOA. 34. DACTYLIS. 3. C^orolla more or less bifida armed between the divisions a litth below the tip, 35. DANTHONIA. 36. TRISETUM. 37. BROMUS. 4. Inferior valve of the corolla awned on the back, 38. ARRHENATHERUM. 39. AVENA. b. Spiked, 1. Calyx I'Valved, 40. LOLIUM. 2. Calyx 2-vaIved, 41.ELEUSINE. 43. AGROPYRUM, 42. TRITICUM. 44. SECALE. 45. ELYMUS. ** Terminal florets abortive, or mere rudiments. 46. MELICA, 47. ATHEROPOGON, 10 74 TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA. B. Flowers polf/^anious. t, Pqnicled, 48. PANICUM. 49. HIEROCHLOAr 50. H0LCU5. ft. Spiked. * With an involuerum, 51. SETARIA* ** Without an involuerum* 52. DieiTARIA. 53. ANDROPOaON, 54. HORDEUM. 1. LEERSIA. Swartz, Calyx 0. Corolla (calyx, Trin.) 2-valved, closed j valves compressed, boat-shaped. Nectaries obovate, entire, collateral, Swarjz Prod. p. 21. Gen. pL 105. (subAspRELLA.) NutL Gen. I. p. 43. Tri- nius Agrosto^raph. 34. Asprella Lam. III. n. 858* Roem. y Schult. Gen. 208. P. de Beauv. 1. Co t. IV. f. 2. Vhalaridis spp. Lin. Homalocen- c H R u s Ha Her. Flowers panicled. Rice- grass, 1. L. virginica Willd,: panicle simple; the lower branches diffuse ; flowers appressed, monandrous, sparingly ci iate on the keeh Willd. Spec. I. p. 325. Elliott Sk. 1. p. 100. Muhl. Gram. p. 100. Asprella virginica Roem. 4r Schtilt. l\. p. 266. h. monaridra Swartz prod. p. 21 ? Oryza glumis carina hispidis Gron, Virg, 153. Root fibrous, perennial. Culm 2—4 feet high, geniculate, branched, erect or decumbent, pubescent at the joints. Leavee linear-lanceolate, about 6 inches long, 2 — 3 lines wide, sca- brous, slightly ciliate on the margin. Sheatha deeply stri- ate, a little roughened by nninute hooked prickles, rarely pu- bescent. Stifiuh short, truncate, membranaceous. Panicle terminal, much exsert; branches few and solitary. Florets on short, appressed, flexuous racemes, pedicellate ; valves bent round and partly embracing the common peduncle, imbricate, covered with impressed dots ; the inferior valve boat-shaped, acuminate, ciliate on the keel ; the superior linear-lanceolate. SramttnX. (Stamens 2. Muhl.) Styles 2 \ stigmas IcdXhtvcA^ white. Seed oblong. Hab. In wet woods and along the borders of swamps. Au- gust. Whice-graee, iEERSiA. TRIANDRIA. DIGYNfA. 7$ 2. L. oryzoides Szoartz: panicle diffuse, sheathed at the base ; flowers triandrous, spreading ; keel of the glumes conspicuously ciliate. Sw a rt z Prod. ip.2l, Willd.Spec, J. p. 325. M i c h. FL 1. p. 39. P^^rs h Ft. 1. p. 62. Elliott Sk.\.Tp,]OU Big, Bost.p.22. Mukl.Gram, p. 58. AsPKELLA oryzoides Lam. III. n. 858. Roem. ^r Schult, 11. p. 266. PhalAris oryzoides Lin. Sp. pi. p. 81. Root creeping, perennial. Culm 3 — 5 feet high, erect, or pro- cumbcut at the base, generally simple, pubescent at the joints. heaves a foot long, 2 — 3 lines wide, nervose, very scabrous with minute hooked prickles, attenuated at the point ; margin ciliate. Sheatha retroisely very scabrous. Sd/iule short, re- tuse. Panicle much branched ; branches spreading in evtry direction, sometimes pendulous, fltixuous, the lower ones in fours, the upper ones in pairs. Flowera greenish- whitej oval-oblong, nearly sessile, a little appressed lu the branches When young, bui spreading when mature ; valves nearly equal, scabrous oii the sides, puncticulate; the inferior 3-nerved, the other 1 nerved; kecla ciliate with small spines. Stamens 3; anthers linear, yellow. Styles 2, very short ; stigmas feathered, white. Seed oblong. Hab. In ditches and swamps^ August — September. UhitC' grass or Cut-grass. The upper flowers are generally abortive, those in the in- cluded part of the panicle only being fertile. The two species here described have been confounded by Michaux and Pursh^ though they are abundantly distinct. I have not the means of determining whether our L. oryzoides is identical with that of Europe, not having specimens of the latter for comparison. It, however, much resembles the figure of Stv art z referred to above. 2. PASPALUM. L. Flowers In unilateral spikes. Calyx 2-valved, mem- branaceous, equal, nearly orbicular. Corolla cartilagi- nous, of the size and form of the calyx. Stigmas plumose, coloured. Nectaries collateral. Gen. pi. 107. Nutt. Gen. I. ^.56. Juss.i^.29. P.de Beauv. t. V. f. 3. Trin. Agrost. 18. Paspalus Flugg. Roem. ^ Schult. Geti. 216. 1 . P. ciliatifolium Mich: culm decumbent ; leaves hairy and ciliate ; sheaths hairy ; spikes 1 — 2, rather lax, indistinctly S-rowed. Mich. Fl. I. p. 44. M u h I. Gram. p. 93. P. ciiiatum P ur s h Fl.l. ^.7 1. P. da.iyphyllum EUioti Sk. I. p. 105. 76 TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA. paspalubi. Root perennial. Culm about a foot and a half long, slender, simple. L'\.ve& 4—8 inches long, flat, distinctly ciliate on the margin. Sfiike generally solitary, terminal, on a long peduncle proceeding Irum the uppermost slieath ; sometimes with an- other spike on a shorter peduncle proceeding from the same sheath. Floitiers plano-convex, very obtuse, smooth, arranged on short, bifid, compressed pedicels^ closely compressed to the rachis, and appearing as if arranged in three distinct rows. Rachis membranaceous, flexuous, rounded on the back. Glumea of the calyx equal ; the inferior one 3-nerved. Corolla very smooth ; inferior valve embracing the superior, which is flat and orbicular. Seed plano-convex. Hab. In dry sandy fields. New-York and New-Jersey. Sep- tember. 2. P. aetaceum M i c k. : culm erect ; leaves and sheaths villous ; spike generally solitary ; flowrcrs in 2 roves. M ich„ r/. I. p. 43. Elliott Sk. 1.^^.104, PuTsh FIA.^.IO. P. pubescens M uhl. Gram. p. 92. Paspalus setaceus F lugg. Rotm.^Schult. II. p. 306. Root perennial. Culm slender, 1-^2 feet high, simple. Leaves hairy on both sides. Margin and upper part of the sheaths hairy. Sfiike on a very long terminal peduncle, generally with another on a short peduncle proceeoing from the same sheath. Rachis convex on the back, hairy at the base. Flowers on short bifid pedicels. Calyx, corolla, &c. £;> in the preceding species. Hab. In dry sandy fields. New-York and New-Jersey. Deer- field, Massachusetts. Coo ley. Pennsylvania. Muhlen^ berg. Paspalum No. 8. (anonymous) Mu h I. Gram. p. 97, seems to be a variety of this species. 3. V.lizve. Mich.: erect; very smooth ; leaves short 5 spikes numerous (3 — 6,) alteiT.ate ; flowers 2- rowed, smootho ./Ific/i. F/. 1. p. 44. Elliott Sk.].ip.\06. M uhl. Gram. p. 98. PurshFl.].\).7]. Paspalus Icevis F lugg. Roem. ^ Schult. II. p. 29G. Root perennial. Culm about 2 feet high. Leaves broad-linear, entirely smooth. Sjiikes about 5, distant, a little spreading, with a few long hairs at the base of each. Pedicels undivided, 1-flowered. Flowers subovate, as large again as those of P. ciliatifolhim. Calyx, corolla, &c. as in No. 1. Hab. On the banks of the Schuylkill, near Philadelphia. In Pennsylvania. Muhlenb erg. September — October. 4. P. stoloniferuni Base: spikes in elongated racemes, somewhat verticillate, spreading; flowers serrulate-ciliate, transversely rugose ; leaves short, subcordate ; culm procum- bent at base. P ur s h Fl. I. p. 71 . B s c in Lin. Trans. U. p. 83. t. 16. Willd. Spec. I. p. 331. P. racemosum PASPALUM. tRIAxNDRIA. DIGYNIA. Ti J acq. icon, rar. f. 302. Paspalus stolonifer Flugg. Roem. <$/• Schull, IT. p. 295. Cubji about 2 feet long, branched, geniculate, stoloniferous. Sfiikes very numerous (30 — 50.) Common rachis 4 — 5 inches long, angular, smooth; the partial ones 3 — 15 lines long. Flowers alternate, ovate« Hab. In the Cedar Swamps of Monmouth County. New-Jersey. July — August. Pursh. I have never seen specimens of this species. Pursh re- marks that it is exactly the same as the Peruvian plant, he having compared it with specimens of the latter iu Lam- bert's Herbarium. 3. MILIUM. L. Calyx 2-valved, herbaceous. Corolla 2-valved, co- riaceous, oblong, concave, shorter than the calvx, awn- less. Seed 2-hornec1. jXectaries collateral. Ge?i. pi. 110. JVutt. Ge?i. I. p. 43. Juss. p. 29. lioem. 'is? S chill t. Gen. 218. P.de Bca u v. t. V. f. 5—6. Tr i 71. Agrost. 27. Flowers panicled. . Millet- grass. 1. M. effusum L.: panicle diiruse, compound; branches iiorizontal ; glumes ovate, very obtuse ; corolla avvniess, smooth and shining ; leaves broad-linear. IV Hid. Spec. I. p. 360. Smith Fl. Brit. \.^. lb. Eng. Bot. 1106. Koeyn. -^ Schult. II. p. 319. Root creeping, perennial. Culm 5 — 8 feet high, erect, simple, smooth. Leaves 8 inches or a foot in length and half an inch or more broad, acute, flat, very smooth beneath, a iitile sca- brous above. Sheaths smooth, striate. Sti/iulc oblong, obtuse, entire. Panicle oblong, attenuate, about 8 inches long ; lower branches in fascicles of 3 or 4 ; upper ones opposite. Flowers few, scattered, ovate. Glumes of the calyx scabrous, obso- leteiy 3-nerved. Corolla nearly equal, rather acute. Stamens 3; anthers yellow. Stigmas plumose. .Yectarics ovate-lance- olate, entire. Hab. In woods ; New-Hampshire. Collected by Dr. J. Locke, who found it growing as high as a man's head, and in sufficient quantity to be cut for hay. Br. M. Paine has also found this grass in the vicinity of Montreal, Canada. 2. M. amphicarpon Pursh: leaves iinear-lanceolnte, hairy, ciliate ; panicle simple, contracted, bearing perfect flowers ; fertile tlowers in solitary elongated radical sca,)es, at length subterraneous. T n r r e y Cat. pl.^New-¥ork, p. 90. Pursh Fl. I. p. 62. t. 2. {opt.) R o e m. S^- S'chu/t. II. p. 320. M. cjliatum M n h I. Gram. p. 77. 7« TRIANDRTA. DIGYNIA. milium. Root fibrous, pprennial. Culms numenus, a little branched and geniculate at the base, assurs^ent, a foot and a half or two feet high, leafy. Leaves 2 — 3 inches lotig, 2 — 4 lines wide, acu- minate, nerved, covered with rit^id hairs. Sheaths striate ; the uppermost ones leafless. Stipule bearded. Panicle about two inches long, consisting of a few, erect, and somewhat appressed branches bearing the flowers in a racemose manner ; fiedicels clavate. Flowers oblong, purplish at the tip. Calyx smooth^ acuminate; inferior glume a liitle shorter, emarginate or bifid, 3-iiervtd; superior glume 5-nerved. Valves of the corolla lanceolate, acute; the inferior involving the superior, 3- nerved. iiiamrns 3; anthers purple. Styles 2, short; stigmas com- pound, purple. Seed broad-ovate, brown. JVectaries very short, lanceolate. Fertile Jlowers radical. Scapes growing in fascicles from among the roots and from the lower part of the stem, 1—3 inches long, filiform, with 1 or 2 pubescent sheaths bearing rudiments of leaves. Flowers terminal, single^ Glumes of the calyx at first lanceolate ; as the seed ripenSj becoming ovate, acu'Tiiuate and coriaceous; inferior glume shortei, niiiiy-ntrved ; superior glume similar, a little shorten Cjrolla remarkably ventricose when the seed is mature ; valves un^-qual, acuminate; the inferior 7-nerved, under the micrO" scope app'^aring covered with minute appressed hairs; supe» rior valve 4 nerved (midrib wanting.) No traces of stamens^ Styles 2, very short. Stigmas plumose^ Seed large, ovate, brown. Hab. In sandy swamps in the pine-barrens of New-Jersey; particularly abundant ai a place called Quaker-Bridge. Au- gusi — September. Pursh, who appears to have first noticed this grass, de- scribes the flowers of the panicle as antheriferous only ; but in all the specimens which I examined I have found them to pro- duce perfect seeds, though smaller than those of the radical flowers. This Milium will probably hereafter be the type of a new genus, as it differs so remarkably from every other known species. 3. M. pungens*: calm erect; leaves lanceolate, very short, pungent, at length involute ; panicle contracted ; branches generally in pairs, 2-flowered ; flowers awnless, ovate ; corolla hairy. Root perennial, soboliferous. Culm a foot or 18 inches highj simple, rigid. Radical leaves 6—8 inches long and about a line wide, erect, acute and pungent, a little concave, strongly rei-ved and scabrous above, smooth beneath ; culm-leaves varyiiig from an inch to scai-cely a line in length, lanceolatCj rig.d. Sheaths swelling, striate, scabrous, membranaceous on the margin. S/ipule ovate, lacerate, and bearded. Panicle oblong, seldom with more than a dozen flowers; branches a little flesuous, bearing 1 or 2 flowers on the extremities. Glumes of the calyx ovatCj concave, obtuse or abruptly acu- jjiLiUM. TRIANDRIA. DlGYNIA. 79 jninate, loose, sometimes obliquely truncate, without nerves; inferior valve a little longer. Corolla as long as the calyx ; valves equal, acute, nerveless, densely covered with white ap- pressed hairs ; the inferior emarginate ; superior entire at the tip. Stamens 3; anthers forked, yellow, included ? Style 1, deeply 2-parted ; stigmas 2, plumose, exsert, white. Seed ob- long, acute. JVeciaries lanceolate, shorter than the germen, ciliate. Hab. On rocky hills. Deerfield, Massachusetts. Co o ley and Hitchcock. In woods near Boston. B ig e loiv. Near Schenectady, New-York. Beck. May. Nearly allied to Milium No. 3. (anonymos.) Muh I. Gram. p. 78, but differs in having a hairy, not a smooth corolla. Sfi renffel, to whom I sent specimens, thinks it is M. rigidi' folium Roem. ist Schult. II. p. 319, a native ol St. Do- mingo, but it appears to me to be a distinct species. It should, perhaps, be made a new genus between Milium and Ory- ■zopsis. 4. PIPTATHERUM. Beauv, Calyx membranaceous, longer than the corolla. Co- rolla cartilaginous, elliptical; inferior valve awned at the tip. Nectaries ovate, entire. Seed coated. P. de Beauv. Agrost. t. V. f. 10, II. Ro em. ^ Sc h ulL Gen. 224. Urachne Tr in. Agrost. 30. Milii sfip. L i n. Flowers panicled. P. nigrum*: panicle simple ; flowers racemose, ovafe- lanceolate; corolla black, hairy; awn as long ai.'ain as the valves. OaYzorsis melanocarpa Muhl. Gram. p. l\i. Cat. p. 10. excl. syn. Mich. xMilium racemosum Smith in it e e s' Cycloped. Root perennial. Culm 2 — 3 feet high, erect, simple, leafy, Z,eaves 8 — 12 inches long, nearly half an inch wide, pubescent beneath, smooth above, finely attenuated. Sheaths striate, smooth, closed. Ntifiule a bearded ring. Panicle terminal, erect, flcxuous, sparingly branched ; lower branches in pairs, the upper ones simple. Flowers all pedicellate, disposed in a racemose manner on the brandies ; pedicels clavate. Glumes of the calyx acuminate, mucronate, membranaceous, smooth ; the inferior 7-nerved ; the superior 5-nerved. Corolla shining and of a deep brown or black colour when the seed is ripe ; inferior valve embracing the superior, with a straight, scabrous awn at the tip nearly an inch in length ; the other valve acute, and of equal length. Stamens 3 ; anthers linear, yellow. Styles 2 ; stigmas simply plumose. Germen bicuspidate. Seed oblong, black. JVectaries ovate-lanceolate, entire, very distinct. Hab. In rocky mountainous situations. Williamstown, Massa- 80 TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA. riPiAXHERuji. chusctts. Detvey. Near Deei'field. Cooleyzxi^Hitch cock. Kingston, New- York. Halsey. On the Fishkill mountains, New-York. In Pennsylvania. Muhlenberg, August. It is a little remarkable ihat Mu h I en b e r g- should have confounded this plant with the Oryzofisis asfieri/otia of Mi^ chaux^ as it is totally unlike in every respect. It is certainly a PiPTATHEiiuM of P. dc Beauv ois, which genus includes most of the species of Milium having awns. 5. STfPA. L, Calyx 2-valved, membranaceous. Corolla 2-valved5 shorter than the calyx, coriaceous, invokite, subcyhn- dric ; aivn terminal, contorted near the base. Seed coated. Gen.pl.\2\. A/'iit t. Gen. I. p. 58. Juss. p. 30. lioem.y Schtilt. Gen. 226. P. de Beaiiv, t. VI. t. 2 — 4. Trin. Jgrost. 31. Flowers panicled. Feather-grass. S. avenacea L.: leaves setaceous; panicle spreading, sonnewhat secund ; branches mostly in pairs, a little divided ; calyx as long as the seed ; awn naked. Sp. pi. 116. Will d. Spec. I. p. 442. Pursh Fl. I. p. 72. Mukl. Gram, p. 181. Elliott Sk.\. ^. 1^20. Roem. ^ Schult. U, p. 334. Walt. Car. ^.11. S. barbata Mi c h, FL ]. p. 53. S. virgitiica P e r s. Sjjn. I. p. 99. R o e m. ^ Schuit. I. p. 334. S. bicolor Vahl Symb. II. p. 24 .? Pursh Ft. I. p. 73. Andkopogon folio superiore spathaceo, &:c. Gron, Virg. 133. Root perennial, pulm about 2 feet high. Leaves principally radical, 6 — 8 inches long, very narrow, scabrous above. Pan- icle 4 — 6 inches long, few-flowered, at first sheathed at the base and nodding, becoming diffuse ; branches capillary, in pairs and solitary. Glumes of the calyx nearly equal, mucro- nate. Corolla stipitate ; the stipe clothed with a rufous disti- chous beard; inferior valve brownish, scabrous, linear-oblong, 3-nerved, terntiinated by a scabrous, twisted anvn 2 or 3 inches long; superior valve nearly membranaceous, abruptly acumi- nate, mucronate, 1 -nerved. Stamens 3. Styles short; stigma plumose, white. ATsc/aries 2, lanceolate. Seed oblong-cylin- dric, dark brown. Hab. In the barren sandy woods of New-Jersey. In the High- lands of New-York, near Phillipstown. Dr.Barratt. In Pennsylvania. Muhlenberg. June. 6. ARISTIDA. L. Calyx 2-valved, membranaceous, unequal. Corolla 2-valved, pedicellate, subcylindric ; inferior valve co- ARisTiDA. TRIANDRTA. DIGYNIA. 81 riaceous, involute, 3-awned at the tip ; superior valve very minute or obsolete. Nectaries collateral. Gen. pi. 125. Nutt. Gen. I. p. 57. Juss. p. 29. Roem. &? Schult. Gen. 243. P. de Beaiiv. t. VIII. f. 5. 7. 10. Trin. Agrost. 46. Ch^etaria, Curtopo- GON et Arthratherum p. de Beaiiv, Flowers generally in contracted panicles. 1. A. dichotoma Mich.: cespitose ; culm dichotomous ; flowers racemose-spiked ; lateral awns very short, the inter- mediate one contorted. Mich. FL I. p. 72. Pursh FL I. p. 72. Elliott Sk. I. p. 141. Muhl. Gram. p. 171. CvKiovoGoa dichotomus P. de Beauv. Roem. ^ Schult, II. p. 398. Root annual or biennial, (perennial Ell.) Culms 8—12 inches high, very slender, producing a short branch at every joint. Leaves setaceous, erect, nearly smooth. Sheaths very short, open. Flowers in racemes, on clavate peduncles. Calyx shorter than the corolla ; glumes unequal, linear, mucronate, serrulate on the keel. Corolla 1-valved, closely involute; la- teral awns straight, not half thejength of the valve; middle awn contorted or bent horizontally, (hygrometric) Stamens 3. Styles 2. Seed linear, elongated. Hab. In sandy fields and in dry gravelly situations; sometimes on hills ; common. September. 2. A. stricta Mich.: culm and leaves straight, erect; leaves pubescent ; raceme long, somewhat spiked, crowded, awns twice as long as the corolla, spreading. M i c h. Ft. I. p. 41. £//ioU SA;, I. p. 142. Pursh FL I. p. 72. Muhl. Gram. p. 174. Ch^itaria stricta P. de Beauv. Roem.^ Schult. II. p. 391. Arist. adscensionis Walt, Car. p. 74. Root perennial. Culms cespitose, 2 — 3 feet high, branching at the base. Leaves elongated, linear, convolute towards the extremity. Flowers of the fianicle not crowded. Calyx: un- equal, very acute. Inferior valve of the corolla hairy at the base ; awns scabrous, the intermediate one the longest, but all twice as long as the corolla. Elliott. Hab. Near Philadelphia. Mr. Collins. (Barton.) 3. A. purpuras cens Poir.: culm filiform, erect, simple ; leaves very narrow, flat; flowers in a long spiked panicle; awns nearly equal, twice the length of the corolla, divaricate. Poir. Enc. Supp. 1. p. 452. A. racemosa Muhl. Gram. p. 1 72. Chjetaria purpurascens P, de B e a uv. Roe m, ^ Schult, 11. p. 390. Root perennial. Culm 2 — 2\ feet high. Leaves about a foot long, erect, very narrow, filiform towards the extremity, sea- 1! iQ TRIANDRIA, DIGYNIA. aristida. brous on the upper surface. Sheaths short, open, smooth. Panicle elongated, loose. Flowers on short, appressed, cla- vate pedicels' Calyx a third longer than the corolla ; glumes unequal, purple, lanceolate,, mucronate, or terminated by a short cusp. Corolla cylindrical, often spotted with dark, purple ; inferior valve involute, hairy at the base ; the middle awn a little longer than the lateral ones; superior valve very snort, membranaceous. Seed cylindrical, slender. Hab. In sandy fields and woods ; abundant in the pine-barrens of New- Jersey. Deerfield, Massachusetts. Dr. Coo ley, September — October. Nearly allied to the preceding species, and perhaps not distinct. 7. MUHLENBERGIA. Schreber. Calyx very minute, 2-valved, (l-valved Schreb.-—' MuhL) truncate, unequal. Corolla 2-valved, hairy at the biise, inferior valve terminating in a slender bristle. Gen. pi 103. Schreb. Gram, t. LI. Nu 1 1. Geiu I. p. 41. Tr i 77. Agrost. 40. F. de Beaiiv. t VIL f. 9. Roem. ^ Schult. Gen, 236. Dilepyrum Mich. Fl. I. p. 40. Flowers paaicled. M. diffusa Schreh.: culm diffuse, (dtecumbent ;) leaves linear-lanceolate^ panicle branched, appressed ; awns as long as the corolla. Schreb^ 1, c. fVilld. Spec, I, p. 320. Enum. hort. Berol. I. p. 81. Pursh Ft. I. p. 61. Elliott Sk.\. p. 98. t. 5. f. 1 . MuhL Gram, I. p. 56. Roem. S^ Schult, II. p. 383. Moot fibrous, perennial. Culm decumbent, about a foot and & half long, compressed, geniculate, branched ; branches assur- gent. Leaves scabrous, naked, about 3 inches long and 2 lines wide. Sheaths open, striate, smooth. Stifiule very short, trun- cate, finely lacerate. Panicle terminal and lateral, very slender, consisting of interrupted appressed racemes; branches scabrous. Flowers pedicellate. Calyx persistent, exceedingly minute, (not a sixth part as long as the corolla ;) glumes laeiniate, re- sembling bracts. Valves of the corolla unequal ; the inferior longer, linear-lanceolate and almost triangular, with 3 promi- nent scabrous nerves ; bristle slender, scabrous, purple ; supe= rior valve indistinctly 3-nerved, awnless. Stamens 3 ; anthers pale yellow. Styles 2 ; stigmas feathered. Seed linear-oblong, Hab. On dry and rocky hills, and in fields ; common on the hills between Bergen and Weehawk, New-Jersey. August — Sep- tember. 8. TRICHODIUM. Michaux, Calyx 2-valved; valves nearly equal, serrulate on the keel. Corolla 1-valved, smaller than the calyx. TRTCHODiCM. TRIANDRIA. D1GYN1A, 83 Stigmas nearly sessile. Mich. /^/. I. p. 41. JVut t Gen. I. p. 42. Boem. 8? Sc/iult. Gen. 211. P. de Beauv. Agrost. t. IV. f. 8. Cornucopi.e JValt. Agrostidis spp. Liji^ ^ Tri7i. Thin-grass, 1. T. laxijlorum Mich.: culm erect, leaves setaceous, and with the sheaths somewhat scabrous ; panicle diffuse, ca- piilarv, with trichctomous bi-aiiches ; calyx unequal. M i c h, F/. TI p. 42, t. 8. Big. Bost.i).22. Pursh fl.l.p.GU excl. syn. Wiild. Elliott Sk. I. p. 99. M u h I. Gram. p. 60. Roem. <$/• Schuli. II. p. 282. Agrostis laxa Schreb. {Muhl, ir P uv sh.) Cornucopia hyemalii Walt. Car. p. 73. Roat perennial. Culm about a foot and a half high, very slender, terete. Inferior leaves 4 — 6 incheb long, becoming involute and almost filiform; the superior ones shorter and flat. Sheaths open. Sti/iule lanceolate, lacerate, white. Panicle^ when the flowers are mature, very much spread and loose, pyramidal ; the branches verticillate in threes, hispid, exceedingly slender. Flowers purplish, in terminal fascicles. Glumes of the calyx linear-lanceolate, acuminate ; the inferior one a little shorter. Valve of the corolla lanceolate. Stamens 3 ; anthers pale yellow. Stigmas white, plumose. JSTectariea minute, lance- olate, entire. Hab. In dry fields and in exsiccated swamps j common. May — June. 2. T. scabrum Muhl.: culm geniculate at the base, as- surgent, branched ; leaves linear-lanceolate, flat, striate, sca- brous ; sheaths generally smooth; panicle verticillate and divaricate ; calyx unequal ; corolla ovate, acute, 3-nerved. Muhl. Gram. p. 61. Agrostis scabra Willd. Spec. J. p. 370. Root perennial. Culm a foot or 18 inches high, often geniculate and branched at the base, terete, smooth. Leaves 6 — 8 inches long, a line or a line and a half wide, striate, pale green. Sheaths closed. Sti/iule elongated, lacerate, membranaceous. Panicle diffuse, much branched ; the lower part generally concealed in the uppermost sheath; branches in whorls of 5 or 6, capillary, scabrous, a little fiexuous, incrassated beneath the calyces. Celyx strongly serrulate on the keel ; margin scarious. Corolla smooth (sometimes awned on the back. Mu h I.) Stamens 3 ; anthers oblong, yellow. Stigmas plu- mose. Seed oblong, acuminate. Hab. In dry, open woods; common. August — September. Easily to be distinguished from the preceding species by its pale-green aspect, and by its broader, flat leaves. 3. T. elatum P ur s h : culm erect, firm ; leaves nar- row-linear, fiat, scabrous ; sheaths smooth ; panicle verticil- 84 TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA. trichodium. late, a little spreading ; glumes nearly equal. Pursh Fl. I. p. 61. Trichodium No. 4. (anonymous) Muhl. Gram,' p. 62. Cornucopia altissima Walt. Car. p. 74. Root perennial. Culm 3 feet high, simple, slender, but firm, leafy. Leaves often growing in tufts about the root, and then very narrow and involute; those on the culm 6 — 8 inches long, flat. Panicle purple, exsert; branches in fours or sixes, a little contracted. Glumes of the calyx lanceolate, acute. Corolla one third shorter than the calyx, 5-nerved. Stamens 3. Stig- mas plumose. Seed linear-oblong, acuminate. Hab. In sandy swamps ; New-Jersey ; particularly at a place called Quaker-bridge, about 31 miles N.E. from Philadelphia. August. Pursh quotes, as a synonym of this species, the Agrostis dispar of Mi chaux ; but that plant appears to be a genuine Agrostis, as it has a corolla of two valves, though one of the valves is very small. In the T. datum the corolla is certainly but 1-valved. 4. T. montanum*: culm cespitose, erect ; leaves invo- lute-filiform, and, as well as the sheaths, scabrous ; panicle capillary, lax, a little spreading ; glumes equal. Moot a tuft of fibres, perennial. Culm 8 inches to a foot in height, gi'owing in small tufts, simple, filiform. Radical leaves 2 — 3 inches long, almost setaceous ; those on the culm a little longer. Sheaths closed. Stipule ovate, bifid, serrate. Panicle elongated ; branches in about fours, semiverticillate ; divisions trichoto- mous, capillary, flexuous, hispid. Flowers in fascicles at the extremities of the branches. Glumes of the calyx remarkably equal, lanceolate, serrulate on the margin and keel, nerveless. Corolla nearly a third shorter than the calyx, awnless, ovate, 3 -nerved. Stamens 3. Seed oblong, acute. Hab. On the summit of the Fishkill mountains. New-York. July. Nearly allied to T. laxijlorum, but distinguished by its ces- pitose habit, less spreading panicle, and equal glumes. It has much affinity to T. elegans R o e m. ts^ Schult. II. p. 283. 9. AGROSTIS. L. Calyx 2-valved, 1-flowered, compressed, herbaceous. Corolla 2-valved, membranaceous, generally larger than the calyx, often hairy at the base. Nectaries collateral. Seed coated. Gen. pi. III. Nutt. Gen. I. p. 45. Juss. p. 29. Roem.^ Schult. Gen. 229. P. de Beaiiv. t. VI. f. 10, et Vilfa, Achnatherum, Sporobolus et Aspera ejusd. Trin. Agrost. ^2>. Bent-grass. AGR0ST4S. TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA. 85 1. A. stricta Willd.: panicle elongated, straight; calyx equal; corolla smaller than the calyx; valves unequal, with an awn at the base of the outer one, longer than the flower. Willd. Spec. I. p. 366. Pursh Fl. 1. p. 63. Muhl. Gram. p. 65. Trichodium strictuni Roem, <$/• Schult, II. p. 281. Cuhn erect, smooth, with black nodes. Leaves linear-lanceolate, scabrous on the margin, Sti/iuie acute or retuse, cleft, white. S/ieaths striate. Branches of the fianicle about 5 ; divisions flexuous, scabrous, erect. Calyx equal ; glumes lanceolate, scabrous on the keel. Corolla 2-valved, with a geniculate awn at the base of the superior valve twice as long as the flower. Stamens 3. Muhl. Hab. In New-England. Muhl en berg: I have never seen a specimen of this plant. The A. stricta was introduced into the New-York Catalogue by mistake. It is remarkable that Ro emer is" Sc hu lies should have placed this grass in the genus Trichodium, although IViLld enow expressly mentions that the corolla has 2 valves : perhaps the mistake was made in consequence of Wi II d enow' s remark that it was allied to Agrostis rubra^ which is a genuine species of Trichodium. They have, however, also referred to this genus the A. setacea Li n.., Jlavescens Host, and rufiestris Wi 1 1 deno w, all of which have 2 valves to the corolla, Mu h len b erg (I. c.) remarks that the A. stricta is allied to the A. canina, and adds with a mark of doubt the A. setacea of Curtis as a synonym. 2. A. vulgaris Sm ith: branches of the panicle smooth- jsh, at length divaricate ; outer valve of the corolla 3-nerved; stipule very short and truncate. S c hr ad. Fl. Germ. 1, p. 206. Smith F I. Brit. I. p. 75. Hook. Fl. Scot. I. p. 25. Pursh Fl.]. ip. 63. M u h I. Gram. Tp. 70. Big. Bost. p. 21, R em. S^ Schult. \\. p. 350. A. hispida Willd. Spec. I. p. 370. Root creeping. Culm ascending, a foot or a foot and a half high. Leaves flat, pale-green, scabrous. Sheaths smooth and striate. Branches oi \.he fianicle verticillate, capillary. Flowers ovate, purplish. Glumes of the calyx nearly equal, smooth except on the back. Corolla a little smaller than the calyx ; valves a little unequal, thin and membranaceous; the inferior one slightly S-toothed. Hab. In meadows and pastures. June — August. It is gene- rally called Red-tofi. Introduced. 3. A. alba L.: branches of the panicle hispid, spread- ing, lax ; outer valve of the corolla 5-nerved, stipule oblong. Schrud. 1. c. p. 209. Hook. 1. c. p. 25. Willd. 6p''c. I. p. 371. Pursh Fl. I. p. 64. Muhl. Gram. p. 69. Elliott Sk, I. p. 137. Big. Bost. p. 22. Roem. ^ 86 TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA. aorostis. Schult. II. p. 346. A, decumbens Muhl. Gram, p. 68. Eoot creeping. Culm assurgent, geniculate at the base and fre- quently throwing out runners. Leaves nervose, scabrous, about 2 lines wide. Stifiuie white and membranaceous, acu» minale. Panicle with the branches at length horizontal, but not divaricate. Glumes of the calyx equal, scabrous on the keel. Corolla shorter than the calyx. Stamens 3 ; anthers yellow. Hab. In fields and pastures; common. June — August. In- troduced. The A. decumbens o{ Muhlenberg differs so little from A. alba, that I have concluded to refer it to this species. It appears to be nothing more than the A. stolonifrra, or Fiorin- grass of the English botanists, which grass Hooker^ with much propriety, considers only as a variety of A. alba. 4. A. lateriflora Mich: culm erect, branched above, soboliferous at the base ; panicle lateral and terminal, con- tracted, dense : calyx acuminate ; corolla longer than the calyx, equal, pubescent at the base, awnless. Mich. Fl. I, p. 53. Pursh Fl. 1. p. 64. R o e m. ^ S chut t. II. p. 353. A. mexicana M ii h L Gram, p. 67. nee L.et JVilld, Trichochlo^ ? sp. Trin. Root perennial, creeping. Culm 2 feet or more high, with nu- merous swelling nodes, frequently naked below ; branches erect. Leaves broad-linear, flat, scabrous on the margin and upper surface. Sheaths compressed. Stifiule short, obtuse and lacerate. Panicles terminating the branches, dense and spike-form, a little secund ; the lateral ones partly sheathed at the base ; branches alternate and fasciculate. Glumes of the calyx very acute, rough at the keel. Corolla generally as long again as the calyx, very acute ; inferior valve 3-nerved, rarely with a short awn at the tip. Stamens 3 ; anthers pale purple. Siigmas purple. iSeed oblong. Hab. In swamps, wet meadows, borders of woods, 8cc. Massa- chusetts to Pennsylvania. August — September. This grass differs from the A. mexicana L. in having a less branched culm, the corolla longer than the calyx, &c. The A. Cinna oi P e t z, which fVi lldenoiv places as a synonym of his A. mexicana, is monandrous. 0. filiformis*: panicles very slender; corolla nearly equalling the calyx. A. jiliformis Muhl. Gram. p. 66. Willd. Enum. h. Berol. I. p. 95. A. foliosa Roem. ^ SchulU II. p. 373. Trichochloa ^/j/brmis Trin. Whole plant more slender than the preceding; leaves nar- rower. According to Mu hlenb erg, it varies with a pro- cumbent culm, and the glumes of the calyx unequal and some-- what awned. AGROSTis. TRIANDRTA. DIGYNIA. 87 Hab. In swamps and wet shady places. New-Jersey and Penn- sylvania. September. 5. A. soholifera Muhl: culm erect, branched; panicle contracted, filiform, simple ; branches appressed ; corolla longer than the equal caljx, hairy at the base ; valves equal, awnless, mucronate at the tip. Muhl. Gram. p. 70, Willd. Enum. h. Berol. I. p. 95. R o t m. ^ S c hul t. II. p. 364. Trichochloa so6o/(/*era Trin, Root perennial, creeping. Cu!m soboliferous and frequently de- cumbent at the base, about 2 feet high ; branches erect and filiform ; nodes not swelling. Leaves 4—6 inches long, about 2 lines wide, flat, pale-green, a little scabrous. Sheaths open, smooth ; sti/iule obsolete. Panicles at the extremities of the branches, resembling very slender spikes ; branches alternate or in pairs ; flowers crowded. Calyx acute. Corolla nearly half as long again as the calyx ; valves equal, scabrous on the keel, and with conspicuous hairs at the base ; the interior valve with a short point like the rudiment of an awn at the tip. Sta- mens 3. Styles 2 ; stigmas purple. Hab. On rocky hills, and in woods. New-York and New-Jersey. Plentiful on the hills near Hoboken. In Pennsylvania. Mu h- lenberg. August — September. This species is not easily distinguished from K.laterifiora fi. by the description, though specimens of each have but little resemblance when compared. 6. A. tenuijlora IVilld.: culm nearly simple, pubes- cent about the joints ; branches (if any) appressed ; stipule obsolete ; panicle contracted, filiform ; corolla longer than the calyx; inferior'valve with an awn twice as long as the flower. Willd. Spec. I. p. 94. Hort. Berol. t. 12. (bona.) Pursh Fl. I. p. 63. Muhl. Gram. p. 63. Roem. (f- Schult. II. p. 372. Trichochloa yongmfa Trin, Root creeping, perennial. Culm 3 feet or more in height, ge- nerally simple, but sometimes a little branched, soboliferous at the base ; nodes, and generally the sheaths, pubescent. Leaves few, spreading nearly horizontal, strongly nerved, about 6 inches long and 2-^ lines wide, covered with subdiaphanous dots. Panicles filiform, a little sheathed at the base. Calyx- unequal : glumes lanceolate, acuminate. Corolla a third or more longer than the calyx ; inferior valve terminated by an awn 2 — 3 times the length of the flower. Stamens 3. Styles 2. Seed oblong. Hab. In'stony woods, in rocky shady situations ; not uncommon. July — August. 7. A. syhatica*: culm erect, much branched, diffuse, smooth ; stipule lacerate ; panicle fihform ; corolla longer than the calyx ; awns three times as long as the flower. A. diffuses Muhl. Gram, p. 64. nee Host. 88 TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA. agrostis- JRoot creeping?, perennial. Culm 2—3 feet high; branches at first erect, but at length diffuse; nodes swelling. Leaves spreading, distinctly nerved, sprinkled with subdiaphanous dots, scabrous. Sheaths f^pen and smooth. Branches of the panicle appressed and very slender. Calyx a little unequal j glumes lanceolate, acuminate, white with a green scabrous keel, 1 -nerved. Corolla a thu'd longer than the calyx, a littlehairy at the base; valves lanceolate, acute; the inferior with a straight scabrous awn at the tip sometimes four times as long as the flower. Stamens 3 ; anthers white. Seed dark brown, oblong. Hab. In rocky situations; common on the mountains of New- Jersey. August. Nearly allied to the preceding, and perhaps not a distinct Species. It is, however, easily distinguished by its branched, diftuse culm. 8. A. compressa*: whole plant very smooth ; culm erect, compressed, simple ; panicle oblong, subcontracted, with ca- pillary branches ; calyx equal shorter than the corolla, acute 5 corolla rather obtuse, smooth at the base. Tor ret/ Cat. pi. New-York, p. 91. Root creeping, perennial. Culm a foot and a half high, sobo- liferous at the base, leafy. Leaves linear, very narrow, almost as long as the culm, compressed. Sheaths carinate, open. Sti/iuie truncate, very short. Panicle terminal, purple, con- sisting of a few simple, erect and flexuous branches. Glumes of the calyx lanceolate; superior glume I -nerved, serrulate on the keel, notciied at the apex, (sometimes muoonate and ra- ther obtuse, or denticulate.) Corolla ovate ; valves often split down 10 the base. Staineris — . Htyle 2 ; siig7nas plumose, purple. Hab. Sandy swamps in the pine-barrens of New-Jersey. Sept. Collected in 1817 by Mr. J. Goldy, an English botanist, from whom I obtained specimens. 9. A.serolina*: culm filiform,, much compressed ; leaves very narrow, carinate, erect ; panicle attenuate, capillary, erect; branches alternate ; calyx unequal, half as long as the awnless corolla. Root perennial, fibrous. Culm a foot or 18 inches, very slender, smooth, simple, or with one or two short branches at the base. Leaves 2 — 3 inches long and half a line broad, finely attenu- ated at the extremity. Sheaths compressed, shorter than the joints, smooth. Stifiule ovate. Panicle very slender, 4 — 10 inches long; branches alternate, solitary, flexuous. Flowers elliptical, on long pedicels, which are thickened below the calyx. Glumes of the calyx unequal, ovate, obtuse or acute, 1 -nerved ; the inferior shorter than the corolla. Corolla twice the length of the shorter valve of the calyx ; valves equal, ob- long, obtuse, smooth. Stamens 3. Stigmas plumose. Seed ovate, smooth, dark brown. AsRosTis. TEIIANDRTA. DIGYNIA. 89 Hab. In sandy swamps in the pine-ban-ens of New-Jersey, September. Allied to A. juncea^ but differs in the compressed culm, pvate stipule, and the panicle with alternate not verticillate branches. It differs from A. comfiressa in its shorter leaves, more capillary panicle, and calyx half the leni^th of the corolla. Perhaps Pur ah confounded it with his X.juncea. 10. A. juncea Mich.: leaves straight and erect, con» volutely setaceous; panicle oblong-pyramidal, verticiilate ; flowers awnless ; calyx half the length of the corolla. M i c h, Fl. I. p. 52. nee Lamarck, Pursh FL I. p. 64* Elliott Sk. 1. p. 1 37. A. indica M u h l. Gram. p. 71. Root perennial. Culm I — 2 feet high, erect, slender, terete, smooth. Leaves 2 — 6 inches long, I line wide, smooth, con- cave, convolute when dry, a little glaucous on the upper sur- face ; margins roughened. Shea'fis much shorter than the joints. Stifiule a membranaceous margin. Panicle verticil- late; branches in each whorl about 6. Calyx purple; glumes lanceolate, acute, glabrous; the inferior only half as long as the superior glume. Valves of the corolla nearly equal, and as long as the superior glume of the calyx. Anthers and stigmas nearly white. JVectariea obovate. Ell. Hab. In barren sandy places ; New-Jersey to Florida. Pursh, In Pennsylvania. Muh I enberg- (Cat. ed. 2.) October. This grass has not come under my observation. The de~ tailed description I have taken from £llio t t's Flora. Roemer fJf Sc hultes have followed S/irenget in re- ferring the A. juncea of Mich an x to the A. tremula of Willd., which appears to be quite a distinct species, and near to A. indica. 11. A. i)irginica L. : cillnris numerous, procumbent at the base, assurgent ; leaves subdistichous, involute, rigid ; panicles lateral and terminal, spikeform. the lateral ones con- cealed ; calyx equal, about as long as the corolla. Willd. S/jec. 1. p. 373. Walt. Car. ^.11. E Ui o 1 1 Sk.\. p. \39. Muhh Gram. p. 74. R o em. ^ S c hu 1 1. II. p. 354. A. pungens Pursh Fl. 1. p. 64. excl. syn. Root fibrous, perennial ? Culms somewhat cespitose, sometimes procumbent, geniculate, simple, rigid ; joints distant. Leaves 2 — 3 inches long, erect, hairy at the base, somewhat filiforra at the point, but pungent. Sheaths swelled with the inclosed panicles, smooth. Stifiule 0. Panicles oblong, compressed ; branches simple, alternate or in pairs, 1 — 2-flowered. Glumes of the calyx nearly equal in length, snxooth, acute, carinate ; the inferior narrower, lanceolate; the superior ovate-lanceo- late. Corolla a little unequal, pubescent, awnless, ovate, acute ; the inferior valve shorter and the length of the calyx, carinate; the superior 1 -nerved. Stamens 3 in the terminal panicles; in the lateral panicles ; anthers purple. Styles 2, appruxi- 12 90 TRIANDRIA, DIGYNIA. AGROJiTiSo mate ; stigmas plumose. Seed ovale, semitransparent, striate, acuminate, with an oblong scar or adnate scale on one side of the base. Hab. In sandy barren soils; New-York, New- Jersey, &c. Sep= tember — October. Also a native of South-America, {^Hum- boldt,) and of New-Holland, {R. Brown.) Pursh and Per so on have confounded this grass with the .\. fiungens of ^c/ireber, a species to which it bears scarcely any resemblance. 12. A. lon^ifolia*: panicle contracted, spiked, generally concealed ; corolla much longer than the calyx, subequal, smooth and spotless, without awns; leaves very long, fililbrin and recurved at the apexo A. involuta M u h l. Gram. p. 72. A. aspera M i c h. FL I. p. 52 ? Root perennial, consisting of large pubescent fibres. Culm erectj, 2 — 4 feet high, simple, terete. Leaves sometimes more than 2 feel ill length, gradually attenuated into a thread-like extre- mity, involute, a little scabrous. Sheaths smooth, closed. Sti- pule bearded. Panicle terminal and lateral ; often partly ex- serted, but frequeatly entirely concealed and swelluig out the sheaths; j^owfr* much compressed. Glumes of the calyx- ovate-lanceolate, while, (in the exposed part of the panicle purple,) membranaceous, nerveless, rough on the keel ; the superior half as long again as the inferior glume. Corolla a little unequal, as long agnin as the inferior glume of the calyx ; valves very smooth, oblong-lanceolate, rather obtuse, without nerves; the inferior a little longer, only slightly embracing the superior; keel a little scabrous. Stamens 3 ; jilaments shorter than the germen ; anthers small, oblong. Styles 2, very sl.ortj arising from eac!i aide of the beak of the seed; stigjnaa de- compound, while or purple. Seed oval, brown, with an oblong adnate scale on one side of the base. Hab. On sandy hills, and in fields; near Kingsbridge, New- York. Plentifully near Hob'/ken, New-Jersey. Dcerfield, Massaclmsetts. Coo ley and Hi t c h c o c k. In Pennsylva- nia. Muhlenberg. September — October. In this species Mm A/en6er^ observed no stamens ; yet, thoUf;;h minute, tney occurred in all the specimens which I examined. He also observes, that there appears to be but one style ; but v/hat he supposed to be the style, appears to me to be only ihe acumination of the seed. 13. A. clandcsfina Spren^.: panicle spiked, partly concealed ; corolla unequal, much longer than the calyx, hairy and spotted, slightly awned ; leavesvery long. Spreng. Ctnt. 32. Muhl. Gram. p. 73. Elliott Sk. I. p. 138. Roem. ^ Schult. II. p. 369. Root perennial. Culm about 2 feet high, erect, terete, smooth. Leaves very long, rigid, scabrous on the margin, glaucous. Stipule bearded. Panicle comracted, concealed, often sooty ACROSTis. TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA. 91 branches smooth. Calyx smooth ; glumes carinate ; one of them 3-nerved. Co7-oUa twice as long as the calyx; one of the valves acuminate and somewhat awned. 6>f9. Lam. 111. t.XlAtt 1.2. Roem. ^ Schu It. Gen. 231. Trin. Jgrost. 36. Cryp- SIS et Heleochloa P. de Beauv. t. VI. f. 12. et t. VII. f. 3. Flowers in a dense oblong or cylin- drical spike. C, ^irgin^ca J^utt,: spike oblong-cylindrical, thick antj lobed ; culm procumbent and geniculate ; leaves at length involute, rigid, pungent. JSfutt. 1. c. excl. syn. Root annual. Culm 6 — 12 inches long, much branched from the base. Leaves at first flat, divaricate, striate, hairy on the upper surface. Sti/iule very short, bearded. S/iikes lateral and terminal, closely surrounded at the base by the inflated sheaths of the 2 uppermost leaves; the terminal spike an inch or more long ; the lateral ones shorter. Calyx a little unequal; the inferior glume shorter; both of them rough on the keel. Valves of the corolla nearly equal, very acute, naked at the base, nerveless. Stamens 2 ? Styles approximated ; stigmas exsert. Seed ovate, rather obtuse. Hab. In the suburbs of Philadelphia, where it was first detected by Dr. W. P. C. Bar ton ; the only locality of this. plant yet known. I found it in flower as late as October. Intermediate between C. alopecuroides and aculeata. 16. ALOPECURUS. L. Calyx 2-valved, equal ; glumes generally connate at the base. Corolla 1-valved, utriculate, cleft on one side, awned below the middle. Styles often connate. Gen. pi. 102. Nutt, Gen, I. p, 51. Juss. p. 29, ALOPECURUs. TRIANDRTA. DTGVNTA. 97 Roem. £s? Schult. Gen. 209. P. &; Beaiiv.t.W, f. 5. 6. Tnn. Jgrost. 14. Panicie aj'iked, cylindric. Fox-tail grass, 1. A. prniensis L. : c:ilnn erect, smooth; spike cylindric, obtuse. Idbed ;. calyx ci'iule, sornewh-Ht villo«ie, co.inate below the middle ; corolla as loiii: as the calyx. IV i lid. E?twn. h, BtroL \. p. 5. S-iec. I. p. hbl . Engl BoL t. 759. Pvrsh Fl. I. p. Go. M uhl. Gram. p. 80. Roem, fy Schul t, l\, p. 26J. Root fibrous, perennial. Culm simple, 2 — 4 feet hic^h, terete, sniootn. L'.aves flat and smooth. Siifiult ovate. S/iike about an incli and a half li>ng. Flowers crowded on short brunciies. Calyx acute, lower part villose and ciliate. Corolla si-nietinies a little shorter than the calyx, obliquely truncate. Jivn twisted, scabrous, twice the length of the flower. Stamens 3 ; anthers yellow. Styles cotinate. Hab. In fields and pastures. June — July. Doubtless intro- duced from Europe. 2. A. geniculaWs L.: culm ascending, geniculate ; spike cylindrical ; glumes a little connate al the base, hairy on the back and margin ; corolla truncate ; styles free. S chr ad, Fl. Germ. 1. p. 173. IV it Id. Spec, I. p. 358. Smith Ft. Brit. I. p. 74. Evg. Bat. t. 12o0. R oem.^- Schult. n.p.273. JliwA/. Gram. p. 81. E I lio 1 1 Sk, \. ^s, \{\, A. carolinianus Walt. Car, p. 74. Root perennial, creeping. Culm a foot and a half high, a little branching, geniculate and rooting below, terete, smof?th. Leaves linear-lanceolate, 2 — 3 inches long, smooth, flat, vtry acute. Sheaths a little inflated, shorter than the joints. Stipule elongated, obtuse, entire. Sliike an inch and a haif or two inches long. Calyx ovate ; glumes very villose on the mar- gins, distinctly fringed on the keel. Corolla as long as the calyx, smooth, truncated a Utile obliquely. Awn arising from near the base of the valve, nearly as long again as tiie curol'a, geniculate. Stamens 3; an^Afrs oblong, paie ycliow. Siylea a little connate at tiie base; atigrnas much exscrt, simply plu- mose. JVeclaries collateral, lanceolate, very minute. Hab. In wet meadows and on the margins of ponds. Near New- York ; rare. Fish kill, Sec. June. jS. arisinlalus* : awn scarcely exserted. A. arislulafus Mich, Fl. I. p. 43. A. suharistatus P e r s. Si/n. I. p. 80. Purs /i F/. I. p. 6G. J^utt. Gen. \. ]). 52. R o t ,n. &r Schult. II. p. 273. Hab. Near Boston. Big-elow. I have not been able to discover any d'fi'erence between the A. geniculatus and the A. aristulatus Mich., except that in the latter the awns are shorter, and the flowers a little less 13 9& TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA. ALofEcuRus. hairy. Linn a: us remarks that the awii in the former is va- riable in length, being sometimes longer, sometimes shorter than the corolla. The A. geniculatus of this country differs from that of Europe in having the styles connate at the base. The specimens which I examined were, however, in a young state; perhaps when the plant is mature the styles become distinct. The American variety may be the A, borealis of TriniuSyVi\\\c\\ species is thus characterized: — " ./^ pani- eula oblongo-cylindrica,gluniis dfniiformi-acutis, basi connatis, undique sericeis^ corolla obliqup truncata {barbata •) sty lis infra eonnatis. Hab. in Asii et America boreali." Tr i n. 1. c. p. 58 17. PHLEUM. L. Cahjx 2-valved, much longer than the corolla; glumes equal, boat-shaped, rostrate or mucronate. Co- rolla 2-valve(i, included in the calyx, awnless, truncate. Geii. pi. 109. Nu 1 1. Gen. I. p. 50. Ju s s. p. 29. Roem. ^ Schult. Gen. 233. P.deBeauv. t.VII. f. 4. Tri?2. Agrost.15, /'a/zic/(? spiked, dense, cy- lindric. Cat's- tail grass. F.pratenf^e L.: spike cylindric ; calyx mucronate-awned; keel ciliate ; awn shorter than the calyx ; culm erect. Will d. Spec. I. p. 354. S mi t h F I. Brit. 1. p. 68. Eyig. Bol. 1. 1076, Roem. <^ Schult. H. p. 378. Pursh Fl. 1. p. 65. Elliott Sk. I. p. 110. Mnhl. Gram. p. 82. Root perennial, fibrous, sometimes bulbous. Culm 2 — ^^3 feet high, simple, smooth, terete. Leaves flat, 3 — 4 lines wide, smooth and glaucous. Sheaths smooth. Stipule obtuse, mem- branaceous, at length lacerate. S/ii/ce 3 — 6 inches long, cylin- dric, green. Calyx nearly equal, 3-nerved, fringed with white hans on the keel. Corolla concealed in the calyx; inferior valve larger, 5-nerved. Stainens 3 ; anthers purple. Styles distinct; stigmas plumose, white. Seed oblong. Hah. In fields and pastures. June — August. Introduced from Europe. 18. CYNODON. Richard. Spikes digitate or fascicled. Flowers unilateral, in a simple series. Calijx 2-valved ; glumes nearly equal, spreading, acute. Corolla 2-valved; superior valve very narrow, surrounded by the inferior one. Riidi- ment minute, pedicellate. Nectaries collateral. Rich. in Pers. Syn. I. p. 85. Nutt. Gen. I. p. 56. Roem, £s? Schult. Gen. 248. P. de Beauv. t. IX. f. 1. Trin. Jgrost. 52. Digit aria Juss. Panicum ^" Bermuda grass. k^yNODQff. TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA. 99 C. Daclylon P er s.: culm creeping, spikes digitate, (4 — 5,) spreading ; keel of the calyx sc:ibrous ; leaves hairy on the margin and towards the base ; sheaths hairy. P er s, Lc.p.85. Pursh FL \. ^.70. R o e m. ^' S c hul t. \\. p. 410. DxGiTXKix Daclylon Elliott Sk,\.^. \33. M uhl. Grain, p. 1:^2. ? Amen m. Daclylon Lin, IV il I d. Spec, h p. 410. Root perennial, extensively creepinjj. Culm a foot or more long, stolonifcrous at the base. Leaves somewhat distichous, nar- row. Sfiikes about 2 inches lont;, api)caring serrated on their edges by the projecting calyces of tiie flowers. Glumes lan- ceolate, acute ; the superior one a little longer. Inferior valve of the corolla ovate, mucronate at the tip, scabrous on the keel ; superior valve the length of the other, acute, with a deep groove on the back, in which is lodged the minute rudiment of an abortive Jlower with its footstalk. JVectaries 2, obovate. Hab. In Pennsylvania. August. Muhlenberg. I insert this plant on the authority of Mu hlenb erg, who has marked it as a native of Pennsylvania in his Catalogue. The above description was taken from specimens sent to me by Mr. Elliott from South-Carolina. 19. GYMNOPOGON. Beauv. Calyx 2-valved, carinate, nearly equal, longer than the flower. Valves of the corolla nearly equal ; the inferior one with a straight bristle a little below the tip. Rudiment '^cr^.'iX\io\m. F. de Beauv. ip. 41. t.lX. f. 3. Roem,'^ Schult. Gen.256. Trin.AgrosL 55. Anthopogon Nutt. Gen. I. p. 83. Andro- poGONis sp. Mich. Flowers irregularly alternating on setaceous spikes disposed in a panicle. G. racemosum P. de B. I.e. R o e m. (^ S chult, II. p. 421. A^nwovoGO^J ambigunm M ich. Fl.\. p. b^. Willd. Spec. IV. p. 907. Pursh Fl. I. p. 74. Muhl. Gram, p. 285. Elliott Sk. I. p. 145, Anthopooon leptiiroides jY utt. I.e. Root perennial. Culm a foot and a half or two feet high, assur- gent, with numerous joints. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, 1—2 inches long, distichous, smooth, flat, rigidly spreading, finely striate. Sheaths smooth, except at the throat, where they are hairy and contracted. Stifiule an obsolete ring. Panicle large, pyramidal, spreading, somewhat verticillate ; branches simple, rigid, 4 — 6 inches "long. Flowers appressed, sessile. Calyx a little unequal, very narrow, pungent, scabrous on the keel. Inferior valve of the corolla lanceolate, 3-nerved, with a bristle a little below the tip 2 — 3 times its length, villous at ths base, slightly hairy on the margin and back ; superior valve 100 TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA. ovmnopogon. nearly equalling the other, bifid at the tip. Stamens 3, ex- sertcd. Styles short; stiifinas plumose. Sfcd oblong, sulcate. Budiment on a pedicel 2-tiiirds the length of the perfect flower, sonnetiines a mere awn, but generally with a minute valve» rarely 2-valved. Hab. Sandy fields in the pine-barrens of New-Jersey. August. Ti'is genus is very properly separated from Andropogon by Be an vols and JSTiittalL Ii is more nearly allied to Chloris than to Andropogon. I have adopted the name of the loruier of these einuieni botanists, on account of its pri- ority. 20. PHALARIS. L. Calyx 1-flowert'd, 2-valvcd, nearly equal, membra- naceous, gibbous oil the buck, carisiate. Corolla 2-valvvd, coriaceous, hairy at the base, shorter thaa the cilyx. 11 idi merits opposite, sessile, resembling valves. A>6tar7e',9 collate.nil. Gen. pi. 106. JVutt. Gen. 1. p. 48. .A?/.v.y. p. 29. Roem. Jif Schult. Gen. 246. P.diBeauv. t. VII. L 1. Phalaris et Digraph IS Trin. Agrost. 56 & 60. Flowers geiieraliy in compound, ovdte, or eloni'^dted, spikes. Canary grass» 1. I*, americana Ell.: panicle ohlons^, spiked; glumes of the cal\x boat-sbaped, s-.-rrulate ; roroila unequal, rudi- ments hairy. Elliott S/'c. I, p. lOl . V. 'irundiimcea M i c ho fl. I. p. 43. Pursh Fl. I, p. 65. M u h I. Gram. p. 89. F. cnri,liniann W alt. Car. p. 74.'/] C'ALAMAGhoSTis color- at' J'J'utt. Gen. 1. p. 46. Eo.t perennial. Culm 2 — 5 feet high, erect, a little branching, tfiete, sm'-oth. Leavta bioad-iinear, carinate, smooth, excf pt on the niarij;in. Slieatlis open, striate. Sfi/ii/le metidiranaceous, ovale. Panicle or spike a little spreading whtn old, 2 — 4 inches long. Glumes of tiiec^/i/x compressed towards the tip, rough on the keel, 3-iiervcd, finely fringed on the margin. Corolla a little sunrtey, than the calyx, covered with appressed hairs; the inferior valve' ovate, swelling; the superior lanceolate, bifid. Stamens 3; anthers linear, yellow. Styles 2; stigmas villose. JVi'ctaries ovate, entire. Seed oblong, black. Hab. Iri swamps and bog-meadows. Hackinsack meadows, New- Jersey. Wiliiamstown, Massachusetts. Dewey. Penn- sylvarua. Muhlenberg. July. 2. P. canariensis L. : panicle subspiked, ovate ; calyx boat-ehaped, entire at the apex ; rudiments smooth. Will d. I " P. carolimnna. P. panicula spicata ovata. petalis aristatis, calycibuS etriatis." Walt. i.e. ^ jPHALARis. TRTANDRTA. DIGYNIA. iOi Sfc. I. p. 326. Smith FL Brit. I. ^. 62. E'lg. Bot, t. 1310. Roem. 4^ Schu/t, 11. p. 402. Hoot annual. Cizlm about a foot and a half iii-^h, simple, nearly terete. Leaves br )ad-linear. Shea'/is infl-Ared. Calyx nearly twice the length i)f the corolla. Corolla smooth ; valves lan- ceolate, acute. Rudiments very bhort, entire. Siam-^ns 3. Seed ovate. Hab. In pastures a:vl cultivated i^rovuvls near New-York ; not uncommon. Juiv, Introduced from Earope. 21. ANTHOXANTHUM. L, Gdijx 2-valvecl, 1 -flowered. Corolla 2-valved, with 2 abortive l-valvcd rudiments at the base; one of them awned from near die base, the other froiu near the tip. Stamens 2. Gm. pi 58. Nutt, Gen. I. p. 47. Juss. p. 29. Roem. ^ Sahiilt. Gen, 115. F. de Beauv. Agrost. p. 64. t. XII. f. 8. Trin, Agrost. 4. Panicle contracted. A. odoratum L. : spike ovate-oblong ; flowers pubescent, subpeduncled, shorter than their awns. IVilld. Spec, f. p. 15G. Mich. FL 1. p. 39. Big. Bost. p. 8. Pursh Fl. I. p. 65. Elliott Sk.\.\>. 31. M uh I, Gram. p. 2. Eng. Bot. t. 647. Roem. ^ Schult. I. p. 287. Root fibrous, perennial. Culm about a foot high, erect. Leaves pubescent, flat, 2 — 3 lines broad. S/ifiule elongated, mem- branaceous. Flowers in a terminal s/ii/ce, or spiked panicle, crowded, fascicled on short peduncles. Glumes of the calyx very unequal, membranaceous, pubescent ; the inferior glume shorter, subovate ; the superior lanceolate. Corolla of the perfect flower included, very short; one of the abortive florets with a geniculate awn at the base, of the length of tlie valve ; the otiier with a shorter, straight awn a little below the tip. Stamens 2; anthers very large. Styles 2, short; stigmas much exserted, plumose, white. Seed oblong, black and shining. Hab. Common in meadows, fields, dry woods, &c. May — August. In shady situations the spike is frequently large and loose. Introduced from Europe. Sioeet-scentcd Vernal- grass. What have usually been called t!\e two valves of the corolla in this plant, are considered by Beauv o is, and some of the best modern botanists, as abortive florets, and the two interior scales which surround the stamens and styles, as a perfect flower. This we thmk is the correct view of the genus. It is thus defined in the Jgrostogra/ihia oiBeauvois : — " An- THOXANTHUM. Cat. glumsB membranaces, triflorae, flosculis longiores. Flosculi laterales neutri uniglumes, alio basi iiitra medium arista tonili plicataj alio versus apicem arista recta. X02 TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA. anthoxanthum. FIosculus intermedius hermaphroditus, lateralibus fere triplo brevior. Gtumx coralUnx obtusiusculse, muticae. Stylus bas^ simplex. Stigmata longissima. Semen liberum, sulcatum." P. de B. 1. c. 22. BRACHYELYTRUM. Beauv. Calyx very minute; inferior glume scarcely per- ceptible. Corolla with the inferior valve terminated by a long bristle ; superior valve with a clavate rudiment at the base. P. de Beauv. t. IX, f. 2. Tririo AgrOSt. 54. MUHLENBERGIA S C lir 6 b, DiLEPY- RUM Mich. Panicles racemose. B. arislalum Beauv, Ro em. ^ S chul t. 11. p. 4 1 3, MuHLENBERGiA erectu R I h. n. Beytr. I. p. 96. S c hr e b. Gram. t. 50. P u r s h Fl. \. p, 6\. E U i o 1 1 Sk. i. p. QG. Muhl. Gram. p. 57. M. aristata Pers. Syn. I. p. 76. Dx- LEPYRUM a?-i.st.osum Mich, Fl. 1. p. 40. Panicle racemose. Jioot creeping, soboliferous. Culm erect, simple, 2 — 3 feet high, with pubescent nodes. Leaves pubescent, particularly on the upper surface and on the margin, 4 — 6 inches long and nearly- half an inch wide, erect, acute, nervose. Sheaths a little opening, pubescent. Stipule membranaceous, obliquely trun- cate, ciliate at the extremity. Particle contracted, consisting of a few simple branches. Flowers all pedicellate, three times as large as in the Muhlenbergia diffusa. Calyx 2-valved, unequal ; inferior glume scarcely perceptible ; the other ten times shorter than the corolla, linear-lanceolate. Corolla un- equal, subulate ; inferior valve 5-nerved, a little scabrous, ter- minating in a bristle twice as long as the flower; superior valve smaller, involute, bifid at the extremity, with a groove on the back, in which is lodged a slender scabrous pedicel somewhat clavate at the extremity. Stamens 2 ; anthers li- near, bifurcate, pale yellow. Stigmas 2, plumose. Seed ob- long, acute. Hab. On mountains and rocky hills; not uncommon in the in- terior of the northern and middle States, from Canada to Penn- sylvania. On the hills near Hoboken, New-Jersey ; rare, June — July. 23. PHRAGMITES. Trinius, Calyx 5 — 7-flowered. Florets on villose pedicels, except the lowest, which is sessile and naked at the base; inferior valve elongate, acuminate and invo> lute; superior valve somewhat conduplicate. Trin. Agrost. 73. AviVK DO Lin, P.de Be a u v. t. XIII. ?HRAGMiTEs. TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA. 103 f. 2. Nutt. Gen. I. p. 75. Hoem. ^ Schult. Gen> 283. Flowers panicled. Recd-grass. V, communis Trin.: calyx about 5-flowered ; florets longer than the calyx. Arvnvo Phragmites Willd, Spec. I. p. 454. Smith Fl. Brit. I. p. 144. Eng. Bot. t. 401. Pursh Fl. I. p. 86. Big. Bost. p. 26. Muhl. Gram, p. 88. R em. i^ Schult. II. p. 510. Root perennial. Culm 6 — 12 feet high, an inch or more in dia- meter at the base, terete, with numerous joints. Leaues 12 — 18 inches long, about 2 inches broad, flat, very smooth and a little glaucous, finely attenuated at the tip. Sheaths clasping, smooth. Stifiule a minute fringe. Panicle very large, loose, somewhat nodding. Calyx smooth ; glumes lanceolate, acu- minate, the inferior much longer than the superior. Lowest Jloret bearing stamens only ; the inferior valve lanceolate, not one third the length of the other, ciliate on the margin ; supe- rior florets surrounded with long white hairs at the base, two thirds tlie length of the valves. Hab. Borders of ponds and swamps, especially near the salt- water ; common in the Newark meadows. New- Jersey. On Long-Island, near Brooklyn. Near Boston. Bi g e I o iv. In Pennsylvania and Delaware. Muhlenberg. August. The largest tjrass in the Northern States, appearing at a distance like Indian corn. It is common to almost every part of the vyorid. 24. GLYCERIA. R, Brozon. Spikelets terete, elongated. Calyx many-flowered, shorter than the florets. Inferior valve of the corolla herbaceo-membranaceous ; superior valve somewhat conduplicate. Nectaries collateral, connate. Stigmas decompound. 7?. Broivji Prod. I. p. 179. Roem, hP Schult. Gen. 338, Trin,Jgrost.76. Devauxia F. de Beauv. 1. c. t. XIX. f. 7. Festuc^ sppo L i n. Panicle simple. 1 . G.Jluitans R. B r. : panicle secund, slis^htly branched; spikelets linear-terete, appressed, 8— 12-flowered ; florets very obtuse, 7-nerved ; leaves long, flat. R.Brown I.e. R e m. ^ S c hu 1 1. 11. p. 695. Festuca Jluitans L. Willd. Spec. I. p. 426. M i c h. Fl. 1. p. 66. B i g. Bost. p. 26. Pursh Fl. \. p.Q4. M u h I. Gram. ^. ]66, PoA jluitans Scopoli. Smith Fl. Brit. I. p. 95. Eng. Bot. i. 1520. Elliott Sk. 1. p. 163. Devauxia /wi7an5 P. dt Beau v. Root perennial, creeping. Culm 3 — 5 feet high, compressed or ancipitous, oblique or procumbent. Leaves 8 — 12 inches long, J04 TRIANDRIA» DIGYNU. olyceru, S — 4 lines broad, nearly smooth, finely striate, and with the sheaths smooth. Sti/iule oblong, very thin. Panicle nearly a foot long, lower part concealed in the sheath trom which it proceeds; branches semiterete, bearing the spikelets in a ra- cemose manner. Spikelets nearly sessile, about an inch long ; florets distinct, free. Calyx unequal, without nerves or keel ; superior glume broad, often very obtuse or obliquely trun- cated ; inferior glume shorter, rather acute. Valves of the corolla nearly equal, scabrous; the inferior very (jbtuse, scari- ous on the margin ; apex eroded or many-toothed ; superior valve lanceolate, often longer than the inferior one, slightly toothed at the point. Stamenfi 3 ; anthers large, yellow. Styles short; stigmas white. JV.ctarics fleshy, somewhat cordate. Seed linear-oblong, with a deep groove on one side. Hab. In ditches and on the borders of ponds. June — July. 2. G. aattiflora*: panicle simple, elongated, appressed j ^pikelets linear-terete, 4 — tiJ-flowered ; florets attenuated, acute, indistinctly nerved ; leaves short, erect. Fe&tuca brevifolia Muhl. Gram. p. 167. Root perennial, creeping. Culm about a foot and a half highy a little compressed. Leaves 3 — 6 inches long, 1 — 2 lines broad, attenuated, and sometimes involute at the point, nearly smooth. Sti/iule elongated, very thin, fii.ely lacerate. Panicle long and slender, a little nodding ; lower part concealed in the sheaths. S/iikelcts acute ; florets distinct. Calyx very un- equal, without nerves. Corolla linear-ianceolate, scabrous, at- tenuated to a sharp point; superior valve much longer than the other, bifid at the tip. Stamens 3 ; anthers yellow. Stig- mas white. Seed oblong, sulcate. JVectarics connate, obcor- date, very minute. Hab. In overflowed meadows ; Bloomingdale, Fishkill, 8cc. New-York. Near Hoboken, New-Jersey. Deerfield, Mas- sachusetts. Coo ley. June. Resembles the preceding species in many respects, but ir- easily distinguished by the acute and almost nerveless florets. 25. UNIOLA. L. Spikelets compressed, ancipital, many-fiowcred. Calyx 2-valved, shorter than the florets'. Corolla 2-valved, avvnlcss; inferior valve boat-shaped; supe- rior valve smaller, concave on the back. Nectaries collateral, emarginate. Gen. pi. 116, Nntt.Gen. I. p. 69. Juss. p. 32. Roe 771.^ Schult. Gen. 302. Tri n. Agrost. 79. P.deBeau v. t. XV. f. 6. Flowers panicled. One or more of the lower florets in each spikelet abortive, 1-A'alved, Spike-grass. VNioLi, TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA. 105 1. U. latifolia Mich.: leaves broad and flat; panicle loose, nodding ; spikelets all on loiiif peduncles ; florets; t«orne- what falcate, monandrous ; the lowest one abortive. Mich, FL I. p. 70. Pursh FL I. p. 8-2. Elliott Sk. I. p. 187. Muhl. Gram. p. 155. R u e m. <^ Schult. II. p. 594. Hoot perennial. Culm about 4 feet high, terete, smooth, a little branching Leaves a fool or two lung, nearly an inch broad, smooth. Sheaths longer than the joints, hairy at the throat. Stifiule very short. Paiiicle often a foot long, loose ; rachis triangular; branches solitary or geminate, unequal. Spiketets nearly an inch long, ovate, about 10-fl>)werec] ; the lowest floret 1-valved, resembling a glume. Glumes unequal, lance- olate, striate, very acute, scabrous on the keel. Corolla re- sembling the calyx in texture; inferior valve very sharp on the keel, which is scabrous and hairy towards the base; apex rather obtuse and mucronaie ; superior valve folded in the in- ferior one, lanceolate, acute, entire, ciliate on the margin. An," ther yellow. Styles 2, short ; stigmas very long, simply plu- mose. Seed oval, compressed. Hab. On the Allegany Mountains, in shady woods among rocks. Pursh. On the banks of the Susquehannah. Muhlen" berg. August. My specimens are from North-Carolina. 2. U. gracilis M i c h. : panicle elongated, racemose, appressed ; spikelets 3-flower6d ; florets spreading, straight, monandrous, the lowest one abortive. MicL FL I. p. 71. Pursh Ft. \. p. 82. Elliott Sk. \. p. 168. MuhL Gram. p. 157. Bo em. ^ Schult. II. p. 595. Holcus laxus Lin. Sp.pl. 1486* Willd. Spec. IV. p. 934. Root perennial. Culm 3 — 4 feet high, slender, a little com- pressed, leafy. Leaves a foot or more long, 2 — 3 lines broad, attenuated to a fine point, flat, nerved, smooth. Sheaths shorter than the joints, hairy at the throat. Stifiule very short, ciliate. Panicle with solitary, short, remote branches appressed to the rachis. Sfiikelets broad-cuneate, very acute at the base, 2 — 3 at the extremity of each branch. G/«7«es acute, rigid. Infe- rior valve of the corolla lanceolate, acuminate, minutely trun- cated at the tip ; margin slightly ciliate ; superior valve shorter, a little scabrous on the back. Anther and stigmas dark purple. Seed oblong, brown. Hab. In sandy swamps. Common on the sea-coast of Long- Island. In the pine-barrens of New- Jersey. August. 3. \].spicata L.: panicle spiked, straight; leaves invo- lute, distichous, spreading ; spikelets 5 — 9-tlowered ; florets triandrous. Sp. ph 104. W il I d. Spec. I. p. 400. Elliott Sk. 1. p. 166. Muhl. Gram. p. 157. U. ipicala et disti- chophylla Roem. ^ Schult. II. pp. 595, 596. Festuca distichnphylla Mich. FL I. p. G7. Pvrsh FL I. p. 84. 14 lOG TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA. unisla. Root creeping extensively and throwing up suckers. Culm abou' a foot and a half high, erect, terete, glabrous, branched at the base. Leaves numerous, rigid, acute, alternate, 3 — 6 inches long, slightly glaucous. Sheaths closely embracing the culm, longer than the joints, sides and margins smooth ; the upper ones hairy at the throat. Stifiule scarcely apparent. Panicle contracted into a dense spike. Sfiikelets fasciculate, on short branches, sessile, ovate-oblong, of a yelk)wish-green colour, somewhat tumkl ; florets generally all fertile. Calyx unequal, acute, carinate. Valves of the corolla nearly t qual ; the infe- rior one acute and carinate ; the other rather obtuse, the edges- folded inwards and covering the germen. Anthers purple, much exserted. Styles and stigmas very long. A''ectaries ob- ovate, minute. Seed brown, acuminate. Had. In salt-marshes and on the sea-shore ; common. August — September. Tlie number of florets in each spikelet varies according to the situation of the plant. 26. BRIZA. L. Spikdets cordate-ovate, many-flowered. Calyx pa- leaceous, bliorter than the distichous florets. Corolla ventricose ; inferior valve cordate, the superior nearly orbicular, very short. Gen. pi. 115. Niitt. Gen, L p. 68. Juss. p. 32. Roem. £s? Scliult. Gen, 289. Trin. Jgrost. 80. F. de Be ait v. t. XIV. f. 3. Flowers in capillary panicles. Quaking-grass. B. media L. : panicle erect ; spikelets at length cordate, about 7-flowered ; calyx smalUr than the florets. Willd. Spec. 1. p. 404. Smith FL Brit. I. p. 109. Eng. Bof. t. 340. Muhl. Gram. p. 152. Roem. ^' Schult. IL p. 520. Root perennial. Culm about a foot and a half high, raked above. Leaves fiat, smooth. Stipule short, obtuse. Panicle few- flowered ; branches capillary, spreading, purple. Sfiikelets tumid, green and purple, at first ovate, but at length becom- ing broader and cordate. Corolla nerveless, smooth. FIab. In the vicinity of Boston, naturalized. Big (low. In Pennsylvania. Muhlenberg. May. 27. POA. L. Spikelets oblong or linear, compressed, many-flowered (3 — 20). Calyx shorter than the florets. Corolla herbace- ous, awnless, often arachnoid at the base ; inferior valve scarious on the margin. Gen. pi. l\A. Nutt. Gett. I. p. 65. Juss, p. 32. lioetn. ^ Schult. Gen. ,6A. TRIANDRTA. DIGYNIA. 107 294. PoA et Eragrostis Trin. Agrost, 78 & 81, PoA Eragrostis et Megastachya P. da Beauv. Panicle branched and generally effuse. Meadow-grass^ 1. V. annua L. : panicle subsecund, divaricate; spike- lets ovate-oblong, 5-flowered ; florets free ; culm oblique, compressed; root fibrous. Schrad. Fl. Germ. 1. p. 304. W i 1 1 (L Spec. 1. p. 390. S m i I h FL Brit, I. p. 1 05. Eng, Bot.UWAl. Elliott SL\. p. 15B. M uhl. Gram, p. 137, Pursh Fl. I. p. 79. Roem. <^ Schult. II. p. 535. Root annual. Culms cespitose, 6 — 8 inches long, very smooth. Leaves linear, carinate, smooth. Sheaths loose. Slipule ovate. Panicle rather crowded ; branches generally solitary, at length horizontal. Calyx 4^ — 5-flo\vcred ; glumes nearly equal, ovate, acuminate. Corolla pubescent ; inferior valve obtuse, 5 -nerved ; superior valve shorter. IIab. In fields, pastures, road-sides, &c. ; rare in woods. Flowers early in April and through the summer. Probably introduced from Europe, 2. F.fasciculata'^: panicle expanding; branches straight, fasciculate, crowded ; spikelets oblong, 3-tlowered ; florets free; qalyx minute, unequal ; culm oblique, terete; root fasciculate. Root perennial, consisting of numerous thick fibres. Culm I — 2 feet high, firm, leafy, branched at the base. Leaves 6 — 10 inches long, flat, and with the sheaths very smooth. Stipule ovate, obtuse. Panicle at first appressed, 3 — 6 inches long; branches a little rigid, with short crowded ones in the axils. Spikelets somewiiat racemose, sessile, crowded, oblong or lan- ceolate, generally 3-fiovvered. Calyx smooth ; one of the glumes larger, 3-nerved, minutely truncated at the tip. In- ferior valve ol^ the corolla ovate, abruptly acuminate, indis- tinctly 5-nerved, very smooth; superior valve ciliate on the margin. Seed oblong, acute. Hab. In salt-marshes around the city of New-York, August. 3^ P. de7itafa*: panicle loose, somewhat spreading; branches capillary, virgate ; sjiikelets lanceolate, 5-flowered ; florets free ; calyx unequal ; inferior glume obtuse, 3-nerved ; inferior valve of the corolla 5-nerved, 5-toothed at the apex ivhen old. Wikosoria pallida Cat, pi. New-York, p, 92, "Vkxodix pcdlida Spreng, Ncut Entdeck, b, i. p. 246. Root perennial, creeping. Culm erect, 3 feet high, terete, very smooth. Leaves long, flat and membranaceous, pale green, somewhat glaucous beneath. Sheaths striate, smooth. Stipule elongated, ovate. Panicle large, weak, nodding when young, few-liowered. Spikelets all pedicellate, pale green. Cahjx smooth, scarious on the niargin; the inferior glume rather acute. Valves of the corolla nearly equal, lanceolate ; the in- ferior valve distinctly 5-nerved; the superior one lanceoiaic, 108 TRIANORTA. DTGYNTA. poa. deeply cleft, even when young. Siamens 3 ; anthers pale yel- low. Hiligmas white. Hab. In shady swamps. In the pine-barrens of New-Jersey. On the I^lanrl of N^iw-Y )rk. D ■erfiekl, Massachusetts. C o o- l e y. Williamstown. D e we y. This plaiu I erroneously referred to JVu 1 1 a I Ts genu$ WiN'DSORTA (Tricuspis P. de Be a uv.) in the Catalogue of the Piai.ts of N vv-York; but I am now convinced it is a ge- nuine species of PoA. 4. P. nqnatica /5. americana*: panicle erect, semiverti- ci^late, diff ise ; branches flexuous, smooth ; spikelets linear, 6 — 8-liowored ; florets ovate, obtuse, free ; leayes broad- li'iear and, as well as the sheaths, smooth. P. aquatica P nrs h Fl. \. p. 80. P. arundinacca M. a Bieb er st, Roem (^ S c A w / f. II. p. .559. Boot perennial. Culm 4—5 feet high, thick and reed-like, very sm-joth, leafv. Leaves a foot or more in length, nearly half an inch hi iv), Flai, smooth and membranaceous. Sii/iule short, obtuse, abruptly acuminate. Panicle 8—12 inches long, at first contracted and a little nodding, but at length much ex- panded ; branches about 4 at each joint, flexuous and much divided. Sfiikelets generally purple, 6-, rarely 9-flo\vered. Calyx unequal ; glumes ovate, rather obtuse ; tlie superior as long again as the inferior. Corolla oblong ; inferior valve 7-i»erved; the superior one as long again as the other. Sta- mens 3 ; anthers yellow. Hab la wet meadows Deerfield, Massachusetts. Coo ley. Williamstown. Dewey. Near Schenectadv, N^•w-York. Dr. L. C Berk. Fairfield. Had ley. Near Montreal, Canada. Dr. Paine. August. 5. P. marUima liuds.: panicle branched, somewhat crowded ; spikelets about 5-flowered, terete ; florets rather obtuse, indistinctly 5-nerved 5 root creeping. Smith FL Brit. 1. p. 97. En^. Bot. 1140. W 1 1 1 d. Spec. I. p. 396. Roem. ir Schult. U. p. 360. Muhl. Gram. p. 148. Root perennial. Culm about a foot high, somewhat geniculate, terete. Leaves involute, a little glaucous, scabrous on the margin. Utifiule ovate, rather obtuse. Panicle erect; branches in pairs, angular, scabrous, somewhat flexuous. Sfiikelets linear and nearly terete, purplish ; florets at length spreading. G'nmes unequal, acute; the inner one broader and 3-nerved. Corolla unequal ; inferior valve ovate, obtuse, obscurely 3-toothed at the tip, woolly at the base ; superior valve ciliate on the margin. Stamens 3 ; anthers large, yellow. Stigmas white. JVtctaries ovate, distinct. Hab "Cambridge, near Boston, Massachusetts. June. Bige- loiv. Resembles the European plant in every respect. 6. P. hrevifoUa Muhl.: panicle loose; branches in pairs, horizoutal; calyx 3 — 4-flowered ; corolla pubescent; POA. TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA. 109 leaves very short ; stipule acnminnte. M u h I. Gram, p. 1 38. De Cand. Syn. Fl. Ga/L 1613^? P. alpina /3. brevifolia Gaud? W alpina Pursh Fl. I. p. 71). JRoot perennial, creeping:. Culm 2 feet his:h, erect and oblique, somewhat angular. Leaves linear, smooth, carinate ; the low- est ones very short. Branches of the paiiicle fl -xukus towards their extremities, sometimes ternate. S/iikelets loose, fl .rets distant. Glumes nearly equal. Inferior valve of the corolla carinate, 5-nerved, often purple; margin white; anthers violet. Mu h L Hab. On mountains and in woods. Pennsylvania. April. M ulilenb er g. 7. P. pungens^: culm compressed ; leaves very short, cuspidate; panicle somewhat simple, spreading; spikelets ovate, 3 — 4-flowered ; florets vi^ebbed, rather obtuse, obscurely 5-nerved. P. autnmnalis Elliott Sk. I. p. 159.? J^ ut t. Gen. I. p. 66. F. Jlexuosa MuhL Gram. p. 148. Root perennial. Culm cespitose, about a foot and a half high, partly ancipital. Radical leaves erect, long and narrow; leaves on the culm generally 2, flat, oblong, lanceolate, scabrous only on the margin ; the lower one about an inch long, the other just visible; all erect and carinate, with a coarctate, pungent point. Stifiule truncate, lacerate, sometimes abruptly acumi- nate. Sheaths long, but a little shorter than the nodes. Panicle small, semiverticillate, alternate, hoi'izontally spreading, ter- minating in an almost simple raceme ; branches capillary, mostly by twos or threes; fasciculi 3 or 4. S/iifcelets crowded towards the extremities of the ramifications, cuneate-ovate, or lanceolate, before flowering somewhat acute, 3 or 4-flowered. Calyx smooth, superior glume acute. Corolla ovate-lance- olate, a little obtuse and scarious at the tip, villous at the base, indistinctly 5-nerved ; 3 of the lesser nerves ciliately pubescent below. Stamens exserted. Styles sessile, complicately plu- mose, white. JSfutt. Hab. Around Philadelphia, in rocky situations, on the banks of the Schuylkill, 8cc. April. J^u ttall. This species I have not seen. The synonyms oi E llio Ct and Muhlenberg are doubtful. 8. P. pralensis L. : panicle diffuse ; upper leaves much shorter than the smooth sheaths ; florets acute, 5-nerved, v^ebbed at the base ; stipule short, truncate ; root creeping. Schrad. FL Germ. I. p. 298. Willd. Spec. I. p. 388. Pwrs/t FA 1. p. 78. Roe7n. <^ Sch^llt. l\. p. 533. P. -tiridis MuhL Gram. p. 138. Elliott Sk. I. p. 59. Root perennial. Culm erect, 2 — 3 feet high. Leaves a little scabrous on the margin ; those on the culm 2 — 3 inches long ; the radical ones much longer. Panicle pyramidal, expanding; branches scabrous, 3 — 4 at each joint. Sfiikeleta ovate, acute, no TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA. »oa. 3 — 4-flo\vered ; florets connected together at the base by a web. Glumes unequal, lanceolate, acute, 3-nerved. Corolla acute ; superior valve a little shorter. Anthers purple. Hab. In meadows and pastures; very common. May — July. Introduced. 9. P. trivialis L. : panicle equal, diffuse ; spikelets ob- long ovate, about 3-flowered ; florets webbed at the base, 5-nerved ; culm and sheaths roughish; stipule oblong; root creeping. Schrad. F I. Germ. I. p. 296. Willd. Spec, I. p. 387. H ook. Fl.Scot.\.\>.3b. P ur s k Fl. I, p.lB. Roem. ^ Schult. II. p. 534. P. stolonifera Muhl. Gram. p. 139. Root perennial. Culm 2 — 3 feet high, sometimes throwing off suckers at the base. Leaves very narrow, pale green. Sti' pules much elongated ; the lower ones obtuse. Panicle large, pyramidal, verticillate ; branches scabrous. Sfiikelets gene- rally 3-, but frequently only 2-flowered. Glumes unequal, very acute. Corolla smooth on the sides and keel ; inferior valve 3-nerved. Hab. In moist meadows; rare in pastures. June— August. Introduced. 30. P. compressa L»: panicle contracted, somewhat secund ; spikelets oblong, 3 — 6-flowered ; florets webbed \ glumes nearly equal ; culm oblique, compressed ; root creep- \\\^. Willd. Spec. 1. p. 397. S 7n i t h Fl. Brit. I. p. 99o En^. Bot. t. 365. Mich. FL I. p. 69. Pursh Fl. L p. 79. M uhl. Gram. ^.\^\. B i g. Bost. p.'ii. Roem. 4r Schult. 11. p. 558. Moot perennial, extensively creeping. Culm a foot or more iv. height, often procumbent at base or remarkably geniculate. Leaves short, linear, carinate, smooth and glaucous. Stipule truncate. Panicle at first almost spiked ; branches geminate, short and flexuous, when old a litile expanding. Glumes about 2-thirds the length of the lowest floret, very acute, 3-nerved, serrulate on the keel ; florets slightly connected at the base by a web. Corolla lanceolate ; inferior valve indistinctly 5-nervedj slightly hairy on the sides and keel; superior valve very nar- row, a little ciliate on the margin. Stamens 3. Styles very- short. Seed oblong, obtuse, red. Hab. In fields and on dry hills. June — July. Blue-grass. 13. syheslris*: panicle loose, spreading ; spikelets 2 — 3- flowered ; culm slender, nearly erect. Hab. In dry woods near New-York, &c. July. 11. V. serotina Ehrh.: panicle elongated, ditfuse, at length somewhat secund ; spikelets ovate-lanceolate, 2 — 3- Howered ; florets a little webbed at the base, yellow at the ?0A. TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA. m tip, obscurely 5-nerved; root creeping. Schrad. Fl. Germ, I. p. 299. V.serotina 13. palustris R o e m. 4-' Schult, IK p. 553. P. hydrophylla P ers. Spi. 1. p. 89. P. palustris Muhl. Gram. p. 150. P. crocata Mick. FL I. p. 68. Root perennial. Culm 2 — 3 feet high, erect. Leaves about a foot long, narrow, flat, smooth. Siifiule elongated, lacerate. Panicle 8 — 10 inches long, much branched, appressed when young, a little nodding, semiverticillate. Cahjx often 2-flovvered, nearly as long as the lowest floret, very acute, compressed, scabrous on the keel. Corolla lanceolate, rather obtuse ; valves entire on the margin ; the superior one very narrov/. Stamens 3 ; anthers yellow. Hab. In wet meadows ; common. June. Sometimes called Red-tofi, 12. P. nemoralis L, : panicle attenuated, weak ; branches llexuous ; spikelets ovate, about 3-flowered ; florets loose, slightly webbed, acute, obsoletely nerved ; stipule almost wanting. Schrad. Fl. Germ. I. p. 301. Willd. Spec. J, p. 399. Smith Fl. Brit, I. p. 106. Eng. ^,nt. t. 1235, P ur s h FL I. p. 79 ^ P. nemoralis «. vulgaris R o e m. 4" Schult. II. p. 545. J^oot perennial, creeping. Culm 2 feet high or more, slender. Leaves narrow, pale green, and with the sheaths smooth. Panicle 5 — 8 inches long, nodding ? branches capillary, in pairs or ternate. Spikelets not numerous, all pedicellate and situated towards the extremities of the branches; ^ore^s much spread and at length distant on the rac/iis. Glumes linear- lanceolate, very acute, without nerves ; one of them longer. Corolla lanceolate ; inferior valve very indistinctly 5-nerved, smooth on the sides; superior valve one third shorter than the other, entire on the margin. Stamens 3 ; anthers yellow. Stigmas white. Hab. Near Williamstown, Massachusetts. De we y. Deer- field. Coo ley. Cambridge, New-York. Stevenson, New-Haven, Connecticut. M o ns o n. 13. F,7ierrata Willd.: panicle equal, diffuse ; branches weak and at length pendulous; spikelets 5- flowered ; florets free, conspicuously 7-nerved, obtuse. Willd. Spec. L p. 389. Pursh Fl. J. p. 79. Muhl. Gram. p. 140. Roem. ir Schult. II. p. 550. P. striata Mich. Fl. I. p. 69. P. lineata P ers. 1. p. 89. Briza canadensis Mutt. Gen. I. p. 69. nee Supp. Root perennial. Culm 3 — 4 feet high, very smooth. Leaves flat, narrow-linear, about a foot long, carinate, smooth. Stifiule ovate, much lacerate. Panicle large an 1 capillary, erect when young; branches 2 or 3 together, semiverticinate, angular. S/iikelets ovate, compressed, 4 — 6-flowered ; florets distinct, deciduous. Calyjc very small ; glumes lanceolate, acuminate, m TRIANDRIA. DIGYNTA. foAo without nerves ; the inferior one much shorter. Corolla ob- tuse ; inferior valve with 7 elevated nerves, purplish towards the tip; superior valve concave on the back, rather shorter than the other ; margin thickened. Stamens generally 2, in- cluilcfl. Styles short ; stigmas plumose. Seed ovate. Hab. In wet meadows and in ditches. June. PoA fiarvijiora fursh Fl.l p. 80. (excl. syn.) and Ellio I g Sk. I. p. 57. appears to be only a variety of this species. 14. P. elon^ala*: panicle elongated, racemose ; branches solitary, appres?ed ; spikelets ovate, obtuse, tumid, 3-flovvered ; florets free ; stipule almost wanting, JRoot perennial. Culm 3 feet high, leafy, terete. Leaves about a foot long, dark green, 2 lines broad, smooth. Sheaths pro- minently striate. Sti/iule exceedingly short. Panicle 8 — 10 inches long, nodding. Spikelets disposed in crowded racemes. Calyx nearly equal, 2-thirds the length of the lower floret, acute, 1 nerved. Inferior valve of the coro//a distinctly 5-nerved; superior valve shorter, rounded at the tip ; margin thickenedj entire. Stamens 2 ? Stigmas white. Hab. Near Deerfield, Massachusetts. Coo ley. Plainfield. Porter. Williamslown. Dewey. 15. P. ohtusa M uh L: panicle ovate, contracted ; spike^ lets ovate, tumid, 5 — 7-flowered ; florets free ; glumes scari- ous •, corolla ovate, smooth, obtuse •, inferior valve indistinctly 7-nerved ; leaves as long as the culm, and with the sheaths smooth. Muhl. Gram. p. 147. Root perennial. Culm 2 — 3 feet high, smooth, firm. Leaven frequently overtopping the culm, 2 — 3 lines broad, dark green. Stipule short, retuse. Panicle 3 — 4 inches long; spikelets much crowded, 2 lines long, thick and swelling. Calyx un- equal ; margins remarkably scarious. Corolla nearly equal ; the inferior valve boat-shaped, generally very obtuse ; superior valve margined, bifid at the tip. Stamens often 2. {Miih i.) Seed obovate, black, corrugated. JVecturies ovate, bifid. Hab. In deep swamps in the pine-barrens of New- Jersey. In Pennsylvania and New-England. Muhlenberg. August — September. 16. F. canadensis^: panicle large, effuse; branches se- miverticillate, flexuous, at length pendulous ; spikelets ovate, tumid, 6 — 8-flowered ; florets free ; inferior valve somewhat acute, 7-nerved ; superior valve very obtuse ; stamens 2. Briza canadtnsis Mich. Fl. I. p. 71. Muhl. Gram. p. 163. Pursh Fl.\.p,82. N ut t. Gen. \\. Supp. Me- OASTACHTA canadensis Roem. (^ Schult, II. p. 593. Root perennial. Culm 3 — 4 feet high, erect, terete, smooth^ leafy. Leaves often longer than the culm, about 3 lines broad, scabrous and a little glaucous, iiheuths smooth. Stipule ovate^ i-OA* TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA. 113 obtuse, lacerate. Panicle 6—8 inches Ions, at first pyramidal ; branches virgate, at leni^ih much spreading, pendulous at the extremities. S/iikelcts about 2 lines long ; sides very con- vex. Calyx much shorter than the florets, lanceolate, acute, without nerves, scarious on the margin ; interior glume snialler. Interior valve of the corolla ovate, disiincily nerved, naked; margins scarious ; superior valve obovate, ma-'gined, not cili- ate, bifid at the apex. Sramens always 2 ; anthers short, purple. 5^y/e« very short ; s/Z^-was purple. 5ferf oblong, brown. Mab. On the margins of swamps. Near Greenwich, on the Island of New-York. In the cedar swamp near New-Durham, New-Jersey. Phillipstown, in the Highlands of New-York. Dr. BarratC. Williamstown, IVIubsachusetts. Denv e y. In the vicinity of Boston. Bi^elow. Near Philadelphia* jYutiall. July — August. 17. ?. capillaris L. : panicle very large, loose, ex];iand- ing, capillary ; spikelets 3-flowered, ovate, acute ; florets free ; culm branched at the base ; leaves hairy. Sp. pi. 100. Willd. Spec. 1. p. 394. M i c h. Fl. I. p. G7. Parsh Fl. L p. 79. M u h L Gram. p. 144. Elliott Sk, 1. p. 156. Roem. ^ Schult. II. p. 552. Root annual. Cuhn a foot or more in height, a little compressedj cespitose and much branched at the base. Leaves linear, flat, finely nerved. Sheaths with very long hairs on the margin and about the throat. Sti/iule very short, fringed with hairs. Panicle § — 12 inches long, much branched, pyramidal; branches 2 — 3 at each joint, not hairy at the base. S/iikeiets on long capillary peduncles. Glumes unequal, lanceolate, acute, scabrous on the keel. Corolla ovale, acuminate; inferior valve 3-nerved, scabrous on the keel ; superior valve shorter, ciliate on tha margin. Seed short-ovate, obtuse or emarginate. Hab. In sandy fields and on dry rocky hills; not common. August. IG. P. hirsuta M i c h. : culm erect, compressed, simple ; sheaths hairy ; panicle very large, capillary ; branches ex- panding, at lermth reflected, bearded m the axils 5 spiketets oblong, aho.it 5-flowered ; corolla ciliate on the margin. M i c h. FL I. p. 60. Pursh Fl. \. p. 80. M u h l. Gram. 45. Elliott Sk. 1. p. 157. Rocrri. ^- Schult. II. p. 552. Root perennial. Culm a fijot and a half high, straight and erect, thick, cespitose at tlie base ; joints few. Leaves longer than the culm, 2 — 3 lines broad, strongly nerved, with a few long hairs towards the base. Sheaths striate ; the lower ones hairy, bearded at the throat. Panicle a foot long, very much branched;, reflected and divaricate with age ; tlie larger branches swelled at the bas^. S/iikelets purplish; floxets free. Cuhjx acute, fl4 TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA. poav scabrous on the margin. Stamens 3. Seed oblong, red, very small. Hab. In sandy fields. Ncv-Jersey. Pennsylvania. Muhlen- berg. Litchfield, Con:)ecucat. Brace. July — August. Very similar to the preceding species, but easily distin- guished by its firmer culm and the villose axils of the panicle. B. .tpeclabij's^: spikelets linear, 10 — 15-flowered. P. spertibilts P ur s h Fl. \. p. Bl. P. refracta M n h I. p. 146. Elliott Sk. I. p. 62. P. amubilis Walt. Car. p. 80. Meq x'iT ACHY A spertabil IS Roem. <^ Schult, II. p. 589. Culm li.r^er and fii-mer than in the preceding. Sfiikelets hand- somely coloured with purple, sometimes half an inch long. Hab. In sandy fields along the sea-shore of Long-Island ; par- ticularly aburnlaiit near Bath. Jutfust. In dry barren sand- fields. New-York to Carolina. P ursh. This variety ceitainly does not differ from the P. hirsuta of Mic liau x^ except in size, and in having more florets in each spikclet. 19. P. pectmacea M i c h. : culm cespKose, oblique ; leaves hairy at Ihe base ; panicle capillary, expanding, pyramidal, hairy in the axils ; spikelets linear, 5 — 9-flowered ; florets free, acute ; superior valve of the corolla persistent. M i c h. F/. I. p. 69. Pursh Fl. \. i^.B\, Roem. ^ Schult. II. p. 562. P. pilosa Muhh Gram. p. 141. P. tenella Pursh Fl. I. p. 80. Elliott S/c 1. p. 160. Root annual. Cucm from a span to a foot long, geniculate at the base, sometimes decumbent. Leaves 2 — 4 inches long, flat, smooth, except towards the base, 5 -nerved. Sheaths striate, smooth, bearded at the threat. Panicle large, loose ; branches a little flexuous, the lower ones subverticillate. Sfiikelets 2 — 5 lines long. Glumes very unequal, nerveless ; the inferior one minute ; the other scabrous on the back. Corolla smooth, purple, 3-nerved ; superior valve slightly ciliate on the margin under a lens, recurved, persistent, giving the ruchis a pectinate appearance when old. Seed oblong, brown. Hab. In sandy fields; sometimes in wet sandy meadows. On the Isiand of New-York. About Passaic Falls, New-Jersey. In Pennsylvania. Muhlenberg. July — August. This species should be compared with P. /lilosa of Lin- naus, (Eragrostis fiilosa P. de Bcauv. and Roem. tS* Schult. II. p. 575 ) to which it appears to be nearly allied. It also resembles P. tenella Retz. 8c JVilld.j and P. /ilu- viosa Retz., but is probably distinct. 20. P. rcptujis J\l i c h.: dioicons ; culm branched, creep- i^>e;; panicle fas'-ioled ; spikelets linear-lanceolate, 12 — 20- fiO-.vered ; fl >rets acuminate. Mich. Fl. I. p. 69. t. 11. Pnrsh, Fl. I. p. «i. Muhl. Gram. p. 142. Elliott ^A. TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA. 11^ Sk, I. p. 163. Humb. et Bon pi, nov. gm, et spec. I. p. 127. (fide R, ^ S.) P. hypnoides Lam. III.. 1. p. 185. Megastachva reptan-t et hypnoides P. de B ea uv. R o e m, .^ SchulU II. p. 589. Root fibrous, annual ? Culm about a span long, rooting at the joints. Leaves subulate, flat, minutely puliescent on the upper surface. Sheaths open, striate, a little hairy on the margin and at the throat. Panicle an inch or uvo long ; branches nearly simple, short, each terminated by several compressed, pedi- cellate spikelets. Glumes unequal, very acute, carinate, with- out nerves. Corolla very unequal ; the inferior valve with three distinct, green nerves, smooth ; superior valve much shorter than the other, acute, bifid at the apex. Seed ovate, brown. Hab. In shady swamps on the banks of rivers; rare near New- York. On the banks of the Connecticut, near Dcerfield. Mas- sachusetts. Coo ley. Near Hudson, New-York. Abbott, July — August. A very delicate and elegant grass. /S. ccBspitosa*: culm very short, cespitose ; spikelets much crowded, oblong. H.\B. On the banks of the Passaic river, New-Jersey. I have followed Pursh and Humboldt and Bori' ill and in considering Michau x^s plant the same as the P. hyfinoides of Lamar k^ which does not appear to differ essentially ; the P. refitans^ according to Mr. £1 lio t f, some- times bearing as many as 40 florets in a spikelet. 21. P. Eragrostis L. : panicle equal, spreading, the lower branches hairy in the axils ; spikelets linear-lanceolate, 9 — 15-flowered ; florets obtuse; root fibrous. fVilld. Spec, I. p. 392. Schrad. Fl. Germ. I. p. 287. Pursh Fl. I. p. 80. Elliott Sk. I. p. 161. Eragrostis poceoides P, dtBeauv. R o e m. hort bristles; root fibrous. Schrnd. FL Germ. I. p. 228. W i 1 1 d. Spec. I. p. 421. Sm i t h Fl. Brit. I. p. 1 15. En^. Bot. t. 470. P a rsh Fl. I. p. 82. M uhl. Gram. p. 163. Elliott Sk. I. p. 171. Root perennial. Culm a foot or 18 inches high. Leaves nar- row, very acute, somewhat scabrous. Scifiule membranaceous, lacerate. Pa?iicle 3 — 4 inches long; branches geminate. In- ferior glume of the calyx lanceolate, acute; the other broader, 3-nervcd. Corolla unequal; inferior valve produced into a short straight bristle, smooth, or a little pubescent, 3-nerved ; superior valve shorter, acuminate, bifid. Stamens 3 ; anthers yellow. Hap.. In fields and pastures ; rare. June, Introduced from Europe. 4. F. rubra L.? panicle secund, erect, spreading; spike- lets somewhat terete; florets longer than the bristle at their tips ; leaves pubeseent above ; root creeping. JV i 1 1 d. Spec , FESTVCA. TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA. 121 I. p. 420. Mukl.Gram. Tp, 1Q3. R o em. <^ S chit 1 1. U. p. 724. Hooi perennial. Culm a foot and a half high, erect, pubescent? geniculate, red on the lower part. Leaves very lons^;, linear and setaceous, nerved, smooth and glaucous. Scifiule very short. Panicle contracted, erect, or somewhat nodding ; the lower branches in pairs; the upper ones solitary. Spikdet* lanceolate, terete, pedicellate, 4 — 6-flowered. Calyx unequal ; glumes lanceolate, smooth ; one of them 3-nerved. Valves of the coroUq lanceolate ; the inferior one terminated by a long, scabrous, straight bristle. Stamens 3. Mu h L Hab.- Jn dry soils. .Pennsylvania. June, Muhlenberg^ Glumes red after flowering. Of this species I have never seen a North-American speci- men. The description of Muhlenberg applies better to F. glauca than to F. rubral of which, according to H o o k e r^ it is only a variety. F. obtusa Sfireng. Munt. I. p. 34, (ScHENODORUs obtusus R 6 m. (ff. S c hu It. II. p. 710.) appears to be the plant oi Muhlenberg described above. 6. F.elatior L.: panicle spreading, much branched, loose; spikelets ovate-lanceolate, 4— 5-flowered-, florets slightly arm- ed ; leaves flat; root creeping. SchradL Fl. Germ. I. p. 333. Willd. Upec. I. p. 425 .-^ Smith Fl. Brit. ]. p.l24. Eng.Bot.t.]5d3. B ig. Host. p. 25. PurshFL I.p.83. jl/w A/. Gram. p. 164. bcHENODORUS e/arior ^o em. ir Schull. II. p. 699. Root perennial. Culm 3 — 4 feet high, terete, smooth. Leaves a foot or more long, deeply striate, carinate. Sheaths loose. Sti/iule almost wanting. Panicle 6 — 8 inches long, nodding when old ; branches in pairs, scabrous. Calyx unequal; in- ferior glume linear-lanceolate, carinate ; superior glume lan- ceolate^ very scarious on the margin, obscurely 3-nerved. In- ferior valve of the corolla very acute or mucronate, obscurely 5-nerved ; superior valve acute, scabrous on the margin Sta- mens 3 ; anthers large, yellow. Styles very short ; stigmas simply plumose, white. Mcturies ovate, white. Seed obovate. IJab. In wet meadows ; common, June. 6. F. pratensis Huds.: panicle spreading, branched; spikelets linear, many-flowered, acute ; leaves linear ; root fibrous. Schrad. Fl. Germ. I. p. 332. Sm i I h Fl. Brit. I. p. 123. Eng. Bot. t. 1592. Scbenodokvs pratensis P. de Beauv. Roem. ^ Schult. 11. p.'G98. Root perennial. Culm 1 — 2 feet high, erect, terete, smooth. Leaves and sheaths very smooth. Sti/iule obsolete. Panicle 2 — 6 inches long, subsecund ; branches short, nearly simple ; sfiikelets 7 — 8-flowered, terete. Calyx very unequal ; the su- perior glume much larger, scarious on the margin, obscurely nerved. Inferior valve of the corolla more or less acute, (never 16 12J TRIANDRTA. DIGYNIA. pestoca. mucronate,) scarious on the margin, obscurely 5-nerved ; su- perior valve as long as the inferinr, siiglniy bifid at the apex scabrous on the margin. Stamens 3 ; anthers yellow. Stigmas white. Hab. In meadows and fields. June — July. Introduced. Tliis species has been confounded with the preceding by many b tanists; and they do not, indted, appear to differ much. The F. elacior may be distinguished by its more divided panicle and its acute mucronate florets. 7. Ff nutans Willd.i panicle diflHise, at length nod- dins:; branches long, geminate, naked below ; spikelets ovate, 3 _5. flowered ; florets somewhat obtuse, unarmed, nerveless, Wiild. klnuin. k. Berol, I. p. 116, S p r e n s;, Mant F. p. 34. Pursh Fl. 1. p. 84, M u h l. Gram. p. 165. E l- liott Sk. \. p. 172. Roern. ^ He hull. II. p. 275. Root perennial, fibrous. Culm about 3 feet high, erect, simple, terete ; nodes olack. Leaves a fool long, dark green, about 2 lines broad; strongly nerved, somewhat scabrous. Stifiule very short, obtuse. Panicle few -flowered, loose. Sfiikelets situated principally towards the extremity of the angular and very scabrous branches, generally aboqt 3-fluwered, though frequently bearing as many as 5 florets. Glumes lanceolate, acuminate, iiot scarious, scabrous on the keel; superior glurn» 3-nervtd. Corolla coriaceous ; inferior valve ovate-lanceolate, rather obtuse, or abruptly acuminate, naked, very obscurely 5-nerved, margin not scarious ; superior valve lanceolate, as lo'ig as the inferior, strongly margined, bifid at the tip. Sta- mens 3 ; anthers narrow, yellow. Hab. In woods, and in rocky secluded situations; common on tne hills near Hoboken, Sec. June. This species is nearly allied to Poa, but wants the scarious margin to the corolla. 8. F.fascicularis Lam,: culm procumbent, geniculate ; panicle subi^ecuiid ; branchesj straight, spike-like ; spikelets a^>presstd. 8 — lO-flowered ; florets armed ; leaves very long. F. polystachya Mich. Fl. 1. p. 66. W ill d. Ermm. ho Berol. 1. I.. 117. Pursh Fl. J. p. 83„ Elliott Sk. I. p. i09. F. procumbens Muhl. Gram. p. 160. Diplachne fascicular'ts P.de. B tauv. K o e m. (^ S c A w / /. 1 1, p. 6 1 5. Bromus pnte/orm/s Spreng^ Mant. I. p. 34. R. (^ S. II. p. 653, Fest. multijlora Wall. Car. p. 81. Root annual, consisting of fascicles of simple fibres. Culm about a foot long, much branched from the base, with short joints. Leaves much longer than the culm, narrow, subulate towards the extremity, prominently 5-nerved, somewhat scabrous. Sheaths long and loose, compressed, smooth. Stifiule a fifiely laciniated membrane. Panicle erect ; branches expanding, composed of many simple spiked racemes. S/iikelets secund, on short pedunclesj terete when moistened. Glumes linear- FESTuci. TRIANDRTA, DTGYNIA, 123 lanceolate, acuminate, 1 -nerved, scabrous on the keel ; the su- perior one three times as long as the other. Inferior valve of the corolla lanceolate, acuminate, villous on the lower part of the margin, carinate, termiuated by a scabrous bristle as long as the floret; superior valve much shorter, very acute, ciliate on the margin near the base. Stamens 2 ? anthers minute. Styles very short ; stigmas plumose, purple. Seed oval, com- pressed, not sulcate, 2-horned. Sectaries oblong, entire. Hab. In brackish meadows, and in sandy soils near the salt- water. Hackinsack meadows, New- Jersey, At Kingsbridge, on the Island of New-York, and along the sea-coast of Long- Island. August. The F. fiolystachya o{ Michaux is described as being erect, but in every other respect it resembles our plant. I have restored the name of La mark on account of its priority. This species is nearly allied to F.fusca, a native of Palestinp, and with that plant constitutes the genus DiplachneI of £ e auv. 9. F. clandestina Muhl.: panicle partly conrealed in the sheaths; branches solitary, simple; spikeiets 10-flowered, florets awned. Muhl. Gram. p. 162. Culm abowt a span high, smooth. Leaves linear, nerved. Sheath» long. Stifiule acuminate. Spi/celets sessile and pedunculate.'. Calyx lanceolate, acuminate, smooth. Valves of the corolla ' unequal ; the inferior terminated by a short bristle ; the superior smaller, bind. Muhl. Hab. In New-York. Muhlenberg: Resembles F. rfMnw*- cula. -f The specimen of this plant in Muhlenber g*a Herbari- um is very imperfect, and appears to be a species of Bromus. 32. CERATOCHLOA. Be auv. Spikeiets lanceolate, subancipital, many -flowered. Calyx shorter than the imbricated florets. Inferior valve of the corolla compressed, mucronate below the tip; superior valve somewhat conduplicate. Style 2 — 3-parted. P. de Beauv. 1. c. p. 75. t. XV. f. 7. Roem. b" Schult. Gen. 303. Trin. Agrost. 93. Festuc^ sp. JFilldy &c. Panicle simple. C, unioloides P. de B. : panicle noddino;, spreading ; spikeiets oblong-lanceolate, compressed, 6 — 8-flo\vered ; flo- t DiPtACHNE. Cal. 7 — 9 florus, valvule superior apice mucronata. Cor, valvula interior bilacimata, inter lacinias setigera, superior subtruncata, emarginata. JMectaria obtiis t. Stigmata plumosa subaspergilliformia. Se- men baud sulcatum. Panicu/a simplex ramosissima, ramis aiternis filifur- mibus. P. de Jieauv. p. aO. t. XVI. f. 9. 124 TRIANDRIA. DIGYNTA. clratochlgi, rets acuminate, unarmed ; sheaths bearded at the throat, the lower ones hairy; root fibrous. R o e m. <^ Schult. II, p. 596. Festuca unioloides Willd. Enum, h. Berol. L p. 115. Hort. Berol. I. p. 3. t. 3. Pursh Fl. I. p. 84» (No. 4, specitic name omitted) Muhl. Gram, p. 161. El- liott Sk. I. p. 171. Root annual or perennial. Culm a foot and a half high. Leaves linear-lanceolate, pubescent, nerved, Stifiule ovate. Panicle small ; branches in pairs. Sfiikelets oblong-lanceolale ; pedicels han-y Glumes nearly equal, lanceolate, acuminate, striate. Corolla unequal, lanceolate, acuminate, margined. Stamens 3. Mti/il. Hab. In rich bottom lands. Pennsylvania to Carolina. July— August. Pursh. % I tiave never seen a specimen of this plant: by the figure in the Hort. Berol. it resembles a Bromus in habit very much. Allied to Festuca stricta P o i r., of the Island of Bourbon, 33. DIARRHENA. Rafinesgue, Calyx 2-valved, very unequal, 2 — 5-fiowered, rigid ; glumes acuminate, mucronate. Coro//a cartilaginous ; inferior valve entire, broader, cuspidate; superior valve much shorter, en\arginate. Seed coated, as long as the superior valve of the corolla. jYectaries ovate, ciliate, P. de Beauv. t. XXV. f. 2. Roem, h' Schult. Gen. 117. Tr'in. A^rost. 5. Diarina JRaJl in lit. FESTUCiE sp. Alich. Panicle very simple. D. americana P. de B. R o e m. <^ S c hu 1 1, \. ip. 289. D.festucoides R af. in Med, Rep. II. p. 352. (sine descript.) Festuca dian.ira M i c h, Fl. I. p. 67. t. 1 0. Will d. Enum, h. Berol. ].ip.\\Q. JVm//. Gen. I. p. 72. Pursh Fl. I. ^. 83. Root perennial. Culm erect, almost naked, slender, slightly compressed, scabrous on the upper part. Leaves few, nearly radical, broad, flat, and, as well as the s/ieaths, a little pubescent.. panicle racemose ; branches few-flowered, appressed. Sfiike- lets (in my specimens) about 2-flowered ; florets, diverging. Inferior glume lanceolate, carinate, ciliate on the margin, not half the length of the superior glume, which is broader and 5-nerved. Corolla smooth ; inferior valve 3-nerved, prolonged at the tip into a very sharp point ; superior valve impressed on the back and hicarinate ; keels scabrous and green ; margin a little ciliate. Seed oblong-cylindrical, obtuse, not sulcate. JVec- taries very conspicuous, obtuse and ciliate. Statnens 2 — 3. Hab. Oil the banks of the Ohio ; nearly within the limits of this work. R afi n e s q ue. Tiiis remarkable grass, which was referred to Festuca by Michaux^ with a mark of doubt, was first proposed as a IMARRHENA. TRIANDRTA. DIGYNIA- nB- distinct genus by i? a/i n e sgue^ though he never, as far as 1 can learn, defined its characters. It strongly resembles some species of Uniola, particularly U. gracilis^ which species ap- pears to connect it with Ceratochloa. 34. DACTYLIS. L, Spikelets aggregated into a unilateral head, many- flowered. Calyx shorter than the florets ; one of the glumes larger, carinate and pointed. Inferior valve of the corolh carinate, emarginate, nnucronate ; superior valve somewhat conduplicate. *S^. pi. 117. Nutt* Gen. I. p. 73. Ju s s. p. 31. P. cle Beauv. t. XVII. f. 5. JRoem.y Schult. Gen. 321. Trin.Agrost. 94. Orchard-grass. D. glomerata L. : panicle secund, glomerate ; leaves ca- rinate. WiLld. Spec. 1. p. 408. S m i t h Fl. Brit. I. p. 1 U. Eng. Bot. t. 335. P ur sh Fl. I. p. 84. Muhl. Gram. I. p. 36. Elliott Sk. 1. p. 155. Root perennial. Culm 2 — 3 feet high. Leaves broadly-linear, and, as well as the sheaths, rather scabrous. Stipule elongated, lacerate. Panicle contracted both before and after flowering. Sfiikelets in thick ovate clusters on the extremity of each branch. Glumes very unequal; the inferior one narrower; the other lanceolate, strongly ciliate on the keel. Inferior valve of the cor'Ala carinate, ciliate on the keel and margin, scabrous on the sides ; apex produced into a short cusp ; su- perior valve with ciliate margins. Anthers very large, yellow. Hab. Common in fields, meadows, &c. May — June. Natu- ralized : a native of Europe. 35. DANTHONIA. De Cand. Calyx 2 — 5-flowered, longer than the florets ; glumes cuspidate. Corolla bearded at the base ; inferior valve 2- toothed, with a twisted awn between the teeth j su- perior valve obtuse, entire. P. de Beaiiv. 1. c. p. 92. t. XVIII. f. 7. Nutt. Gen. I. p. 71. Roe?n. £>' Schult. Gen. 332. Trin. Agrost. 97. Avenge spp. L.J Mich., &c. Panicle spiked. D. spicata P. de B. : panicle simple, appressed ; spike- lets 7 — 9, about 7-tlowered ; inferior valve of the corolla hairy ; leaves subulate ; lower sheaths hairy at the throat, Roem. ^ Schult. U. p. e90. J^ ut t. Ge7i. ]. c. Avena spicala L. Sp, pi. l\d. Willd. Spec. I. p. 453. P ur s h FL I. p. 86. MuhL Gram, p. 184. 126 TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA. danthonu. Root perennial. Culm somewhat cespitose at the base, a foot and a half or 2 feet higli, slender, erect. Lower leaves numerous, flat or involute, 6 — S inches iontj, hairy on the upper surface ; tliose on the culm much shorter, erect. Sheaths very short. Stifiule almost wanting, ciliate. Panicle about 2 inches long, spiked ; lower branches a little divided. Sfiikelets at first te- rete, but at length spreading. Calyx a third longer than the florets; glumes nearly equal, lanceolate, very smooth, with 5 confluent nerves ; point much attenuated. Inferior valve of the corolla obscurely 7-nerved, clothed with long hairs ; mar- gins produced into 2 subulate teeth; awn about twice the length of the valve, flat, carinate, twisted on the lower part ; superior valve closely appressed, ciliate. Stamens 3 ; anthers yellow. Sti<^mas white. JVectaries oval, obtuse. Seed oblong, compressed, a little corrugate ; apex slightly 2-horned. Hab. In dry open woods and in sandy fields. June — July. The AvENA glumosa of Mi c hau x and Mu hlenber g (D. sericea jYu 1 1.) appears to be only a variety of ^his species. It is chiefly distinguished by its shining, very villous coi-olla, and the long setaceous points of the superior'valve. The genus Danthonia is nearly allied to Trisetum, but differs much in habit. 36. TRISETUM, Per so on. Calyx 3 — 5-flowered, membranaceous, as long as the florets. Inferior valve of the corolla with 2 bristle- form teeth at the tip, awned below the division of the , teeth. Pers. Syn. I. p. 97. Bo em. is" Schult. Gm. 327. P. de Beauv. t. XVIII. f. 1. Aven^ spp. jL., Trin., he. Panicle compound. 1. T. palustre'^: panicle contracted, nodding, somewhat verlicillate ; calyx 2 — 3-flowered ; florets smooth, acuminate j the inferior one awnless; inferior valve of the superior floret bicuspidate, awned below the tip. Avena palmtris M ic h. Fl.\.ip.T2. Pursh Fl.].^.Q6. M uh I. Gram. p. IB6. Roem. ir Schult, II. p. 683. Aik\ pallens M uhl. \. c» p. 84. Spreng. Mant. I. Tp. 33. E I li o 1 1 Sk. l.p. 15]. Roem. ir Schult. II. p. 673. Root perennial. Culm 1 — 2 feet high, erect ; nodes contracted. Leaves flat, 2 — 3 inches long, and, with the sheaths, smooth. Stifiule short, retuse. Panicle with the lower branches in fives. Sfiikelets all on long peduncles, much compressed, generally 2-flowered, with an abortive pedicel. Calyx unequal, acumi- nate and mucronate ; glumes 3-nerved, scabrous on the keel ; the superior one a little longer. Sufierior Jloret on a shoit hairy pedicel ; inferior valve lanceolate, acuminate, terminated by 2 short bristles, a little below which is inserted a twisted .To/Ti the length of the valve ; superior valve half the length o^ ^ ^MSETUM. TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA. 127 f the inferio/, membranaceous, lacerate at the tip. Stamens 3. Scigmas white, plumose. JVectarles lanceolate. Hab. In wet meadows. June — July. This grass is, perhaps, not properly a Trisetum, but it cer- tainly is nearer that genus than to Aira. hi tr,e awn it resem- bles AvENA ; but the corolla having 2 distinct, though short, bristles at me extremity, I have referred it to the genus Tri- SETUM oi Pet soon. 2. T. purpurascens*: panicle very simple, somewhat ra- cemose, few-flowered ; calyx 3-flowered ; glumes very un- equal, entire ; culm and leaves smooth ; stipule very short, truncate. Rooi perennial. Culm about 2 feet high, leafy. Leaves narrow- linear, 4 — 6 inches long, carinate. S.'ieaths smooth. Panicle 4 — 6 inches long, almost* a simple raceme of pedunculate spikelets; lower branches elongated. S/iikelels lanceolate, terete. Calyx of a reddish-purple colour, smooth ; glumes lanceolate ; the inferior one indistinctly 3-nerved ; the other 5-nerved, sometimes lacerate at the tip when old. Inferior valve' of the corolla scabrous, 7-nerved, attenuated and 2-cleft at the extremity ; a%vH bent obliquely ; superior valve slightly cleft, scabrous on the margin. Hab. In mountain-meadows. Williamstown, Massachusetts. Dewey. Near Boston. JBig-eioii?, On the Cattskill moun- tains. jE « r 72. Near Montreal, Canada. Pain e. 37. BROMUS, L, Spikelets oblong, distichous, many-flowered. Calyx shorter than the florets. Inferior valve of the corolla bifid, with a bristle between the teeth, a little below the tip ; superior valve subconduplicate, ciliate. Gen, pi. 120. Nutt. Gen. I. p. 73. Juss. p. 32. Roem. y> Schult. Gen. 325. P, de Beauv. t. XVII. f. 9. Trin, Agrost. 103. Panicle compound, gene- rally loose. Brome-grass. 1. B. secalinus L. ; panicle spreading, a little branched ; spikelets oblong-ovate, compressed; florets about 10, distinct, rather remote, longer than the flcxuous bristles ; leaves some- what hairy. iVilld. Spec. I. p. 428. Smith Fl. Brit. I. p. 125. Eng. Bol.UWll, B i'g. Bost. p. 26. PurshFl. I. p. 85. Elliott Sk. X.^.U'i. M u h l. Gram. ■p. \68. Roem. ^ Schult. II. p. 633. Root annual. Culm 2 — 3 feet high, erect, terete ; nodes swelled and pubescent. Leaves broad-linear, dark green, hairy above. Sheaths smooth. Stipule oblong and retuse. Panicle ovate, about 4 inches long ; branches fasciculate, nearly simple, sea- 128 TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA. brombs. brous and pubescent. Sfiikelets at length a little nodding, thick ; when old, broad and flat by the expanding of the florets. Calyx unequal ; glumes ovaie-lanceolate, acuniinate, mucro- nate; the interior 5 -nerved ; the superior 7-nerved. Interior valve of the corolla ovate, 7-nerved, a little hairy towards the summit; bristle generally a little stiorter than the floret; su- perior valve narrow, very distinctly ciliate on the margin. Sia= mens 3 ; anthers yellow. Styles short ; stigmas plumose. Seed oblong, nearly as long as the corolla. Hab. in cultivated grounds, particularly among grain ; com" mon. June. A very noxious grass to farmers. Called Chess or Cheat. Doubtless introduced from Europe. 2. B. mollis L. : panicle erect, contracted ; spikelets •blong- ovate, somewhat compressed, pubescent ; bristle straight, as long as the corolla ; leaves very softly pubescent. Schrad. Fl. Germ, I. p. 151. Willd. Spec. J. p. 429. Smith Fl. BriU I. p. 1 27. Eng, Bot. t. 1 078. Pursh Fh I. p. 85. Muhl. Cat. p. 12, Roem, <^Schult, II. p. 636. Boot biennial, (annual Mu h I.) Culm about 2 feet high, erectj mostly pubescent. Leaves pale green, and as well as the sheaths covered with a soft down or pubescence. Stifiule very short, obtuse. Panicle 3 — 4 inches long. Spikelets 5 — 10- flowered. Glumes rather acute. Inferior valve of the corolla oblong-lanceolate, with 7 scabrous nerves ; anvn rather straight. Hab. In fields and pastures near New-York. In Pennsylvania and New-York. Muhlenberg. .lune. Naturalized, This species is omitted m M u h I e n b e r g 's Descrifit. Uber. Gram, although it is enumerated in his Catalogue. 3. "Q. purgans L. : panicle nodding; spikelets lanceo- late, terete ; florets hairy ; bristle straight ; leaves smooth , sheaths hairy. Sp. pi. 113. Willd. Enum. h. Berol. I. p. 120. Spec. 1. p. 431. Pursh Fl. 1. p. 85. Muhl. Gram. p. no. E Uiot t Sk. I. i^. 173. Roem. (^' Schul t. II. p. 642. Jioot perennial, fibrous. Culm about 4 feet high> terete, smooth. Leaves broad-linear, smooth and glaucous. Sheaths retrorsely hairy. Stipule pilose. Panicle with the branches scabrous and flexuous. Spikelets 6— S-flowered. Glumes unequal, lancer olate, hairy ; the inferior very acute ; the other terminated by a short point or cusp. Inferior valve of the corolla 3-nerved, villose. Hab. In wet meadows, along rivers. See. ; rare. August. Allied to B. catharticus, a native of Lima, but has narrower spikes. 4. h. ciliatus L. : panicle nodding; spikelets oblong, terete, 8 — 10-flowered; glumes acute, (not mucronate,) cili- ate; corolla hairy, margiij villosely-ciliate ; bristles short. 5B0MUS TRIANDRiA. DIGYNIA. 199 Sp^ pi.) 13. Will d. Spec. I. p. 433 Pursh Fl. L p. 85. Elliott Sk. I. p. 173. Muhl. Gram. p. 169. B. ca- nadensis Mich. FL I. p. Go? Roem. ^ Schult. 11, p. 638. Root perennial. Culm 3 feet high, pnhesrent at the joints, the rest smooth. Leaves lanceolate, pale green, (not glaucous,) hairy on both sides, nervose and carinate ; the upper ones scarcely pubescent *, margins scabrous and ciliate. Stifiule ob- tuse, not hairy, short. Sheaths pubescent backwards, hairy at the throat. Panicle nodding, with 2 bracts at the base ; branches aggregated 2 — 4 together, pubescent and scabrous. Sfiikeiets obiong, terete, acuminate, 5— 13-flowered. Glumes 3-nerved, ciliate, unarmed. Valves of the corolla lanceolate, hairy on every part, ciliate on the margin ; bristle short and straight. Muhl. Hab. On the banks of rivers in Pennsylvania. June. Mu hi en- berg. 5. B. pubeiceris M u h I. : panicle at length nodding ; ipikelets lanceolate, terete ; florets pubescent ; leaves and \6we.v sheaths pubescent. Willd. Ermm.h. Berol. I. p. 120» Muhl. Gram. p. 169. Roem. ^ Schult. II. p. 642. Root perennial. Culm erect, 4 feet high, hairy below; joints black. Leaves lanceolate, smooth beneath, pubescent above. Stifiule very short. Lower sheaths pubescent backwards; upper ones smooth. Branches of the panicle 2 — 5, scabrous. Calyx 8— !2-flowered, acute, sometimes with a short bristle at the tip, smooth or pubescent, 3-nerved. Corolla pubescent on every part; inferior valve 5-nerved. S^^-rf obiong. Muhl. Hab. , In woods. Pennsylvania. June. Mu hlenb er g. The two last species of Bbomus appear to be in much con- fusloti. The B ciliatus lA Muh le nb er g differs from that of Linn te us in having the corolla hairy on every part. L i n^ n .) 40. LOLIUM. L. Spikelets sessile on a rachis, many-flowered. Calyx of one glume. Inferior valve of the corolla herbaceo- membranaceous, mucronate, or with a short bristle at the tip. Geiu pi 126. Nu 1 1. Gen. I. p. 89. Juss. p. 31. Roem.^ Schult. Gen. 346. P. de Beauv. t. XX. f. 3. Tr i ?u Agrost. 67. Spike com- pound. Calyx in the uppermost spikelets 2-valved. Darnel. 1, h. pereyme L. : florets much longer than the calyx, unarmed, linear-oblong, compressed ; root perennial. fVi 1 1 d. f Catabuosa, Cal. 2— 5-florus, flosculis brevior ut et valvula corolliiia inferior subtruncata, eroso-denticulata, superior fere trifida. J\'ectaria Ian- c'eolata. Germen subemarginatum. Stigmata subuspergilliformia. Semen bicorue. Faincula comrosila. P. de ieav.v. .ij^roeS. p. 96. t. XIX, f 8. 134 TRIANDRIA, DIGYNIA. lolium. Spec, I. p. 461. Muhl. Gram. p. 196. Big. Bost. p. 27. Roem. 4r Schult. II. p. 747. lu. vulgar e Smith Fh Brit. I. p. 148. Eng. Bot. t. 315. Root creeping. Culm a foot and a half high, terete, smooth. Leaves broad-linear, smooth and siiining. Stifiule very short, truncate. S/iike about 6 inches long, composed of spikelets arranged on opposite sides of a compressed flexuous rachis. Sf}ikelets 7 — 9-flo\vered. Calyx lanceolate, smooth, nervosa. Inferior valve of the corolla S-nerved, acute. Stamens 3 ; an- thers pale yellow, Hab. In meadows and on road-sides ; common. May—June, Naturalized. Habit of Triticubi refiens^ 2. L. tcmultntum L, : florets shorter than the calyx, as long as the bristle at their extremity ; root annual ; culm sca- brous above. Willd. Spec. 1. p. 462. Smith FL Brit. 1. p. 150. Eng. Bol.i.W-lA, M u h I. Cat. p. \3> Roem. ^ Schult. li. p. 749. Root fibrous. Culm about 2 feet high. Leaves broad-linear, scabrous on the margin. Sheaths smooth. Stifiule very shcjrt, truncate. 5/22^f/f/s much compressed, 5 — 7-flowered. Calyx generally longer than the florets. Inferior valve of the corolla 5 -nerved ; bristle twice tlie length of the valve. Hab. In New-England and Pennsylvania. Julyo Muhlen- berg. 41. ELEUSINE. Gaertner. Spikes digitate, unilateral. Calyx membranaceous, 4 — 6-flowered; glumes obtuse, unequal. Corolla mem- branaceous, unequal, unarmed ; inferior valve carinate, the superior concave on the back. Seed triangular, transversely rugose. Gaert. cie Fruct. et Sem. t. 1. f. 12. Nutt. Gen. 1. p. 75. Roem. £5? Schult. Gen. 298. Lam. 111. t. XLVIII. f. 3. P. de Beauv. t. XV. f. 3. Trin. Agrost. 70. Cynosurus L. E. indica L a m.: spikes straight, erect, in pairs or qua- ternate ; rachis linear ; spikelets lanceolate, about 5-flo\vered ; eulm compressed, declined. Lam. III. I.e. Mich. FL I. p. 64. Will d. Enum. h. Btrol. I. p. 1 13. Pursh FL i. p. 87. Muhl. Gram. p. 13.3. Elliott Sk. 1. p. 175. Roem, M. glabra Walt. Car. p. 77. Root perennial. Culm 3 — 4 feet high. Leaves linear, flat, pu- bescent beneath. Stipule membranaceous, lacerate. Panicle a little secund ; branches few and solitary. Sfiikelets half an inch in length, 3 — 5 on each brancli. Glumes ovate-lanceolate ; the inferior shorter, very snnooth, without nerves. Corolla many-nerved ; the superior valve pubescent on the margin. Abortive fioret on a peclxel, between the other florets, consist- ing of 3 hemispherical valves enveloped one within the other, Hab. On mountains in Pennsylvania. June. Muhlenberg. My specimens are from Noi'th-Carolina. 47. ATHEROPOGON. Muhl. Spikes m a UBilateral raceme. Calyx 2-valved5 membranaceous, 2-flo\vered ; inferior glume setiform. Perfect floret 2-valved ; inferior valve 3-toothed, or 3-bristled ; superior valve bifid. Abortive Jloret pedi- cellate, 2-valved, 3-bristled. Muhl. ap. TV ill d. Spec. IV. p. 937. Nutt. Gen. I. p. 77. Roem. ^ Schult. Gen. 251. Boutelgua La gas. Gen. et Spec. nov. IV. p. S. Actinochloa et Dineb^ spp. P. de Beauv, Tri^ena Humb. & Bonp. EuTRiANA Trin. *^grost. p. 125. A. apludoides Muhl.: spikes racemose, distant, pen- July. Nearly allied to P. latifolium, but differs in being much taller, the joints smooth, and the panicle decompound and smooth. 8. P. macrocarpon* : culm erect, simple ; leaves linear- lanceolate, erect, a httle hairy beneath; joints naked ; sheaths hispid ; panicle rather compound, smooth ; spikelets ovate- globose ; abortive floret neutral. Root perennial. Culm about 3 feet high, straight. Leaves 4 inches long, generally erect, hairy above; the lower ones ciliate on the margin. Sheaths hispid, villous on the margin. Stifiule 0. Panicle with few, spreading, flexuous branches, not much divided. Sfiikelets almost globose, strongly nerved. Inferior glume very broad, carinate. Abortive fiorst with th« superior valve not half the length of the inferior. 11-4 TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA. panicum. Hab. On the banks of the Connecticut River, near Deerfield, Massachusetts. Sent to me by Dr. Co o ley. 9. P. piibescens L a m. : erect, much branched, leafy, softly pubescent ; leaves lanceolate, ciliate ; panicle small, few-flowered, free ; spikelets subglobose-obovate, pubescent. M i c h. FL I. p. 49. L a m. Enc. V. p. 743. Pursh Fl. I. p. 68. Jl/w A/. Gram. p. 116. El li o 1 1 SkA. ^, IIA^ Eoem. ^ Schult. II. p. 446. Root perennial. Culm a foot and a half high, erect, simple and branched ; branches alternate ; nodes retrorsely hairy. Leaves linear-lanceolate, nervose, hairy on every part. Stipule beard- ed, elongated. Sheaths with the hairs pointing downwards. Panicle terminal, distant ; branches horizontal, flexuous, sub- solitary, alternate, hairy, divided. Sfiikelets pyriform, nerved, pubescent. Inferior glume of the ca/i/ar small. Muhl. Hab. In woods and fields. Pennsylvania. June. Muhlen- berg. Among my specimens of Panicum, I find none that will agree very well with the description of Mi c haux^a P. fiu- bescens. The plant described under this name in the Descrifi. Ubcr. Gram, differs in some respects, though not sufficiently to form a distinct species. It is not uncommon along borders of woods in the vicinity of New-York. 10. P. involutum*: culm cespitose, simple, or a little branched at the base ; leaves erect, somewhat rigid, very narrow, at length involute ; panicle simple, few-flowered ; florets acuminate ; superior valve of the neutral floret very small. Root perennial. Culm about a foot high. Leaves shorter than the culm, a little hairy. Panicle terminal, (rarely also lateral at the base of the culm), consisting of a few flexuous branches, bearing from 10 to 20 sfiikelets as large as those of P. latifoli- nm. Inferior glume spreading, rather large, acuminate. Su- perior valve of the abortive Jloret membranaceous, entire, half the length of the inferior valve. Hab. Near Deerfield, Massachusetts. Co oley. 1 1 . P. depauptratum M uh I. : culm cespitose, hairy at the joints ; leaves linear-lanceolate, smooth or hairy ; sheaths pubescent •, panicle few-flowered ; branches in pairs, one of them 2-flowered, the other 1 -flowered. Muhl, Gram, p. 112. Root perennial. Culm about a foot high. Lower leaves short ; upper ones elongated. Panicle terminal, erect ; branches tor- tuous. Inferior glume appressed, 3-nerved, short, obtuse ; the superior acute, lanceolate, nervose, smooth. Perfect jioret white, obtuse, a little shorter than the calyx. Stamens 3 j an- thers dark purple. Mu h I. 1. e. PANicuM. TRlANDtllA. DIGYNIA. 145 Hab. In barren sandy soils near New-York, and in New-Jersey. May — June. The specific character given above, of this species, is drawn from the detailed description of Mu hlen b erg^ as I am un- certain whether the plant I consider as the P. depauperatum^ is the same as his. It is not a very distinct species. 12. P. dicholomum L. : culm much branched and dicho- tomous above; branches fasciculate; leaves very numerous, lanceolate, smooth ; panicle simple, capillary, lax ; abortive floret neutral ; superior valve minute, bifid. Willd. Spec. I. p. 346. Pursh Fl.L ip. 361. E Hi o 1 1 Sk. ]. p. Ui, Muhl. Gram, p. IIZ. R o em. i.- S c hu 1 1, U. p. 430. P. paniculis simplicibus, culmo ramoso dichotomo Gron. Firg. 133. Root perennial. Culm erect, (procumbent E I /.), from 8 inches to a foot or more in height, with numerous crowded branches ; joints hairy. Leaves spreading, about an inch long, and a line and a half broad, bright green and membranaceous, a little cordate and ciliate with long hair* at the base. Sheaths distinctly ciliate on the margin, almost villous at the throat. Panicles lateral and terminal; branches nearly simple and much spread- ing. iS/i/X-e/e^s minute, ovate, obtuse, smooth, luhv'xov glume short, obtuse ; the other nerved, acute. Abortive Jloret 2-valved ; the superior glume minute and membranaceous, a little cleft at the point. Fertile Jloret the length of the calyx, shining, rather obtuse. Stamens 3. Stigmas purple. Hab. In dry woods ; common. July — September. a. curvatum : culm very tall, rather rigid ; branches few and a little curved. ^.fasciculatum : culm low, erect or decumbent ; branches and leaves densely fascicirlate ; panicles very small, concealed among the leaves. y. gracile : culm tall, slender ; leaves membranaceous. Hab. a. in moist meadows among shrubbery. 0. in sandy fields, New- Jersey, y. common in swamps, New-York. 13. P. nitidum Lam.: culm slender, simple, erect, smooth; sheaths bearded at the throat; leaves very few, re- mote, broad-hnear ; panicle capillary, rather crowded, com- pound, smooth ; spikelets minute, obtuse, ovate, slightly pubes- cent ; inferior glume very small. Lam. III. 899. Eiic. Meth. IV. p. 749. Mich. Fl. I. p. 49. PurshFl. I. p. 67. Roem. ^- Schult.W.p. 446. Root perennial, fibrou?. Culm 1 8 inches or 2 feet high, generally simple, or with a few short, erect, axillary branches -above, slender, and often reclining on other plants ; nodes sun'ounded T9 146 TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA. panicum. by a villous ring. Leaves few, lanceolate-linear, about 3 inches long, and 2-3 lines broad, smooth, (the lower ones .often pu- bescent, membranaceous and a little shining, acute, ciliate at the base. Sheaths half the length of the joints, smooth, ex- cept along the margin, which is villous. Stifiule 0. Panicle exsert, compound. Sfiikrleis rather numerous, at the extremi- ties of the almost verticillate branches, oblong, nearly smooth, obtuse. Inievxov ghime very minute, scarious on the margin, obtuse; superior glume obscurely 5-nerved,subcarinate. Abor- tive floret 2-valved, neutral; superior valve less than half the length of the inferior, bifid. Corolla of the fertile floret shining, as long as the calyx. Stamens 3. Stigmas 2, purple. Hab. In meadows and woods. June — July. Of this grass there are many varieties, the principal of which are the following : — a. aliatum : culm hairy ; leaves linear-lanceolate, (the lower ones broader,) sparingly hirsute, ciliate on the margin j panicle with the branches and flowers pubescent. /8. ramulosum ; culm more branched ; panicle contract- ed, branches smooth. y. graciie : culm very slender, smooth ; leaves very narrow, and with the sheaths smooth ; panicle nearly simple ; few-How ered, smooth ; superior valve of the abortive floret minute, entire ? J. pilosum : culm simple, very hairy ; lower leaves ap- proj:imate and broad, lanceolate ; upper ones Iin*ear, rather rigid, somewhat hairy on the upper surface, ciliate at the base ; sheaths villose and minutely papillose ; panicle subcontracted ; branches virgate, and with the flowers, pubescent. E, glabrum : smooth on every part except the base of the leaves, nearly simple ; lower leaves short, approximate, sub- cartilaginous ; panicle branched, almost verticillate, spikelets large '; superior valve of the abortive floret entire. P. niiidum Schw einit z, i. harbatum : culm simple, smooth j nodes hairy ; leaves* linear-lanceolate ; sheaths smooth, except on the margin ; panicle subsimple, smooth ; flowers minutely pubescent. P. discolor M u h L Gram. p. 114. S pr en g. Mant. I. p. 31 . Roem. ^ Schtilt. U. ^. All. Hab. «. in the pine-barrens of New- Jersey, and on the Islanu of New-York. A foot and a half high /3. near Quaker-bridge New-Jeisey. June. Two feet high. y. near Niw-York. About a foot high. )•. in dry woods, &c. New-York. e. in meadows; common. ^. in woods and meadows. June A foot high. 14. P. agrostoides MuhL: culm compressed, smooth pANicuM. TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA. 147 erect; leaves very long ; panicles lateral and terminal, py- ramidal, spreading; branches racemiferous ; spikelets appress- ed ; abortive floret neutral, valves nearly equal. M it h l. Gram. p. 119. Sp r e n g. pug. 11. p. 4. R o cm. ^ Schult. II .p. 456. Pe agrostidiforme Lam. fit. 805. Enc. Meth. IV. p. 748. (fide R. <$r S.) P. elongaiwn Pursh Fl. \. p. 69. Ro em. ^ S chult. \], p. 452. nee P o-ir. Enc. Supp. IV. p. 278. R«o( perennial, creeping? Cuim 2-5 feet high, smooth at the joints. Leaves forming a large tuft about the root, varying in length, linear and smooth; those on the culm about a- foot Img andnearly 2 lines broad. 5.^eccA shorter than the joibts. Sri/mle very short, obliquely truncate. Panicles lateral and terminal, generally dark purple ; the lateral ones on long compressed peduncles proceeding from the sheaths of the leaves; branches slightly flexuous and at length horizontal. S/iikelets sub- secund, crowded, on short peduncles, smooth, acute. Inferior glume half the length of the superior, very acute, carinate ; superior valve longer than the abortive floret, marked with 5 prominent nerves. Abortive floret 2-valved ; superior valve subherbaceous, acute, 1 -nerved. Perfect Jloret nearly a third shorter than the other, smooth and shining. Hab. In wet meadows; common near New-York. July— Sep- tember. 15. P. virgaium L,: whole plant very smooth ; panicle diffuse, very large; flowers acuminate; valves of th'- abortive floret nearly equal. Sp.pl 87. Willd, Spec. I.. p. 353. M i c h. FL I. p. 48. M u h L Gram. p. r20. Elliott Sic. I. p. 120. Ro em. ^' S chult. II. p. 443. Gron.Virg. 153. Root perennial. Culm 3-4 feet high. Leaves very long, flat. Panicle virgate, at length spreading. Spikelets large ; florets a little diverging, c/umes acuminate; the inferior two-thirds the length of the superior, and resembling it in structure. Abortive Jloret antheriferous, with the superior valve subher- baceous and very distinct, envelloping the stamens. Perfect floret smooth. Nectaries very short, lacerate. Hab. Along the margin of salt water, but not confined to such a situation. July— August. Allied to P. coloratum. 16. P. anceps Mi c h. : culm compressed ; sheaths anci- pitous, pilose ; panicle with nearly simple branches ; spikelets subracemose, much acuminate; abortive floret neutral ; supe- rior valve bifid. Mich. Fl.].Tp. A8. Piirsh Fl.].ip.69. Elliott Sk. I. p. 118. Rotm. S^ S chult. II. p. 444. P. rostralum Muhl. Gram. p. 121. Willd. Euum. h. Berol. II. p. 1032. P. pennsylvanicitm S'preng. Root perennial. . Cuim 3 feet high. Leaves very lohg. Panicle 148 TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA. panicum. pyramidal, often subsecund ; spikelets appressed to the bran- ches. Abortive Jloret 2-valved ; inferior valve and the glumes so much acuminate as to appear rostrate. Hab. Iti fields. Pennsylvania. July — August. Muhlen ber g. My specimens are from the Southern States. 17. P. rectum R. fy S. : panicle solitary, shorter than the terminal leaf ; branches simple, flexuous ; spikelets alternate, peduncled, obevate, turgid ; glumes striate, acute ; leaves linear straight, tapering to a sharp point, striate and scabrous above, hairy beneath; sheaths with .very long hairs. Roem. ^ Schul L II. p. 457. P. strictum RuJish FL I. p. 69. Hab. On the banks of the Delaware, Pennsylvania. July. Purs/i. ■ With this species I am unacquainted. The name has been changed by R. ^ 5. because R. Brown had previously described a P. s trie t uth irom -New Hollaiid. 18. P. verrucosum Muhl. : culm slender, decumbent and geniculate, branched below, and with the leaves smooth; panicle much spreading, few-flovvcred ;,. flowers vertucose ; abortive floret 1-valved. Muhl. Gram. p. il3. P. debile Elliott Sk, I. p. 129. ' ••■ Root perennial, fibrous. *Cu/?n about a foQt and a half long, very slender, much branched from the base ; -nodes smooth. Leaves linear, bright green, about 3 inches. long, spreading. Sheaths much shorter than the joints, smooth. Panicles lateral and terminal, loose, capillary ; branches a little flexuous, 2-floWered at the extremities. 5/zfXre^e^s appressedj ovate. Inferior ^-/wme very short, rather acute; superior glume roughened by little warts, not " pubescent, dark green, jiborlive jloret neuter, resembling the superior glume. Perfect Jloref^ finely striate, opake. Stamens 3. Styles ''i: ., . •..■■.■..■ Hab. In swamps among shrubbery. Comrotton, about Islip, Long-Island. Near Long-branch, New-Jersey Cooler. August. A remarkable species, and easily distinguished by its verru- cose flowers. It is allied to P. ramulosutn oi jyli.c'/iauxj but distinct. ' •.' ' 1 9. proliferum L a m. : culm assurgent geniculette at base, very smooth; panicles terminal and axillary, smooth.; spikelets ^racemose; abortive floret 1-valved. Lam. Enc. IV. p. 747. ' Pursh Fl. l.p. 68. Ro_em:^ Schnlt. 11. p. 431. P. dichotomijlorum M i c h. FL I. p. 48. P..genicuititum Muhl. Gram. p. 123. E I li o 1 1 Sk. I. ip. 117.- P. miliaceum Walt. Car. p. 72. Root annual. Whole plant very smooth. -.Culm 2-4 feet long, thick and succulent. Leaves a foot or more long, and about half an inch broad, flat. Sheaths swelling, hairy at the throat. Panicles large and pyramidal ; branches straight, scabrous. PANicuM. TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA. 149 Inferior 5"/M7Me very broad, amplexicaul, rather obtuse ; supe- rior j2;lume acute, 7-nerved. Abortive Jloret without any traces of a superior valve. Perfect floret shorter than the calyx, acute, smooth. Anthers orange. JVectaries oblong;, entire. Hab. In wet meadows, particularly those which are a little brackish. September. 20. P. capillare L.: culm nearly simple sheaths very hairy ; panicle large, capillary expanding, loose ; spikelet^ on long peduncles, acuminate, smooth; abortive floret 1-valved. Syst. veg. 1 06., Wijl d. Spec. I. p. 349. • M ich. Fl. 1. p. 47.. L a ih.- III.. 007. 'Big. BosLi^. 19. PnrshFl. I. p. 67, 'Muiil: Gram. p. 124. J¥ aPU Car. p» 72. P. strigo- su^ Elliott Sk.\.^.\-26? , p;- ^Jibot annual. Cultn erect, 1^2 feet high, sometimes branched at " *, the basel ■ Leaves 4-6 inches long, 2.-4 lines broad, hairy. Sheaths covered with hispid hairs. 'Panicle large and pyra- midal ; branches straight;, refiexed whtft, cid. Sfiikelets^zviiG: Glumes acuminate purple ; the Inlerlor carinate. Abortive floret witho;it a superior valve. PerfiC floret much, shorter than^the calyx, ovatcj smooth and shiniiJg. Hab'. In cuUivated grouijds ; along road sides, &;c.. August— .September. ' • ' ■ ^ • ..^•*^. ■*^>' ,./?. syhaficum^^ cylmbraniihed/at. the bdSe, very slen- •^erj leaves linear. ■ :-.'"{ ^ - • • ':^AB. In dty woods near New-YoriC. August. ' »;,• 21,, P. longifolium* ; whole plant very srnobth ; culm • compressed, ergcf, ^innple, slender; leaves very long and nar- j-ow; panicle; simple, elongated, racemose; spikelets acumi- nate; abortive floret^ neuter 2-valved. ' '■ , fieot perennial. iCulm about 2 feet higli, with' short branches at the base. Leaves a foot or more in length, very narrow, and at length involute. Sheaths clasping, somewhat, hairy at the ^throat. Pcnie/e" with few appressed branches. Inferior ^Zwrn^ "^acuminat^, half the length of the superior, which is obscurely 3-nerved. Abortive floret 2-valved ; superior valve shorffer than the inferior, lanceolate, acuminate, sjibciliate. on the inargin; inferior valve 5 -nerved, smooth.- Perfect floret much . shorter than /he calyx. ' ; • - * Hab/ In the pine barrens of New^Jersey. September — Octo- ■ ber.-, For spcjtimens of. this very di^ant species of panicum, I am indebted to Mr.~ Jdrhes Goldy, a Scotch botanist who visited this country in/1 8.1.9. y 49. HIEROCHLOA. Gmelin. 'Pfl/^.2-valved, 3-flowered; glumes scarious. Lat- i 150 TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA. hierochloa. eral Jlorets antheriferous, triandrous. Central Jloret perfect, diandrous (rarely triandrous) Gmel. FL Sib. I. p. 100. R. Brown Prod, I. p. 209. P. de Beauv. Agrost. t. XII. f. 5. Roem. ^ Schult, Gen. 284. Triyi. Agrost. 66. Torresia i?MZ2r. £s? Pav. et P. de B. Holci spp. L, &c. Flowers in ovale, contracted panicles. 1. H. borealis R. ^ S. : panicle subsecund, a little spreading ; peduncles smooth ; florets unarnncd ; inferior valve of the corolla cihate on the margin; root creeping. Roem* <^ Schult, IL p. 6 i 3. Hook. FL Scot. p. 28. H. repens P. de B e auv. HoLCUS borealis S c hr a d. FL Germ. I. p. 252, H. ordoratus L. fV ill d. Spec. IV. 935. Mich. FL I. p. 56. Big. Bost. p. 245. U.fragrans fVilld. 1. c. p. 930. P ursh FL I. p. 78. Hierochloa fragrans R, ^ S. II. p. 514. Root perennial, creeping extensively. Culm a foot and a half higli, erect, simple. Leaves smooth and shining ; the radical ones very long ; those on the culm short, lanceolate, mncmnate. Stifiule membranaceous, lanceolate. Panicle few-flowered, 2-3 inches long, pyramidal, spreading when the flowers are ripe; primary branches single or in pairs ; brancblets flexuous. ^ Sfiikelets very hroad, somewhat cordate, tumid, yellowish brown and purple. Calyx generally a little lunger than the florets; glunries ovate, acuminate, smooth, 3-nerved, purplish towards the base ; the superior one longer. Inferior valve of the anMerf/>rows^o?T^ ovate-oblong, hairy, very villous on the margin, 5-nerved ; the middle nerve produced into a point or short bristle, apex eroded ; superior valve a little longer, lan- ceolate, bifid at the tip. Perfect Jloret resembling the lateral ones in texture; inferior valve oblong, 5-nerved, sides and margin smooth, apex villous ; superior valve as long as the inferior, lanceolate, scabrous on the keel. Hab. In bog-meadows; plentiful near Hackensack, Newark, Sec. New-Jersey. On the island of New-York. May. A handsome grass, with a very agreeable odour, resembling that of Anthoxanthum odoratum. It is generally called Seneca grass. After a careful comparison of the North- American plant with specimens of H. borealis from Norway and Germany, I cannot discover any characters that will dis- tinguish them. 2. H. alpina R. ^ S. : panicle ovate, contracted; spike- Jets compressed, longer than the branches ; glumes lanceolate, almost nerveless ; lateral florets triandrous ; one of them v^^ith an awn about as long as the valves ; sides almost smooth; mar- gins ciliate. R em. ir S c'hu 1 1. I. p. 515. Holcus a/;?z- nus Wahl. FL L'tpp. p. 3 1 . t. 2. II. moniicola Big do lu. HiEROCHLOA. TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA. 151 Rooi perennial. Culm about a span high, erect, smooth, firm. Leaves linear-lanceolate, smooth, acute. Sheaths longer than the joints, a little swelling. Panicle about 2 inches long, branches in pairs, thick, smooth, each bearing 2 or 3 spikelets, which are twice the size of those of H. borealis, not tumid, shining and coloured with purple. Calyx with very obscure lateral nerves, semitransparent, rather obtuse. Antheriferous florets slightly hairy under a lens, lacir.iated at the apex; superior valve folded within the inferior, linear-lanceolate, 2-nerved, bifid, with the segments hairy, Awn of the lower floret one third the length of the valves; in the superior one longer than the valves, straight and scabrous. Anthers linear. Nectaries minute, laciniate. Perfect floret with nearly equal valves ; the inferior hairy towards the extremity, which is entire and mucronate ; superior valve lanceolate, entire. Stajntns — Styles filiform, as long as the plumose stigmas, ^ftctaries lanceolate, laciniate. Hab. On the summit of the White Hills of New-Hampshire, 7000 feet above the level of the ocean. June. Big e low. This interesting grass, a native of the most northern parts of Europe, has hitherto been found in ibis country, only in the loca- lity above given, where it was discovered by Prof. Bigelow and Mr. Francis Booth. To the former of these gentlemen I am indebted for the specimens from which my description was drawn. It appears to differ a little from the H. alpin'us of Wahlenberg, particularly in the lateral florets being triandrous, (not diandroiis.) 50. HOLCUS. L. Calyx 2-flowerecl; glumes membranaceous, some- what boat-shaped, mucronate. Florets polygamous; the inferior sessile, perfect, unarmed; superior floret antheriferous, or neuter, pedicellate, awned on the back, near the middle. Gen.pl. 1565. Nutt. Gen. I. p. 63. P. de Beauv. t. XVII. f. 10. Roem. ^ ■ Schult. Gen. 3-26. Trin. Agrost. 128. Flowers in contracted panicles. Soft grass. H. lanatus L. : panicle equal ; florets shorter tlian the calyx, the superior with a recurved awn ; root fibrous. , »^n/ J. Spec, IV. p. 933. M u hi. Gram. ^,11 A, Pursh Fl. I. p. 78. Moot perennial. Culm a foot and a half high, and with the leaves, covered with a soft hoary pubescence. Leaves flat, broad- linear, acuminate. Stipule short, truncate. Panicle oblong, contracted, partly concealed at the base by the sheath from which it proceeds. Flowers of a whitish appearance. Glumes 152 TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA. holcos. hairy and ciliate ; the superior narrower and shorter than the inferior, 3-nerved. Valves of the perfect floret nearly equal, smooth ; the inferior one broader. Antheriftrous floret with the superior valve shorter ; the inferior armed on the back about a third of the way down. Hab. In wet meadows. June. Doubtless introduced from Europe. 51. SETARIA P. deBeauv, Spikelets surrounded by an involucrum of 2 or more bristles. Calijx 2-flo wered ; glumes unequal , herbace- ous. Inferior floret abortive, 1-2-valved herbaceous. Superior floret perfect, glumes cartilaginous. P. de Beanv. Agrost. p. 51. t. XIII. f. 3. Roem. ^ Sc/iult. Gen. 212. Tr in. Agrost. U^. Penni- SETUM Nutt. Gen. I. p. 54._ Panic i spp. L. In- floresence a compound cylindrical spike. 1 . S. viridis P. de B. : spike cylindrical ; involucrum of 4-10 fasciculate bristles, scabrous upward; spikelets gemi- nate : perfect floret smooth ; sheaths pubescent. Roem. 4^ Schult. II. p. 488. Panicum vinde L. Willd. Spec, 1. p. 335. Pursh FL\.p.G6. M u h I. Gram. ip. 102. Root annual. Culm a foot and a half or two feet high, simple. JLcat'cs flat, smooth. i?ac/ijs sulcate below the spike. Bristles of the invotucrujn longer than the flowers. Inferior glume 3- nerved ; superior 5-nerved, smooth. Abortive floret 2-valved, neuter; superior valve very minute, bifid. Valves of the perfect floret puncticulate, not rugose. Hab. In cultivated grounds ; rare. July— August. Introduced from Europe, as are all the following. Wild Timothy. Bottle Grass. 2. S. glauca P de B. : spike cylindrical ; involucrum of many fascicled bristles, scabrous upward ; perfect floret transversely rugose. R o em. ^r S c hult.W.^. 490. Pani- cum glaucum. L. Willd. Spec. 1. p. 335. Mich. Fl, L p. 4G. Big. Post. ^. \^. Pursh FL].T^.66. Elliott Sk. I. p. 112. MuhL Gram. p. 100. P. alopecuroideum Walt. Car. p. 72. Root annual. Culm about 2 feet high. Leaves somewhat hairy. Spike 3-4 inches long. Involucrum of from 6 to 10 scabrous bristles, much longer than the spikelets, becoming yellowish when old. Abortive floret 2-valved ; superior valve very mi- nute, bifid. Valves of the perfect floret crossed by undulate wrinkles. Hab. In fields and cultivated grounds. July— August. Intro- duced. JBottle Grass. SETARiA. TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA. 153 0. purpurascens : sheaths hairy ; gUimcs and bristles of the involucrum hairy. Elliott SL 1. p, 113. sub Panicum. Panicum No. 4. (anoiiymos.) M u h I. Gram. \). 10\. Set. purpurascens H umb. ^ B o np. et R o e m,
  • ' S c hul t. JI. p. 49J. Hab. In Pennsylvania. Mu hie nb erg. '" 3. S. verticillata P. de B. : spike subverticillate ; bristles of the involucrum 2, retrorsely scabrous ; spikelets sohtary ; corolla of the perfect floret nearly snDoolh. R o e m. ^ Schult. II. p. 488. Panicum verticillatum L. W ill d. Spec. I. p. 334, M u h I. Gram. p. 402. Pursh Fl. I. p. 66. Big. Bost. p. 18. Hoot annual. Culm a foot and a half high, and with the sheaths. smooth. S/iifce (or rather spiked panicle,) about two inches long, erect; rachis triquetrous, hispid. 5/2 j^e/e?s clustered on short divided branches. Bristles of the involucrum generally purple, about twice the length of the flowers. Calyx smooth ; inferior glume ovate, obtuse. Abortive floret neuter ; superior valve distinct, entire. Hab. In sandy cultivated grounds ; rare. Introduced. Near Boston. Bigelow. Litchfield, Connecticut. Brace. In Pennsylvania. Muhlenberg. July. 4. S. italica P. de B.: spike compound, interrupted at the base, nodding ; spikelets conglomerate ; involucrum many times longer than the flovsrers ; rachis tomentose. R o e m. ^ Schult. II. p. 493. Panicum italicum L, Willd. Spec, I. p. 336. Muhl.Gram.}^.\03. E I Hot t Sk. \. p. 113. Walt. Car. p. 72. Boot annual, (perennial. E 1 1.) Culm about 4 feet high, erect> somewhat compressed. Leaves 1 — 2 feet long, about an inch broad, scabrous above. Sheaths a little scabrous, hairy at the throat. Panicle 6 — 8 inches long, with the fasciculi of flowers at the base a little remote. Involucrum of 2 bristles 4 — 6 times longer than the flowers. Glumes unequal, the inferior ovate, very acute ; superior 5-nerved. Abortive floret 1-valved, as long as the calyx. Perfect floret ovate, obtuse, smooth. Hab. Along ditches near Hoboken, New-Jersey. July— Au- gust. 52. DIGTTARIA. Halltr. Spikes linear, unilateral, generally digitate or fascicu- late. Spikelets in pairs on short bifid pedicels. Calt/x 1 — 2-valved, 2-flowered; inferior glume often inconspi- cuous, hiferior Jioret abortive, 1-valved, herbaceous. Superior Jioret perfect; valves coriaceous. P, de Beaiiv. Agrost. p. 50. t. X. f. 12. Pers. Syn. I. 20 f54 TRfANDRIA. DIGYiMA. dioitaria, p. 84. JVutt. Gen. I. p. 58. Juss.ip.29. Roem. ^ Schitlt. Gen. 266. Vanici spp. L. Trin. &c. Syi^thekisma Walt. Car. p. 76. Crab-grass, Crop-grass^ 1. D. sangninalis S c op. : spikes- namerous, fasciculate, a little spreading ; leaves and sheaths somewhat hairy ; spike- lets oblong ; florets pubescent on the margin. P er s. Syn. I, p. 84. Mich. Fl.l.'p. 45, Pursh FL\.Tp.e9. Muhl. Gram. I. p. 120. Elliott Sk. I. p. 121. Panicum san- guinale L. Will d. Spec. I. p. 342. Eng. Bot. t. 849. B i g. Bost. p. 19. Syntherisma joraecox W alt. Car. p. 76. Root annual. Culm 1 — 2 feet long, decumbent or assurgent, root- ing at the lower joints. Leaves hairy, often undulate on the margin. Sfiikes 4—6, rarely more. Rachis flexuous. Sfiikelett- in pairs, arrariged in two rows, on short peduncles, closely ap- pressed to the rachis J inferior fioret almost sessile. Inferior glume almost wanting; superior glume lanceolate, acute,^ scarcely half the length of the flowers. Abortive floret without any traces of a superior valve; margin distinctly hairy. Per- fect floret smooth. Hab. In cultivated grounds, sandy fields &c, ; very common. August — October. Crab-grass. 2. D. glabra R. ^r S. : spikes digitate, subalternate. (3 — 4.) spreading ; leaves and sheaths smooth ; spikelets ovate, crovird- ed ; calyx equal to the abortive floret, both hairy. Ro em, ^ Schult. II. p. 471. D. humifusa Pers. Syn. I. p. 45. D. Ischaemum Schreb. Muhl. Gram. p. 121. D. pas- paloiUs M I c h. PL 1. p. 46. Pursh FL 1. p. 70. R. ^ S, 11, p. 472. Panicum glahrum Gaud. Root annual. Culm generally decumbent, rarely rooting at the joints, about a foot long; joints smooth. Leaves short, flat, sometimes with a few scattered hairs on the upper surface. Spikes seldom more than 3, about two inches long, much spreading. Calyx of oha glume, (inferior glume wholly want- ing,) villose. Valve of the abortive floret 5 -nerved, hairy, but less so than the calyx. Perfect floret acute, smooth, finely striate. Hab. In sandy fields; common near New-York. In Penn- sylvania. Muhlenberg. August*— September. This species very much resembles the precediug, but is easily distinguished by the characters given al>ove. I have com- pared the^ North-American plant with specimens from Swe- den and Germany, and find them to agree in every respect. Mr. Elliot t refers the D. fiasfialodes of Mic/iauxj to his Milium fiasfialodes, which is the M. distichum of Mu hie n be rg. i DiGiTARiA. TRIANDRiA. DIGYNIA. 155 3. D. serotina Mich. : decumbent ; leaves and sheaths very pubescent; spikes numerous, setaceous; spikelets all pedicellate ; inferior glume very minute. M i c h. Fl. I. p. 46. Pursh Fl. 1.70. Muhl. Gram. p. 130. T>. vi/losa Elliot t Sk. I. p. 132. Syhtherisma serothia Wait. Car, p. 77. Paspalus serotinus F lug g.? Re em* 4^ S chult, II. p. 305. Root perennial, creeping. Cubn 12 — 13 inches long, terete, hairy at the joints, covering with a thick carpet the ground which it occupies. Leaves linear- lanceolate, thin, and, with the sheaths, very villous. Spikes 2 — 3 inches long. Interior ^/z^we" scarcely one fourth the size of the superior, hairy along the margin. Elliott. Hab. In New-Yoi4i. Muhlenberg. + 4. D.Jiiifomiis Ell.: culm erect, filiform^ Jeaves soine- what glabrous ; spikes 2 — 4, filiform erect; spikelets in threes, all pedicellate ; calyx 1-valved, as long as the abortive floret, p-ubescent. Elliott Sk. 1. p. 132. MuhL Grnnu p. 131. D.pilosa M i c h. FL I. p. 45 ? Pu rsh Fl. 1. p. 69. PANicvyi Jlliforme L. iV i 1 1 d. Spec. L p. 360. Paspalus JUiformis Flugg. Roem. <^ S chult, J J. p. 304. Hoot annual. Cuhn erect, simple, a foot ov 18 inches high ; joints smooth. Leaves short, narrow-lanceolate, smooth beneath, a little hairy above. Lower sheaths hairy. Spikes generally 2, rarely 3 or 4 ; rachis flexuous and very narrow. Pedicel bearing 2 or 3 spikelets, divided to the base. Glume acute, 3-nerved. Abortive f-oret, l-valved, 5-nerved, as long as the perfect jioret, which is smooth and finely striate. Has. In dry gravelly soils, and in sandy woods. August. It frequently occurs only with a single spike. 53. ANDROPOGON. L. Flowers spiked. Spikelets in paii^, polygamous; the inferior one abortive ^ (antheriferous or neuter,) on a bearded pedicel; glumes and corolla frequently very- minute or wanting. Superior spikelet sessile, 1-flovver- Qd^ perfect; glumes subcoriaceous; corolla 2-valved, shorter than the calyx, membranaceous; the inferior valve generally awned. Gen.pl. 1566. JVutt. Gen. I. p. 160. Juss. p. 30. Roem.^ S chult. Gen. 379. P. de Beauv. t. XXIII. f. 24 Trin. Agrost. 159. Anatherum, and Cymbopogon P. de B. Pol LIN I A Sprengel. Beard-grass. 156 TKIANDRIA. DIGYNIA. andropocjon. 1. A. scopariwn M i c h. : spikes simple, lateral and ter- minal, pedunculate, in pairs ; rachis hairy ; abortive floret neu- tral; valves awued. M i c h. Fl. I. p. 57. P urs h FL I. p. 74. Elliott Sk. 1. p. 146. A. purpurascens J\I iih I. Gram. p. 282. fVilld. Spec. IV. p. 913. Pollinia scoparia Spreng. pug. 11. p. 13. R o e m. i^ S c hull. II. p. 832. Root perennial. Culm about 3 feet high, erect, with lateral scattered branches the whole length. Leaves linear, flat, a little hairy, and somewhat glaucous. Lower sheaths hairy. Sfiikes 2 or 3 proceeding from each sheath, simple, consisting ofaflexuous, articulate, compressed racA/«,on which the flowers are arranged in a distichous manner. Spikelets alternate ; abortive one terminating a compressed villous pedicel. Calyx unequal, scabrous on the keel ; inferior glume distinctly awned. Corolla 2-valved, membranaceous Glumes of the perfect Jloiver very much acuminated, serrulate on the keel ; the in- ferior one bifid. Corolla nearly equal ; valves purple ; the inferior deeply parted, with a twisted awn three or four times its length between the divisions ; margin hairy. Stamens 3. Stigmas 2, plumose. Seed linear-oblong. Hab. In dry barren and rocky soils. August. Broom-grass. 2. A. virginlcnm L ? : culm compressed ; superior leaves and slicaths smooth ; spikes short, 2 — 3 from each sheath, partly concealed at the base ; rachis subterete ; abortive flower a mere pedicel without valves ; perfect flower monandrous ; awn straight. Sp. pi. 1482. W ill d. Spec. IV. p. 916, Muhl. Gram. p. 277. P ur s h FLl. ip. 275. A. dissiti- fiorum Mich. Fl.\.^. 57. E I lio 1 1 Sk. I. ^. 159. IV ill d, l.c.p.9l4. Pursh\.c. Roem. <^ Schult.U. p.SM. Anatherum virginicum S p r e n g. pug. II. p. R. ^ S. II. p. 809. CiNN A lateralis W a 1 1. Car. p. 59. Boot perennial. Cul7?i 3 feet high, somewhat cespitose at the base, with remote short branches towards the top. Leaves a foot or more in length ; the lower ones very hairy on the mar- gins and upper surface. Fascicles of Sj^i^-es partly concealed in a proper sheath ; rachis pilose. Peduncle of the abortive Jloret as long as the perfect flower. Valves of the fier/eci /lower very acute ; the inferior with an awn nearly an inch in length. .Anther linear, yellow. Seed oblong. ilAB. In exsiccated swamps, 8cc. September. 3. A. macrourum Mich.: spikes fasciculate, in dense lateral and terminal fastigiate panicles ; flowers monandrous; awn straight ; abortive floret without valves. Mich. Fl. I. p. 75. Willd. Spec. IV. p. 916. MuhL Gram. p. 278. Elliott Sk. I. p. 150. Ro em. ^ Schult. II. p. 817. Root perennial. Culm 3 feet high, much branched towards the top. -Leaf es scabrous on the margin. Sheaths hviwy. Sfiikes in large clustered panicles, mostly on the upper part of the ANDROPOGON. TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA. 157 culm, generally 3 or 4 proceeding out of each lanceolate compressed sheath, in which ihey are partly concealed ; rachis filiform, very hairy. Abortive Jloiver a mere pedicel or con- tinuation of the rachis. Glumes of the f^erfect Jlomer serrulate on the keel and margins. Corolla hairy, membranaceous; a dcs. CLASS IV. T E T R A N D R I A, ORDER I. MONOGYNIA A. Flowers superiov. t. Monopetalous, 103. Cephalanthus. 108. Hedyotis, 104. DiPSACUS. 109. HOUSTONIA. 105. Galium. 110. Mitchella* 106. SpERMACOCE. 111. LiNNAEA. 107. DioDiA. 112a Sanguisoeba^ tt. Polypetalous. 113. CORNUS. 114. LuDWiGIA. ttt. Apetalous, 115. ISNARDIA. B. Flowers inferior^ 1. Monopetalous, 116. PlANTAGO. 119. SWERTIA, 117. Bartonia. 120. Fraseha. 118. Exacum.- 121. Obolaria. tt. ^-petalle^, 122. Ammannia. 123. Ptelea. ttt. Apetalous, 124. RiviNA. 125. Alchemilla. 126. Symplocarpus. 103. CEPHALANTHUS. L. Common calyx 0; proper minute, angular, 4-cleft. Corolla tubular, slender, 4-cleft. Style much exserted ; stigma ,^lobose. Capsule 2-celledi 2-seeded, (mostlj; 164 TETRANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. cepiialanthus, 2-partiIe.) Receptacle globose, liairy. Gen. pi. 147. Nutt. Gen. 1. p. 92. Juss. p. 209. Lam. III. X. LIX. Roem. b' Schult. Gen. 428. Nat. Ord. RuBiACEAE Juss. Flowcrs in globose heads. But- ton-biish. C. occidenlalis L. : leaves opposite or lernate. IV Hid. Sjoec. 1. p. 543. Mick. Fl.\.^.Ql. Pursh Fl.\.p.l\A. Big. Bost. p. 33. Elliott SA:. 1. p. 186. Wall, Car, p. 84. Roem. ^ Schult. \\\. ^. \0i. G r on. Virg. id. Cold, Novth. 12. ScABiosA dendroides, &c. P tuk. Aim. 336. t. 77. f. 4. C mala. J A sAruA 4 or 5 feel high, considerably branched, with li^ht sponiry wood and smooth bark. Lcavirs ovate -oblong;, acu- minata;, petiolate, generally opposite, smooth. Heads of fl.jwers about an inch in diameter, standing: on long peduncles at the extremity of the branches. Calyx very minute; seg- ments ovate, obtuse. Corolla white, ab ut half an inch I'-ng, dilated towards the extremity so as to be a little infundibnli- form, hairy witiiin, smooth externally; segments obtuse. Fila- ments inserted into the tube of the corolla near the middle ; anthers oblong, acute. Style filiform, nearly as long again as the corolla. Cafisule anguiar, 2-celled ; (4-ceUed, not open- ing. IVilld. PcricarfiO; se^rf solitary. Linn. 8cc.)"cplls semibivalve ; exterior valve anvjular, indurated ; interior flat and flexile. Seed solitary, sheathed at the top with a suberose callus." M'u 1 1. Hab. In swamps, and in thickets on the borders of ponds and rivers. July — August. 104. DIPSACUS. L. Flowers in an ovate or roundish capitulum. — Com- vion calyx (involucrum) many-leaved, fohaceous; y&^o- per superior, of one leaf. Corolla tubular, 4-cleft. Seed solitary. Receptacle conic, paleaceous. Pappus cyathiform. Gen. pi. 148. Nii 1 1. Gen. I. p. 92. Juss. p. 194. Lam. III. t. LVI. Roein. ^ Schult. Gen. 4>05. Nat. Ord. Dipsaceae /z/5.y. Teasel. D. sylveslris L. : leaves rarely connate ; scales of the receptacle straight; involucrum curved upward. IV H I d. Spec. I. p. 544. Pursh Ft. I. p. 96, Eng. Bot. 1031. Roem.<^ Schult. III. p. 42. Root biennial. Stem 3 — 4 feet high, angular and prickly. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, opposite, sinuately serrate. Heads of flowers uiFSAcus. TETRANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. IGI, oval, pedunculate, generally terminal, pale blue, or nearly white. Scales of the receptacle longer than the ilovvers. Hab. In old fields on the Island of New-York ; rare. July. On the edges of fields and on water sides ; Pennsylvania to Virginia. Purs/i. Doubtless introduced from Europe. 105. GALIUM. L. Calyx 4-toothcd. Corolla monopetalous, rotate, 4..cleft. Seeds 2, globose. Gm. pL 162. Nutt. Gen. I. p. 93. Juss. p. 196. Lam. III. t. LX. Roem. £if Scliult. Gen.A^l. Nat. Orel. Rubiaceae Juss. Leaves verticillate. Bed-straw. Cleavers. * Fruit smooth. 1. G. verum L.: leaves about 8 in a whorl, linear, grooved, scabrous ; flowers in dense panicles. W Hid. Spec. J. p. 590. Eng. Bot 660. Big. Bost. p. 36. Rotnu cfr Schult. III. p. 233. Root perennial. Stem erect, branched, slender, pubescent. Leaves reflected downward, scabrous; margin involute. Flowers yellow. Hab. In dry open pastures, near Boston. Digelonv. June — July. Introduced. 2. G. trijidum L. : stem procumbent, scabrous down- ward ; leaves linear, obtuse, scabrous of the margin and mid- rib ; those of the stem in fives; of the branches in fours; flowers in terminal fascicles, pedicels short ; corolla generally 3.cleft. Willd. Spec. I. p. 585. Pursh Ft. I. p. 108. Elliott Sk. I. p. 1 94. Wal t. Car. p. 86. R o t vu cfr Schult. III. p. 220. G. Clayioni J\I i c h. Fl. 1. p. 78. Root perennial. Stem procumbent and assurgent, quadrangular, much branched ; the angles roughened by minute, reflexed prickles. Leaves generally about 4 in a M-liorl ; sometimes those on the stem are in fives ; broadly linear. Flowers in threes, white, minute; pedicels slender, spreading. Calyx very minute ; teeth obtuse. Segments of the corolla 3, (rarely 4,) obtuse. Stamens shorter than the corolla; a?i(/u'?-s dk])- mous, oblong. Style as long as the stamens, bifid ; srig^mus globose. Hab. In low wet places; very common. .Tune — August. ^. lalifolium : leaves obovatu-cuncatc. IIab. In similar situations with tiie preceding. This species is also a native of iJenmaik and Sweden. It strongly resembles G. /lalustrc. 166 TETRANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. galicm. 3. G. tlnctorium L. : stem diffuse, smoothish ; leaves linear, somewhat acute ; slightly scabrous ; those of the stem in sixes ; of the branches in fours ; peduncles elongated, mostly 3-flowered. Sp. pi. 153. fViUd. Spec, I. p. 586. Pursh Fl. I. p. 102. Big, Bost. p. 36? R o e m, ^ Schult, III. p. 222. Hoot perennial. Stem about a foot high, weak, generally erect j branches short. Leaves about three fourths of an inch long, and about a line broad. Flowers as in the preceding species, but the corolla is generally 4-cleft. Hab. In low grounds, among thickets. July. I believe this is nothing more than a variety of G. trifidum. The cauline leaves, with us, seldom occur more than five in a whorl. According to Ka I m the roots are used by the Indians for dying a red colour. 4. G. asprellum Mich. : stems diffuse, much branched, jretrorsely aculeate ; leaves in fives and sixes, lanceolate, acu- minate, aculeate on the nerves and margin ; pedicels short. J\I i c h. Fl, I. p. 78. Pursh Fl, I. p. 103. B i g. Bost. p. 36. i^oem. (^ Sc Am n. III. p. 222. Root perennial. Stem a foot and a half or two feet in height, covered with conspicuous prickles, slender, generally supported by the plants around it, very leafy. Stem leaves in fives and sixes ; those on the branches often in fours, about half an inch long, much acuminate. Flowers mostly situated on the upper part of the stem, ternate, or in pairs. Corolla white. Hab. In shady swampy places ; more rare than No. 2. June-=- July. * * Fruit hisfiid. 5. G, Sparine L. : leaves 6 or 8 in a whorl, obovate.- Janceolate, hispid above ; margin and keel prickly ; stem flac- cid, retrorsely aculeate ; fruit with uncinate bristles. W Hid. Spec. I. p. 597. Pursh Fl, I. p. 1 03. B i g. Bost. p. 37. Eng. Bot. t. 816. Roem. ALruM. TETRANDRIA, MONOGYNIA. 169 inches long and half an inch broad, a little acuminate, or ta- pering to a point, of a thin and membranaceous texture, (not puncticulaie) ; nerves and midrib smooth. Peduncles long, terminal, trichotomous and divaricate. Corolla brownish-pur- ple ; segments acuminate. Fruit closely sessile. Hab. In stony woods, Bloomingdale, Sec, New-York. Litch- field, Connecticut. Brace, Williamstown, Massachusetts. Dewey. Nearly allied to the preceding species, of which I formerly considered it a variety. Having, however, found it to be con- stant in its characters, I am convinced it is quite distinct. 12. G. hermudianum L? : stem much branched, scarcely pubescent ; leaves in fours, ovate, obtuse, smooth, with pel- lucid dots ; margin and nerves pubescent ; flowering branches elongated; fruit uncinately hispid. Pursh Ft. I. p. 104. Sp, pi. p. 153 .? Roein. &i Schult. IIL p. 254. Root perennial, creeping. Stem erect, quadrangular, smooth. Young leaves nearly linear ; old ones ovate, 3-nerved, rather obtuse. Peduncles towards the extremities of the branches, opposite, and so much compounded as to give the fljwers the appearance of a crowded panicle. Segments of the corolla lanceolate. Fruit hispid, with hooked hairs. Elliott. Hab. In Pennsylvania. June. Muhlenberg. -^ This is an obscure species to me. Among all my speci- mens of Galium I cannot find one that will accord with Pursh*s description. It may be doubted, however, whe- ther the G. bermudia?ium of this author is the same as that of LinnauSf which is thus described in the Sfiecies Plantaruni. "G. foliis quaternis linearibus obtusis, ramis ramosissimis." The detailed description given above is from Elliott, who remarks that his specimens are from Pennsylvania, and were sent him by Muhlenberg. The G. hermudianum of the Muhlenbergin Herbarium I could not distinguish irum our G. fiilosum. 13. G. boreale L. : stem straight and erect, branched, very smooth ; branches short ; leaves in fours, linear-lanceo- late, generally obtuse, 3-nerved; margin involute and sca- brous ; flowers in a terminal panicle, divaricate ; fruit minutely and uncinately hii^pid. W ill d. Spec. I. p. 695. Pursh Ft. I. p. 104. G. sirictum Cat. pi. Ne.w-York, p. 23. Eat. Man. ed. 2. p. 287. G. septentrionak Rot nu h S chult, \U. p. 253. Root perennial. Stem a foot and a half, and sometimes more than two feet, in heiglit, branched above, but nearly naked be- low, smooth and a little shining; joints somewhat sAveiled. Leaves an inch or more in length, varying: from almost linear to lanceolate, very distinctly 3-nerved ; smooth, except on the martrin and nerves. Panicle terminal, subpyramidal, crowded 170 TETRANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. GALiunr* Flowers wh'iie. Segments oi the corolla ovate, oHuse. FruiC small, densely covered with short hooked hairs. Hab. In sandy pine woods in the northern and western parts of tlie State of 'New -York. Near the Falls of Niagara. Eddy. In Pennsylvania, &c. Pursh. The North-American plant exactly resembles specimens in my Herbarium from Sweden. 106. SPERMACOCE. L. Calyx 4-toothecl. Corolla infundibiiliform, 4-cleft. Cfl'j&W^ 2-celled, not 2-parted; cells 1- seeded, biden- tate. Seeds ^^ith inflected margins. Gen. pi 155. Nutt. Gen. I. p. 94. J u s s. p. 197. Lam. III. t. LXII.f. 2. jRoem.^Schuli.Gen.485. Nat. Ord. Ru B I A c EJE Ju s s. Flowers axilbry. S. diodina Mich.: stem diffuse, terete, hairy; leave? linear-lanceolate, nearly smooth ; margin and keel serrulate : stipules with numerous long bristles ; flowers axillary, sessile, solitary, alternate ; fruit hairy. M i c It. Fl. I. p. 72. Pursh Ft. I. p. 105. El Holt Sic. I. p. 1 89. Roem. &iSchulL III. p. 28^2. Root annual. Stem procumbent, branched at the base, about a span long. Leaves opposite, sessile, acute ; keel and margin roughened with minute teeth. Slifiiites surrounding the base of the leaves, crowned with several brownish bristles. Flowers in the axils of the leaves, generally solitary. Segments of the calyx short, obtuse. Corolla white or pale purple, hairy. Filaments included ; anthers oblong, Style shorter than the corolla; sag-?na capitate. Ca/^sw/e 2-paried ? hispid; cells 1- seeded. Hab. In sandy fields and on barren hills. New-Jersey ; parti- cularly abundant about Passaic Falls. August. 107. DIODIA. Gronovius, Calyx deeply 2-cleft, persistent. Corolla tubular- inftindJbuliform, 4-cleft. Capsule 2-celled; cells 1- seeded. Gen. pi. 158. Nutt. G'(?;z. I. p. 94. Juss, 197. Lam. III. t. LXIII. Roem. 8? Scliult. Gen. 4:81. ^ Nat. Ord. Rubiace^ Juss. Habit of the preceding genus. Ty.virginka L.: smooth; stem procumbent, nearly te- rete; leaves lanceolate ; corolla smooth within ; fruit oblong, smooth. Willd. Spec, I. p. .580. P iirsh Fl. I. p. 105, I i^jODiA. TETRANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. 171 Elliott Sk. I. p. 190. Mich. Fl.^.2\. Roem. 4- Schult. III. p. 284. D, teres Walt. Car. p. 87. Jioot perennial. S(e7n obscurely angular, of a purplish colour, branched at the base. Leaves opposite, lanceolate, acute, sca- brous on the margin. Flowers solitary, opposite. Siifiules ciliate. Corolla white ; tube nearly half an inch long ; seg- ments lanceolate. Calyx divided to the base into 2 subulate segments. Fruit a little angular, 2-parted ? Hab. In Maryland. Muhlenberg. September. My spe- cimens aie from Carolina. The genus Diodia, as characterized in the books, appears to differ but little from Spermacoce, except in the calyx being 2-parted instead of 4-toothed. Mi c h au x remarks of Sper- macoce diodina, " Diodia esset, nisi calyx 4-fiuus obsiaret." 108. HEDYOTIS. L. Calyx 4-toothed or 4-partcd. Corolla infundibuli- form, 4-partcd. Capsule 2-celled, opening transversely at the top, many-seeded ; dissepiment contrary to the valves. Gm. pi. 153. Juss. p. 198. Roem. £s? Schult. Gen. 469. Nat. Ord. Rubiace^e Ju s s. H, glomerala Ell.: stem assurgent ; leaves lanceolate, pubescent, attenuated at the base ; flowers fascicled, axillary and terminal. Elliott Sk. L p. 188. H. auricularia Walt. Car. p. 85. H. unifiora Lam. III. I. p. 271 .? H. virginica Spreng. pug. II. p. 34. Ro em. <^ Schult, III. p. 199. Oldenlandia unijiora Lin. W il I d. Special). 674. O. glomerata M i c h. Fl. I. p. 83. Pursh Fl. I. p. i02. Muhl. Cat. p. 16, 7?oo/ fibrous, annual, (perennial, somewhat stoloniferous. Ell.) Stem from three-fourths of an inch to three inches in height, erect, (when large it is branched and procumbent at the base,) quadrangular, strigosely pubescent. Leaves elliptic-spathulate, opposite, narrowed at the base into a short petiole, but a little connate by the adnate stifiules^ which generally bear two or three subulate processes ; those at the extremities of the branches are crowded and almost sessile. Flowers axillary and terminal, (the former are pedicellate) ; in the smallest plants solitary and terminal. Calyx deeply 4-parted ; the di- visions ovate, acuminate, scabrous, ciliate on the margin. Co- rolla white ; tube very short ; segments ovate, generally ob- tuse, spinulous, one-third the length of the calyx. Stamens 4 ; filaments opposite the segments of the corolla, short, in- cvirved ; anthers subrotund, dark brown. Grrmen compress- ed, nearly round, hairy; style extremely short, but distinct; stigma capitate, undivided. Capsule large for the size of tlie plant, globose-didymous, crowned with the persistent calyx, 172 TETRANORIA. MONOGYNIA. HEDYOTiii. compressed at the top, emarginate so as to appear a little 2- horncd, ppening in a direction across the dissepiment. Seed^ many in each cell, angular. Hab. In a small wood about a mile from Brooklyn, on the Ja- maica road, growing in a wet clayey soil. On the Island ol Ntw-York near Greenwich, and in the borders of a shady swamp near the Elgin Botanic Garden. Au!J:;ust. In New- Jersey. Muhlenberg. In the Southern States this plant attains the height of 12 or 18 inches. This plant, though more nearly allied to Hedyotis than to Oldenlandia, differs from the latter, as described in the Ge- nera plantarum, in the corolla being almost rotate, the stigma simple, 8cc. Lamar k has united the two genera ; which I am inclined to think is correct. P urs h suspects that the synonyms of Lamar k and Willd. (ut sup.) belong to IsNARDiA fialustris. 109. HOUSTONIA. L. Calyx 4-toothed. Corolla infundibuliform, 4-cleft. Capsule half superior, 2-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded, opening transversely. Gen. pi. 161. Nutt. Gen. I. p. 94. Juss. p. 197. Lam. III. t. hXXlX, f. 2. Roem. £s? Schult. Gen. 479. Poiretia Gmel. Nat. Ord. Gentianae Jiiss,\ (olim Ru- BIACEyE.) 1 . H« coerulea L, : stem erect, setaceous, dichotomous ; radical leaves spathulate-ovate ; peduncles elongated, 1- flowcred ; segments of the corolla acute. Willd. Spec. J. p. 583. L a m. III. t. 79. f. 1 . Pursh Fl. I. p. lOG. («.) Big. Bost. p. 35. Elliott SA-. I. p. 192. Kutt. Gm. I. p. 95. Roem. ^ Schult. 111. p. 207. Bot. Mag. t. 370. H. Linncei a,, elatior Mich. Fl. I. p. 85. Anonymos erecta Walt. Car. p. 86. Pluk. Mant. p. 45. t. 97. f. 9. G r on. Virg. 15,- Root perennial. Stem numerous, 4 — 8 inches high, erect, slen- der, quadrangular, dichotomous; branches erect. Radical leaves spathulate, obtuse, smooth ; margin appearing slightly ciliate under a lens ; stem-leaves narrower. Flovjers on long slender peduncles. Teeth of the calyx subulate, many times shorter than the corolla. Corolla purple, sometimes almost white ; segments obovate, acute. Stamens included ; ^la- ments inserted into the tube of the corolla ; anthers oblong, didymous, yellow. Cafisule broadly obcordate, opening at the t Annal. du Mus. X. p. 328. riGusTONiA. TETRANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. ns top in the direction of its longest diameter, but across the dis- sepiment. Seeds abovit 15 in each cell, round, compressed, with a deep cavity on one side. Hab. In moist rocky situations; common in New-Jersey. April— May. Venus' pride. 2. Ho longifolia Mich.: leaves narrow-lanceolate, ta- pering at each extremity ; flowers terminal, subsessile; stem branched, smooth. IV ill d. Spec. L p. 583.- B i g. Bost. p. 35. Elliott Sk.l. p. 1d2. Roem. <^ Schiilt. lU.i^: 208. H. angustifolia Mich. FL L p. 85. P ursh Fi. I. p. 106. R. ir S. 1. c. Rooi perennial. Stents numerous, moderately branched, (some- what fastigiate above,) acutely quadrangular. Leaves very smooth, about an inch long, rather obtuse. Stifiules short- ovate, acuminate. FLoivers generally by threes, on very short footstalks. Calyx much shorter than the tube of the corolla j segments linear. Corolla purple ; segments ovate, acute. Hab. On mountains and rocky hills, Catskill, Troy, &c. New-York. Near Boston. Big e low. In Pennsylvania. Muhlenb erg. 3. H. purpurea Wi 1 1 d. : stem erect, branched above, pubescent at the joints ; leaves sessile, ovate or lanceolate ; fascicles of flowers terminal, corymbose. W il I d. Sped, p. 584. Pursh Fl.\. ^. \Q1. Ellio 1 1 Sk.\. ^. \^3, Roem. S^ Schnlt.\\\.^.'20^. G r o n. Virg. p. \5. H. varians Mich. Fl. I. p. 86. Hedyotis umbellata Walt.- Car. p. 85. Knoxia purpurea Lam. Ill, T. p. 259. Root perennial. Stem with the angles and joints hairy. Leaves ovate, broad, and in general abruptly rounded at the base, 3- nerved ; nerves and margins pubescent. Flowers in terminal corymbs. Calyx slightly pubescent ; segments subulate, ci- liate. Corolla purple. Elliott. Hab. In dry woods. Pennsylvania to Carolina. Pursh. In Pennsylvania and Maryland. Muhlenberg. July. My specimens are from the Southern States. This species is easily distinguished by its broad, sessile leaves. 4. H. ciliolata* : radical leaves ovate, obtuse, attenuated at the base ; margin ciliate ; stem-leaves ovate^spathulate, ses- sile ; flowers in terminal corymbs, pedicellate ; peduncles trichotomous; segments of the calyx linear-lanceolate; stem smooth, branched above. Root perennial. Stem ascending? quadrangular, very smooth on every part ; joints remote. Radical leaves numerous, nearly an inch long, with a few scattered hairs on the upper- surface ; margin distinctly ciliate, scabrous ; stem leaves obo- vate; the uppermost ones spathulate, nearly naked on the 17.4 TETRANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. houstonia, margin. Sci/iules membranaceous, broad, obtuse. Mowers all terminal ; peduncles generally two or three, trichotomous at the extremity, each division bearing a flower. Calyx nearly one-third the length of the corolla ; segments rather obtuse. Corolla pale purple ; tube dilated upwards ; segments ovate- lanceolate. Hab. On Goat-Island, Falls of Niagara. Sent to me by Prof. Jiadley of Fairfield Medical Institution, New-York; an assiduous Botanist to whom I am indebted for numerous valu- able contributions to this work. 5. H. pubescens Raf.: leaves cuneiform, acute, pube- scent; the inferior ones semipetiolate, lanceolate; superior ones semioval, sessile ; panicle trichotomous, terminal. Raf. in Med. Rep. V. p. 250. D esv. J own. dc Bot. I. p. 320. Roem. ^ Schult, HI. p. 209. Hab. In Pennsylvania and Ohio. Rafinesque. -f 110. MITCHELLA. L. Flowers by pairs upon the same germen. — Calyx 4-toothed. Corolla infundibuliform ; tube cylindric; limb 4-parted, spreading, villous on the inner side. Stamens scarcely exserted. Stigma 4-cleft. Berry., by the union of 2 germs, didymous, 4-seeded. Gen, pi. 74. Nil 1 1. Gen. I. p. 96. Ju s s. p. 208. Lam, III. u 63. Roem.^ Schult. Gen. 467. Nat. Ord. RuBIACEiE JuSS. M. ripe.ns L. Sp. pi. 161. W il I d. Spec. I. p. CI 7. M i c h. Fl. I. p. 86. B i g. Bosh 34. Pursh Fl. I. p. 101. Ellioll Sk.l.y.xdZ. Roem. ^ Schult. in. p. 189. Lonicera foliis subovatis, germine bifloro, &;c. Gron. Virg. p. 22. Chamaedaphne Mitch. Gen. 27. Syringa baccifera, &c. P luk. Amalth. p. 198. t. 444. f. 2., Catesb. Car. t. 20. A creeping herbaceous evergreen. Stem branched, very smooth, 6 inches to a foot or more in length. Leaves opposite, petioled, about half an inch long, nearly round or ovate, cordate at the base, smooth, very entire. Flowers terminal, in pairs on each germen, very fragrant. Calyx minute, persistent ; teeth acute. Corolla about half an inch long; tube slender; border 4-part- ed, very villous on the inner surface ; segments ovate, acute. Stamens a little longer than the tube of the corolla ; anthers oblong, acute. Style filiform, about as long as the stamens ; stigmas oblong. Berries red when ripe, subglobose, crowned with the persistent calyces, eatable, but insipid. Seeds com- pressed, hard. siiTCHELLA. TETRANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. il5 Hab. In woods, about the roots of trees, creeping among the dried leaves ; very common. June — July. Inhabits almost every part of North-America. The berries remain en the plant during the winter. Partridge- btrry. The genus Mitchella, though belonging to the Rubiace^, yet resembles in some respects Symphoria and Linnjea of the Nat. Ord. Caprifglia. in. LINNiEA. Gronovius. Calyx double; that of the fruit 2-leaved, inferior, of the flower 5-parted, superior. Corolla turbinate, sub- campanulatej 5-iobed, equal. Stamens somewhat di- dynamous. Stigma globose. Berry dry, 3-Celled, (only one of the cells bearing a single perfect seed. Wall I.) Sp. pi 1037. Niitt. Gen. I. p. 96, Juss. p. 211. Lam. III. t. DXX. Nat. Ord. Caprifglia Juss. L. borealis G r n. fV Hid. Sped. p. 340. Pursh i^/. If. p. 415. J^utt. Gen. I c. M u h I, Cat. p. 61. Eng. Bot. t. 1297. Stem creeping, herbaceous, evergreen, a little branched, some- times nearly a yard in length. Leaves on sh(;rt petioles, op- posite, distant, ovate-rotund, crenate, slightly hairy. Pedundes erect, 2 — 4 inches long, pubescent, bearing 2 drooping pedi- cellate fluwers, with 2 small bracts at the forking of the pedi- cels. Inferior calijx (involucrum) subulate, closely appressed to the germen, below which are 2 minute bracts ; calyx of the fruit with 5 linear, equal segments Corolla subcampanu- late, white, or pale rose-cohmrtd, hairy within ; segments ob- tuse. Stamens unequal, (subdidynam.cus) included ; filaments slender; anthers cblong. Germen glandularly pubescent; style a little declined; stigma globose. Berry small, dry j cells 1-seeded, (2-seeded. Nutt.) Hab. In mountain woods, almost always under the shade of evergreens. Dewey. Deerficld. Hi t chc ock and Coo ley. On the Catskill Mountains. Knev els. In the Highlands of New- York. £ arra 1 1, he. On the moun- tains of New-York and Pennsylvania; near Wiscasset, Maine; and near the White Lake on the mountains of New-Jersey. Pursh. July. The North-American plant resembles in every respect the European. JVuttall remarks that LiNXiEA stands alone, without distinct affinity to any other genus ; we think, how- ever, with R afine s que^ that in many respects it resembles I Mitchella. 112. SANGUISORBA. L. Calyx 2-leaved. Corolla 4-cleft, rotate. Capsule quadrangular, between the calyx and the corolla, I — 2- 176 TETRANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. sANfcuisoRBA^ celled. Gen. pi. 190. jVu 1 1. Gen. I. p. 108. Ju s s. p. 336. La7n. ///. t. LXXXV. f. 4. Roem. Of Schult. Gen. 476. Nat. Ord. Rosacea Juss, Leaves pinnate; flowers capitate. Tetrandria digynia Mich.y JVutt.y &c. Great Burnett 1. S. canade7isis L. : spikes cylindrical, very long; sta* mens much lonjier than the corolla. Willd. Spec. I. p. 654. Mich, Fl. i. p. 100. Pursh Fl I. p. 116. £^ liott Sk. I. p. 206. Roem. ^ Schult. III. p. 206. PiMPiNELLA maxima canadensis, &:c. Corn. Canad. 174. t, 74. M ris. hist. III. p. 264. §. 8. t. 18. f. 12. (fide Lin.) Root perennial. Stem 2 feet or more in height, terete, very smooth, with a few erect branches. Leaves alternate, pinnate^i with a terminal leaflet ; leaflets ovate or oblong, cordate, ob- tuse, petiolate, strongly and unequally serrate, smooth ; upper ones opposite ; lower ones with the petioles approximate. Sti" fiules variable in size, dentate, (sometimes wanting.) Sfiikes terminating long naked branches, 2 — 6 inches long. Flowers very numerous, crowded, sessile. Calyx (bracts or scalesj Juss.y Hoo k., Sec.) 2 ? at the base of each germen, linear, ciliate. Corolla (calyx, Juss.J white, superior; segments round-ovate, with a callous tip. Stamens 4; Jitaments 4 or 5 times as long as the corolla, flattened, dilated upward ; anthers didymous, yellow, seated on the extremity of the filament. Style 1, longer than the segments of the corolla ; extremity dilated and divided into many capillary segments; (stigma ca- pitate, very obscurely, if at all, divided. Ell. !) Cafisule 2-celled; cells 1 -seeded. Had. In bog meadows; not uncommon. August — October Said to be also a native of Siberia. This plant disagrees with the generic character cf Bangui- soliBA. in several respects ; particularly iuhs Jimbriate stigma ~ It appears to be intermediate between SANGCisoRBAf and Po- i'ERlUM. 2. S. media L. : spikes cylindrical ; stamens longer than the corolla; (calyx subciliate.) Willd. Spec. I. p. 634. Emm. h. Berol. 1. p. ] 63. P w r .^ /i F/. I. p. 11 G. Elliot i Sk. I. p. 206. Poir. Enc. Supp. \l. p. 49?,, Moris. ■j- The generic character of SAXGirisonBA varies considerably as stateil by different aiuhors ; by Jits si eu it is " Calyx 4-fidus, basi 2-squamo- sus. Petala 0. Stamina 4. Germina 2; styii 2; stigmata 2 simplicia. Semina 2 intr^ calycem capsularem ;" — by Hooker, " Perianth. 4-lobed, superior, coloured, having 4 scales or bracts at the base. 1-ruit 1— 2-seed. ed, surrounded by the persistent base only of the perianth." Fl. Scot, p- 48. In the Gen. pi. of Schrebcr the stvle is describe'^l R8 filiform an-'^ very short, and the stigma obtuse. sANGUisoRBA. TETRANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. 177 hist. III. p. 264. f. 8. t. 18, f. 2. {MeLiyi.J Roem, ^^ SchulL III. p. 206. Stem smooth, substriate, (not angular,) about 2 feet high. Leaf- lets ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, smooth, hoary beneath. Sfiike an inch long, red. Poire t, 1. c. Hab. In wet meadows ; principally on the mountains. Canada to Carolina. July — August. Fursh. -f- A doubtful species. The plant described by Will d enow and /* o z r (? r, is probably only a garden variety of S. canadensis. 113. CORNUS. L. Flowers sometimes aggregated in a 4-leaved invo- lucrum. — Cfl/j/x 4- toothed. Petals A;. Drupe w'lXh^ 2-celled nut. Gen. pi 194. Nutt. Gen. I. p. 98. Juss. p. 214. Lam. III. t. LXXIV. f. 1. Roem. ^ Schult. Gen. 513. Nat. Ord. Caprifolia /z/j5. Small trees or slirubs, generally with opposite leaves. Dog-wood. — Cornel. * Flowers capitate^ surrounded by an iTivolucrum. 1. C. canadensis L. : herbaceous ; upper leaves verticil- late, veined; leaves of the involucrum ovate, acuminate; drupe globose. Sp, pi. 172. fVilld. Sp. I. p. 661. rH e r. Corn. no. 2. t. 1 . Bat. Mag. t. 800. Mich. FL I. p. 91. Pursh Fl.\.^.\Ql. Big. Bost.ip.37. El- liott Sk.l.p. 207. Roem. obtuse, yellow. Hab. On the borders of lakes, n^ar Fairfield, New-York; Prof. Had ley. ^WEETIA. TETRANDRIA. MONOGYNIA^ 187 2. S. piisilla Pur sh: corolla rotate, twice as long as the calyx ; stem simple, 1 -flowered •, leaves oblong. Pursh Fl. I.p- 101. Roem. «J- Schult. VI. p. 131. Wliole plant scarcely above an inch high, with one or two pair of small leaves, and a considerable sized blue fioiver. Divi- sions of the corolla oblong, acuminate ; of the cahjx obtuse. Plu Hi.B. On the alpine regions of the White-hills of New-Hamp- shire. June. Pur ah, Ii is also a native of Labrador. 120. FRASERA. Walter. Cahjx deeply 4-parted. Corolla 4-parted, spreading ; segments oval, with a bearded orbicular gland in the middle of each. Capsule compressed, partly margined, 1-celled. Seeds fevVj imbricated, elliptic, with a mem- branaceous margin. IF a It. Car. \xS7. Mich. Fi. I. p. 97. A^titt. Gen. I.p. 102. lioem.^ Schult. Gen. 439. Nat. prd. Gentians /« 5^, F. caroliniensis Walt. \. c p. 80. Pers, %n. I p. 137. F. Walteri Mich Fl. L p. 97. Pursh Fl. I.p. 101. £//ion -S'^•. L p. 205. Bart.Veg.Mat.Med.W. t. 33. F. verlicillata Muhl. Cat. p. 17o Root biennial. Stem 3—5 feet high, erect, subquadrangular, smooth. Leaves opposite and verticillate, oblong-lanceolate ; the lower ones a foot long, and more than 3 inches broad. Flowers verticillate; peduncles 1 -flowered, unequal. Seg- ments of the calyx linear-lanceolate, acute, forolla greenish- yellow, speckled with purple; segments acuminate, with an oval or orbicular fringed gland in the centre of each. Stamens shorter than the corolla, alternating with its segments ; ^la- ments snhulaie ; anthers hr^e, oblong, yellow. Germen ob- long, attenuated into a short style; stigma bifid. Capsule much compressed, oval, acuminated w|tH the persistent style. Seeds 6— 8. IUb. On West-Canada Creek, New- York. Prof. Had ley. On the borders of the lakes in Pennsylvania and New-York. July. PurshjM'uttalL American Cclumbo. The root of this plant is in considerable repute as a tonic, but its-'virtues have, perhaps, been overrated. See Ives's ed. of Paris's Phaemacologia. The genus Frasera is very nearly related to the species of Swertia which are not corni- culate. 121. OCOLARIA. L. Calyx 2-parted, bracteiform. Corolla campanulate, 4-cleft; segments entire, (or crenulate.) Stamens sub- didynamous, (equal, Nutt.J proceeding from the 18S TETRANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. obolahia. clefts of the corolla. Stigma bifid. Capsule ovate, I'celled, 2-valved, many-seeded. Gen. pi. 1044. Nutt. Gen.l. p. 103. Juss. p. 101. Nat. Ord. Gentians Juss. (Nutt.J olim Pedicular^s. O. virginica L. : Willd. Spec III. p. 326. Gron, Firg. p. 74. Purs A i^/. II. p. 431. E Ui ot t Sk.l]. ■f. 134. Nutt,Gen.lc. Moot apparently perennial. Stem 3 — 4 inches high, growing in tufts, smooth^ nearly simple. Leavee few, opposite, obovatej sessile, a little glaucous. Fioivers towards the extremity of the stem, white cr pale red, marcescpnt. Calyx, or rather foiiaceous bracts, cleft nearly to the batse, (S-cleft, Pers.) Segments of the corolla ovate, entire, (sometimes cre- nately torn, JVu t t.J ; tube ventricose. Stamens shorter than the corolla ; two of them a little longer ; anthers oblong. Style short ; divisions of the stigma spreading. Capsule ob- tuse. Hab. In shady forests. Near Philadelphia. Dr. W. Barton. Near West-Chester, Pennsylvania. Dr. Darlington. April — May. The genus Obolaria has, I think, Ijcen very properly re- jnoved to the GENTiANiE by J\fu ttaHo 122. AMMANNIA. L. Calyx 1-leaved, campanulate, plicate, 8-toothed, in ferior. Corolla 4-petalied or 0, inserted upon the calyx. Cc/)We 4-celltd, many-seeded. Gen.pL206. Nutt. Geji. I. p. 103. Juss. p. 333. Lam. III. t. LXXVII. f. 1. Nat. Ord. Salicari^e /«>$ J. 1. A. ramosior L. : stem erect, thick, subterete ; leaves lanceolate, dilated at the base; lower flowers compactly verti- cillate. Mich. FL I, p. 99. Willd. Spec. I. p. 678, Pursh Fl\. ^. 107. E lliott SkA. ^. 'IIQ, Roern, ^ Schult. III. p. 30fi. Root annual. Stem 4 — 8 inches high, obscurely quadrangulary smooth,^ simple, or with a few spreading branches near the base. JLeaves opposite, a little contracted below, but dilated, and somewhat amplexicaul at the bose. Flowers axillary, with 2 subulate bracts at the base, sessile ; tiie upper ones so- litary; lower ones verticillate. Calyx envelloping thq ger- men, truncate, quadrangular, 4-plaited, giving it the appear- ance of 8 minute teeth at the top. Petals caducous, very mi- nute, obovatc, pale-purple, inserted into the palyx, near the top. Stamens alternating with the petals ; anthers globose. Style very short ; stigma obtuse. Cafisuls very obtuse. Seed^ numerous, miniate, flat on ope side. A^iMAKNjA. TETRANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. laO Hab. In brackish meadows between Hackinsack and New- Durham, New-Jersey. August — September. Often with th6 stem quite simple, and the flowers solitary. 2. A. humilis Mich.: stem procumbent at the base, branched, slender, quadrangular ; leaves lanceolate, attenuate ^4 at the b^sp; flowers solitary. Mich. Ft. I. p. 99« Pwr^Ai"/. I. p. 107. Elliott SkA.^.'iXd. Roem. 4" Schult. III. p. 302. Aoramosior Walt, Car. p. 88. Root annual and biennial, fibrous. Stem very seldom entirely simple, often very much branched, 4 — 7 inches, red, smooth, nearly terete below, subquadrangular above, much more slen- der than in A. ramosior. Leaves narrow-lanceolate, with a prominent midrib, narrovyed at the base, rather acute. Flowers sessile, solitary, with two very small subulate braces at the base. Calyx quadrangular, 8-toothed, the 4 exterior teeth shorter, thick, and spreading, the others acute. Petals 4, white or pale purple, orbicular, inserted into the calyx opposite the shorter teeth, near the sunimit, caducous. Stamens 4 ; filaments vci- serted into the calyx about half way down ; anthers round, brownish. Germeri turbinate ; style Very short, but distinct ; stigma capitate. Cafisule short and thick, quadrangular, 4-celled; each cell containing 20 or 30 smooth, somewhat an- gular, seeds ^ attached to the central receptacle. Hab. On the borders of a pond in a wood on Long-Island, three miles from Brooklyn. August. Near New-Haven, Connec- ticut. Prof. Ives. Borders of Jamaica-pond, Brooklyn; near Boston. A*u tt all. Mr. Elliott remarks, that the petals in this species are inserted into the summit of the germen ; a character which I did not observe in any of the specimens I examined. 123. PTELEA. L. Calyx- 4-parted. Petals 4, spreading. Stigmas 2, Samara compressed, orbicular, 2-celled, 2-seeded. Gen. pi. 1505. Nutt. Gen. I. p. 104. Juss. p. 375. Larw. ///. t. LXXXIV. f. 3, Roem.^ Schult, Gen. 491, Nat Ord, Terebintaoe^; Juss* P. trifollata L. ; leaves ternate; flowers in panicles, polygamous. JVilld, Spec. I. p. 670. M i c h. Fl, I. p. 99. Pursh FL\.^. \01. Elliott S/c. L^.2\0. Walt, Car. p. 88. D uh a m. Arb. W.i. ^2. R a em. ^r S c hul t, Jll. p. 291. A shrub 6 — 8 feet high, with slender spreading branches. Leaves on long petioles, ternate ; leafiets oblong, 2 — 3 inches long, •acum^inate, sessile, pubescent beneath ; the terminal one at=i 190 TETRANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. ptexea. tcnuatecj at the base ; margin crcnulate, or obscurely denticu- late. Flowers in terminal spreading panicles, Cafyx rninutCj hairy; segments subulate. Corolla greenish-white; fit(als ovate-oblong, obtuse, subcoriaceous. Stamens 4—5 ; j?/a- jnents subulate, shorter than the corolla, dilated and tomentose at the base ; anthers oblong. Style very short. Samara with a broad orbicular membranaceous margin, swelling in the cen" tre ; one of the seeds abortive. Hab. In shady moist hedges, and on the edges of woods among rocks. New- York to Carolina. June. Pursh. On Lake Erie, near Presque Isle. J^''u ttall. -v. v. in hori — v. s. p/i. Carolin. Shrubby trefoih. Pursh describes a variety with pubescent leaves growing in Pennsylvania, wihch, he says, appears to be a new species. In all my specimens the leaves are decidedly pubescent be- Jieath ; and they are thus described by -E / / i o r f, in the south- ern plant. By ^c^f er they are said tobe tomentose, J 24, RIVINA. L. Calyx 4-parted, persistent. Petals 0. Berry 1= seeded. Seed lentiform, scabrous. Stamens 8 — 4 — 12, Gen. pi. 219. Nu 1 1. Gen. I. p. 104. Ju s s. p. 84. Lam. III. t. LXXXI.f. 2. Roem.':^ Schult, Gen, 566. Nat. Ord. Atriplices Juss. R. laevis L, : racemes simple ; leaves ovate, acuminate, glabrous, flat ; stem terete. W H I d. Spec. I. p. 694. M utt. Gen. I.e. Muhl.Cat.^.llo R o em. &l S c hultAXL p. 456. A shrub possessing very much the habit of Phytolacca decan- dra. Leaves alternate, entire, on long petioles. Flowers in axillary racemes. Calyx red externally. IIab. In Pennsylvania ? -f J\ru ttall remarks that he saw- in the Herbarium of Z. Collins, Esq. a specimen of this plant; communicated by Mu hlenb . Nat. Ord. Rosacea /z/^j. L-Jy's mantle. AtcHEMiLLA. TETRANDRIA, MONOGYNIA. 29! A. alpina L, : leaves digitate, serrate at the extremity, white and satiny beneath. JVilld. Spec. I. p, 698. Smith FL Brit. I. p. 190. Eng. Bot. t. 244. Pursh Ft. I. u. 112. R em. y Schu It. in. ^. 470. Hab. On the peaks of high mountains in Vermont and New- Hampshire. P ur^ h. I have seen no North-American specimens. 126. STMPLOCARPUS, Salisbury A Spath ventricose, ovate, acuminate. Spadix sub- globose, covered with perfect flowers. Calyx deeply 4- parted, persistent ; segments cucullate, truncate, be- coming thick and spongy. Petals 0. Style pyramidal, 4- sided ; stigma simple, minute. Seeds solitary, im- mersed in the spongy receptacle. A'u 1 1. Gen. I. p. 105. Rich? Synop. Gen. p. 17. Pothi sp. Mich.^ R. ^ S., &c, Dracontii sp: L,, Willd., &c, IcTODEs Big. Am. Med. Bot. II. p. 41. Nat. Ord. Aroide^ Juss. S. Joelida J^uti.hc, Bart. Veg. Mat. Med. t. la & 11. IcTODES /oe/ic/ws Big. 1. c. t. 24. Vothos foetida J^f tcA. /"/. 11. p. 186. PwrsA F/. II. p, 393. Bot, Mag, t. 836. Big, Bost. p. 39. Re em. ^- Schult. 111. p, 455. TJKktoiniivii foetidum L. Sp.pl. 1372. Willd, Spec, II. p. 288. D. foliis subrotundis concavis Cold. Koveb, 214. Gron.Virg.lU, C a t e s b. Car, U. p. 7], t, 71, Root verticillately fibrous, truncate ; nbres very thick and fleshy. Leaves appearing as the spath decays, very large, ovate-cor- date, smooth. Spai/i ovate, 3 — 4 inches long, oblique, cucul» late, auriculate at the base, purple, spotted with green and yellow. Sfiadix pedunculate, oval or subglobose, more than half an inch in diameter. Flowers compact, and appearing tessellated. Calyx (corolla ?) 4-leaved, (deeply 4-parted, JV"m 1 1.) succulent, subcuneate. Stamens 4, opposite the leaves of the calyx ; filaments subulate, flat ; anthers exserted, obloug, 2-celled. Style distinct, tapering to a point. Seed larger than a pea, naked, enclosed in the spongy receptacle. I I have not been able to find any other authority for this name escepi an anonymous, but useful work in its day, entitled, " A Synopsis of the Genera of North- American Plants," published at Georgetown in 1814; thi? author of which is understood to be O. Rich, Esq. As, however, the name is good, and is adopted by JVn t tally I shall continue tn use it. J 92 TETRANDRIAo MONOGYNIA. symplocarp«j^ " Corculum small, involute, erect, umbilicately attached to s large carneous perisperm."t ^« 1 1. Hab. In swamps, wet meadows, and along brooks. The c6« loured spath appears above ground, in this vicinity, about the last of February. Towards the latter end of March, the invo- luted stipulps and leaves appear, soon after which the latter expand, and grow to a very large size. The whole plant pos- sesses a remarkable fetid odour, somewhat resembling that of tsafaetids^. ORDER IL D I G Y N I A. 127. HAMAMELIS. L. t'dyx 4-cleft, with 3 bracts (involucrum, L.) at the base. Petals 4, linear, very long. Nut coriaceous^ 2-celled, 2-homecl, cleft at the top. Seed 1 in each cell. Gen. pi. 226. Nu 1 1. Gen. I. p. 107. Ju s s. p. 228. Lam. III. t. LXXXVIII. f. 1. Roem. ^ Schiilt. Gen. 58^. "Nsd. Ord. BerbefLibes Jus s. RuBiACE^ (^M. ^ S.J flitch Hazel. H. virginica L- : leaves obovate, acute, dentate, cor- date, with the sinus small. W il I d. Spec I. p. 701 • M i c h. i'/. 1. p. too. P iirsh Fl.\.^.\\6. B i g. Bost. ^. AO. Elliott SA:. I. 219. Wang. Amer. ^. 89. t. 29, f. 62^ Gron. Virg. 139. Cold. J^oveb. p. 18. Roem. ^ Schult. ni. p. 483. H. mondiciij dibica, tt androgyfiai Walt. Car. ^^255. I " The seed of the STMPtocARprs does not appear to possess any thing' like a proper cotyledon ; the embryo formed in the exact posture of the growing- plant (witli the radical downwards) differs not from it in any par- ticular but that of size. In place of a Cotyledon, there is a sheathing sti- pule similar to that which is ever afterward prodcced ; in fact, it is viva,- parous. The embryon is seated in a small umbilical or henaispherical de-- pfession, in the upper end of what may be called a ritellus rather than a perisperm, judging from its functions ; the callus or seminal tubercle is roundish and turbinate, nearly as large as a filbert nut, very solid and car- neous, possessing in a high degree the alliaceous fetor of the grown plant. The mutual point of attachment between this body and the embryon is at first a minute and nearly central funiculus, which' enlarges and becomes more distinct during the process of germination ; but what appears to be most sin.e;ular in it, is the length of time which it continues attached to the growing plant, apparently inert at the base of the casidcs for twdvc or even eighteen montirs." A*w tta I'l. hamamelis. TETRANDRIA. DIGYNIA." I9a A shrub 6--12 feet high ; trunks several, with numerous flexu« ous branches. Leaves 3 — 4 inches long, alternate, petiolate, strongly veined, slightly scabrous ; margin crenate or obscurely toothed. Flo-wera clustered by threes on axillary peduncles. Calyx foliaceous, persistent, with 3 small ovate bracts at the base, pubescent. Petals yellow, equal, about 4 times as long as the calyx, and not a line broad, a little crispid. Stamena very short; filaments alternating with the petals; anthers ad- nate to the extremity of the filament, 2-celled, each cell with a vertical valve ; at the base of each petal is a short flat abor- tive filament about as long as the fertile stamens. Germen vil- lous ; styles very short ; stigmas simple, obtuse. JVui (cap- sule ?) coriaceous, subglobose, with two short recurved horns, opening elastically ; cells polished internally. Seeds coated, black and shining ; " corculum fiat, enclosed in a carneous peri- sperm ; radicle descendent, opposite the hilum." Ju a s. Hab. In moist woods; common. October — November. The flowers begin to appear while the leaves are turning yellow and decaying ; rarely in the spring. /3. parvifolia J^ ut t. : leaves oblong-ovate ; upper part undulately and coarsely crenate ; under surface pubescent, somewhat hirsute ; segments of the calyx oblong ; stamens and perigynous filaments often nearly equal. J^ ut t. Gen. 1, c. A shrub every way smaller than the common H. virginica^ with the branches nearly erect. Calyx somewhat coloured and diaphanous. Petals bright yellow. Hab. Mountains in Pennsylvania. JVu ttall. The genus Hamamelis differs in several important charac- ters from the Nat. Ord. Berberides. J^uttall suggests, that it may be united with Fothergilla and Pachysandra, and form a distinct Order, allied to the Amentaceb, to which the name Fothergille^ may be given.f ORDER III. TETRAGYNIA. 128. Ilex. 130. PotamogIton. 129. Sagina. 131. RuppiA. 128. ILEX. L Calyx minute, 4 — 5-toothed. Corolla rotate, 4-part^ ed, or 4-petalled. Style ; stigmas 4. Berry 4-seed' t Vid, J^utt. Gen, 1.0. 25 194 TETRANDHIA. TETftAGYNlA. tLEl. cd. GeiupL'232. Nutf. Ocw. I. p. 109. Juss, p. 379. Lam. III. t. LXXXIX. f. 1. lioem. ^ Schult. Gen. 598. Nat. Ord. Rhamni Juss. Flowers often dioecious or polygamous. Hollyc 1. I. opaca Ji i t. : leaves ovate, acute, spinous, smooth, flat ; fascicles of flowers loose, on the base of the }ouiiger branches; peduncles compound. JJ it. Kew. ed. l.l.p. 169. fVilld.Spec. I. p. 708. Mich. Ft. II. p. 228. P7 arising from the sheathing base of the leaves, which performs the office of a spath. R. maritima L» Willd, Spec. 1. p. 717. Smith Fl, Brit. I. p. 198. Eng. Bot, t. 136. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 59. Mzch, FLl.ip. 102. Pursh Fll. p. 121, Muhl.Cat, p. 17. Roem, >^ Schult. Ul.p, olS. Hoot perennial. Stem very slender, much branched. Leaves setaceous, flat, 2 — 3 inches long ; sheaths long, inflated, mem- branaceous, Spadix at first included in the sheaths, 2-flower- ed. Anthers large, sessile, bursting horizontally. Germens minute, situated between the anthers ; stigmas sessile. Alter flowering the spadix becomes very much elongated, and (in tide water) spirally twisted. Seeds (dru/ies. Ho ok. J ovate, acuminate, gibbous, on pedicels about an inch long. Hab. In salt water ditches, and in shallow bays. Common about Hoboken, New-Jersey. July. The North-American plant resembles, in every respect, the European. CLASS V. PENTANDRIA. ORDER L MONOGYNIA. A. Seeds 4, naked, (AspERiroLiiE.) * Seeds fixed io the bottom of the calyx^. 132. PULMONARIA. 135. EcHIUM, 133. LiTHOSPEhMUM. 136. MyOSOTISo^ 134. Onosmodium. 137. Lycopsis. ** Seeds fixed to a central column. 138. Cynoglossum. 139. Rochema, B. Flowers \-petalied, inferior. Seeds in a pericarp- , * Fruit a capsule, a. Capsule ] -celled^ 340. Anagallis, 145:. Villar&ja., 141. Lysimachia. 146. Hottonia. 142. Primula. 147. Samolus. 143. DODECATHEON. 148- SaBBATIA. 144. MenyantheSo 149. Hydrophyllum, /S. Capsule 2-(3')celled, 150. Phacelia. 153, Necotiana, 151. Spigelia. 154. HyoscyamuSo 162. Verbascum. 155. Convolvulus. 156. Ipom^a, y. Capsule 3 — 5-selled. 157. Phlox. 159. Diapensu^ 158. PoLEMONiuM. 160. Datura, 161. Azalea. ** Fruit a berry, 162. Physalis. 163- Solanuj?. PENTANDRIA, MONOGYNIA* 201 Cc, Flowers 1-petalled, superior, * Fruit a cap side. 1G4. Campanula. 165. Diervilla. 1G6. Lobelia. ''* Fridt a btrry, 167. LoNicERA. 169. Symphoria. 168. Xylosteom. 170. Triosteun. D. Flowers 5-petalled, inferior. * Fruit a capside. 171. Itea. 174. Claytonia. 172. Impatiens. 175. Ceanothus. 173. Viola. 176. Euonymus. 177. Celastkxjs. ** Fridt a berry. 178. RuAMNus. 179. ViTis. 180. Cissus. E. Flowers 5-petalled, superior. 181. RiBES. F. Flowers incomplete, 182. Hamiltonia. 184. Anychia. 183. Thesium. 185. Glaux. 132. PULMONARIA. L. Calyx prismatic, pentagonal, 5-toothed. Corolla in* fimdibuliform; border 5-lobed; orifice naked. Seeds imperforate at the base. Gen, pi. 24141. Lehm. As- perifol p. 3. Nu 1 1. Gen. I. p 1 15. Juss.^. 130. L a m. III. t. XCIII. Roe7n.W Schult. Gen. 629. Nat. Ord. Bo R A G I N e^ Ju s s. Lung-wort, p. virgirdca L. : smooth ; stem erect ; calyx much shorter than the tube of the corolla ; radical leaves obovatc-oblong, obtuse; those on the stem narrower. Willd. Spec. I. p. 769. EvMrn. h. Berol I. p. 1 82. Bot. Mag. t. 160. M i c k» F/. I. p. 131. Pt^r 5 A F/. I. p. 130. E 1 1 i o 1 1 Sk. I p. 228. Wa It, Car. p. 91. R o em. &i S c h u 1 1. IV. p. 55. Lithospermum pulchrum Lehm. Asperif. p. 207. P, calyce 26 202 PENTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. pulmonaria,- tubo corollae breviore, kc. G ro n- Virg. 20. P lu k. Phyt. t. 227. f. 6. Root perennial. Stein angular, a little branched towards the top. Lower leaves about 3 inches long, more or less obovate, very obiuse, smooth and a little glaucous. Flowers in terminal ra- cemes or fascicles. Calyx with lanceolate acute segments. Corolla large, bright blue ; tube straight, 5 — 6 times longer than the calyx ; border obscurely S-h^bed. Stafnens rather shorter than the corolla; filaments very slender; anthers ob- long. Style fiiiform, exserted ; stigma simple. Hab. On the banks of rivers. Kear Albany, New-York. Eu' ton. in Pennsylvania. May. Muhlenberg. This species is referred hy Le hm en n to the genus Litho- 9PERMUM, with which it agrees in many respects, though I think it is more nearly allied to Pulmonaria. All the North American species belong lo Ro t h' s genus Mertensia. 133. LITHOSPERMUM. L. Lehraann. Calyx 5- parted ; segments acute, carinate. Corolla jnfundibuliform ; border 5-lobed ; orifice naked. Sta- mens included within the tube of the corolla. Stigtna obtuse, bifid. Seeds imperforate at the base, indurated, shining. Gen. pi. 241. hehm. Asperifol. p. 3. Nutt. GCW. I. p. 113. LiTHOSPERMUM Z., BaTS- CHiA Gin el., PuLMONARiiE spp. L., &c. Nat. Ord. 'BoR AGIN EJE Jus S. GfOmiVclL 1. L. attense L. : stem erect, branched ; kaves linear- lanceolate, rather acute, veinless, hairy; calyx nearly as long as the corolla, with spreading segments ; seeds rugose. Willd. 6/>ec. I. p. 731. Lehm. Aspe.rif. p. 321. Eng. Bot. t. 123. P ursh Fl.l.^.\3\. E i li o 1 1 Sk,l. t^.225. Roem. ^ SchultAW. p. 43. iJoor annual. Plant hispidly pilose. Stem S — 12 inches high, much branched from the root. Leaven sessile ; the lower ones li'j^'ulate, obtuse. Flowers solitary, axillary, nearly sessile. Calyx with linear, acute segments Corolla small, white with a tinge of red. Seeds brown, rugose when ripe. Hab. In corn fields and waste places ; common. April — July. Introduced. 2. L. oficinah L, : stem erect, much branched ; leaves lanceolate, acute, nerved, scabrous above, hairy beneath ; calyx as long as the tube of the corolla ; seeds smooth. Willd, Spfc. I. p. 731. Lehm. Aspenf. [i. 310. Eng, Bot. t. 134. Muhl. Cat. p. 18. (cxcl. syn. Mich.) Bo em. i^ Schult. IV. p. 42. ^ITMOSPKRMUM. PENTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. 203 Root perennial. Stem 2 feet high, much branched, scabrous. Leaves 2 — 3 inches long, with very prominent veins beneath. Flowers axillary, soliiary, on pedicels which are at lengtli cla- vate. Calyx thrice as long as the ripe seeds; segments linear, very hairy. Corolla pale yellow. Seeds white and shining, ovate, acute, but one or two ripening in each calyx. Hab. Plainficld, Massachusetts. Porter. Litchfield, Con- necticut. Brace. In Pennsylvania and New-York. May. Muhlenberg. Introduced ? P. latifolium of Michau x, I think, is a distinct species, having ovate, acuminate leaves, and deeply punctate seeds. Muhlenberg and l.ehmann have united it to L. offi' cinale. 3. L. marilimum L e h m. : very smooth ; stem procum- bent, branched ; leaves oval- spathulate, fleshy; corolla scarce- ly twice the length of the calyx. Lehm. Asperif, p. 291. PuLMONARiA maritima L. W ill d. Spec. I. p. 770. Eng. Bot.t36S. ?, parviflora Mich. Fl.l.p. 131. Pursh Fl. I. p. 56. R. ^ S. 1. c. p. 56. Root perennial. Stem diffuse, much branched. Leaves mi- nutely acuminate. Peduncles lateral, 1 -flowered. Corolla su"bcampanulate, blue. Hab. On the sea-shore of New-England. July. Pursh. 4. L. deniiculatum Lehm.: stem erect; leaves ner- vose, subglabrous, acute ; margin scabrous with minute teeth j radical ones ovate ; those on the stem oblong ; segments of the calyx denticulate on the margin. Lehm. Asperif. p. 294. VvLiAONAKiA deyiticulala R o em. <^ S c hu 1 1. \\ . p. 746. P. sibirica Pursh F/. 1. p. 729. (excl. syn.) M xi'h I. Cat. p. 18. Root perennial. Stems numerous, 6 — 12 inches high. Leaves punctate above; the radical ones on long petioles ; those on the s^em sessile, atcenuated at each extremity. Peduncles many-flowered. Calyx very short, 5-parted; segments ob- long. Corolla purple. Style exserted ; stigma very minute. Lehm. Hab. In New-York. June. Muhlenberg. Resembles PuLMONARiA virginica. Pursh. 5. L. canescejis Lehm. : stem, erect, simple, villose : leaves oblong, obtuse, silky above, subvillose beneath ; tube of the corolla as long agai'n as the calyx. Lehm. Asperif. p. 305. Batschia canescens Mich. Fl.l.p> 130. t. 14. Pwr sA F/. I. p. 132. £/ /io f / ^A-. I. p. 227. Roem. 4- Schull. IV. p. 53. & 743. Anchusa canescens Muhl. CM' p. 1 8. A. virginica L. Sp. pi. I. p. 191. fV illd. Spec. 1. p. 758. A. floribus sparsis, caule glabrc Gr on. Virg, p. 24^ 504 PENTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. lithospermum. Root perennial, large, creeping ? red. Stems 8—12 inches high, se\eial from the same root, sometimes irichotomous near the summit. Leaves an incn and a ';ul{, or 2 inches, long, sessile, sliis- tly mucronate ; upper suiiace covered with a silky ap- prl!'*sod pubescence, pale green beneath. Flonvers axillary, crowded near the summit of the stem, so as to resemble a ra- ceme. Calyx scarcely huif as long as the corolla; segments linear, acute. Corolla bright orange; segments rounded. Stamens included. Style as long as the stamens; stigmas slightly bifid. Seeds ovate, shining, hard Hab.' Neai Fairfield, New-York. Prof. Ha die y. In Penn- sylvania. June. Muhlf-nberg. The root of this plant is the Puccoon of the Indians, and is used by tiiem for pcintirig a beautiiul red. L. series a Lc li m. 1. c. p. 306., I have liitk doubt, is nothing more tliun a luxuri- ant variety of this species. He says it is from Virginia, and was sent to hini by M'h hlenberg. 6. L, hirlum Lehm.: plant hirsute ; floral leaves ovate ; those on the stem oblong; calyx with lon;^ lanceolate seg- ments. Lehm. jisptrij. ]). 304. Batschia carolinimsis Gmel. Si/st, Feg. L p.'sib. R o e m, i^ Schult. IV. p. 52. B. Gmelini Mich. Fl. I. p. 130. Pursh Fl. I. p. 132. Elliott SA;. 1. p. 227 . Anghusa hirta M u h I. Cat. p. 18. Anomymos caroliniensis fV all. Car. p. 91. RqoC perennial. Stems 8 — 12 inches high, sin*ple, several from the same root. Stem leaves linear-nblong, obtuse ; tliose near the flowers broader and rounded. Floivers crowded in a ter- minal raceme. Calyx nearly as long as the tube of ti.e co- rolla, deeply 5-parted. Corolla orange, witii rouiided seg- ments. Stamens included; stigma minute, 2-lobed. Seed^ ovate, polished. Hab. In Pennsylvania. Muhlenberg. 134. ONOSMODIUM. Michaux. Calyx deeply 5-parted; segments linear. Corolla subcampanulate ; border ventricose, half 5-cleft; seg- ments connivent, acute; orifice naked. Style much. exserted. Seeds ovate, shinhij^, irnperfonite at the base. Mich. FL I. p. 132. Purshia Spreng. itiLeh?n. Asperif. ^. A. Onosmodium Mich. ■ Li- THOSPERMi spp. L. Nat. Ord. Boragine^ Ju ss. 1. O. hispidnm Mich.: plant hispid; leaves obovate- lanceolale, papillose-punctate ; segments of the corolla subu- late. Mich. FL I. p. 132. 'Elliott Sk. I. p. 22G. Roem. ^Schult. IV. p. 57. Lithosfermum riV^intonMm L. Willd. Spec. I. p. 762. Walt. Car. p. 91. Purshia oNosMODiuM. PENTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. 206 hispida L e km. Jsperif. p. 382. L. coraliarum laciniis acu- minatis hirsuds, Gron. Virg. 140. Jiooc perennial. Stem 1—2 feet high, branched. Leaves 2 — 3 inches long, varying from oblong-lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, sessile, somewhat triply-nerved, hairy, the hairs proceediiig from minute papillae. Flowers in terminal leafy race'.iies, at first recurved and nodding, but ei-ect wiien in fruit. Calyx cleft to the base ; segments subulate, acute. Corolla yellowish white, pubescent, longer than the calyx. F'damenta very short j anthers sagittate. Style filiform, about twice as long as the co- rolla ; stigma simple. Seeds ovate, gray, shining v^ith numer- ous depressions on the surface, angular on the inner side. Hab. On dry lulls, particularly in calcareo\is soils. Kings- bridge, New-York. Near New-Haven, Connecticut. Eaton. In Pennsylvania. Muhlenberg. August. 2. O. molh M ic h. : whole plant white-villose ; leaves oblong-oval, somewhat triply-nerved ; segments of the corolla semi-oval. M ich. Fl, 1. p. 133. P\irsh FL 1. p. 132. Roem, ^ Schult. IV. p. 397. Lithospermum moUe Muhl. Cat. p. 18. L. caroUnianum Lam. III. p. 397. PuRSHiA mollis L e km. A'iperif. p. 383. Hab. In the western countries, from Pennsylvania to Tennesec. P ur s h. Resembles the preceding species very much, but is distin- guished by its soft white pubescence, broader segments of the corolla. Sec. O. scabrum R. (Sf S. 1. c, appears to be nothing more than O. his/iidum. I have adopted Mi c haux' s name of this genus, although objectionable; Purshia being applied by Dc Candolle to the TiGAREA trideritata Ph. 135. ECHIUM. /.. Calyx 5-parted ; segments subulate, erect. Corolla subcanipanulate ; tube \ery short; border unequally 5-lobed; the lower segment acute and reflexed ; orifice pervious. Stigma bifid. Seeds tuberculate, imper- forate at the base. hehm. Asperif. '^. A. Gen.pl. 251. Nil 1 1. Gen. I. p. 116. Ju s s. p. 130. L a ;/?. ///. t. XCIV. Roe m. 'd' Sc/iu It. Gen. 624. *Nat. Ord. BoR AGiNEiE Ju s s. Viper's Biigloss. E. vulgare L. : stem tuberculate-hispid ; leaves linear- lanceolate, hispid; spikes lateral; staniens longer than the corolla. Lehm. JJsperif. p. 419. IV 1 1 1 d. Spec. p. 787. Eng. Bid. t. 181. Pursh Fl. 1. p. 1.30. .1/ /.■ h I. Cat. p. 19. Roe m. 4: S chilli. iV. p. 23. 206 PENTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. echium. Boot biennial. Stem 2 — 3 feet high, branched towards the top. Leaves sessile, ^biuse, eiitire, hispid and papillose ; radical ones petinlate. S/iikes numerous, secund, recurved. Flowers sessile, with leafy bracts at the base. Corolla brilliant blue, when first expanded reddish-purple. Stamens exserted ; en- thers minute. Style filiform, 2-cleft at the apex. Hab. Oi» hill sides. Near New-Brunswick, New-Jersey. Miy — July. In Pennsylvania. Muhlenberg. Intro- duced ? Blue-tueed. 136. MYOSOTIS. L. Calyx 5-parted, or 5-cleft. Corolla hypocrateriform ; segments very obtuse; orifice closed with connivent scales. Lehm. Asperif. p. 79. Cen.pl 240. Nutt, Gt'Ti. p. 112. Juss. ^. lo\. R. Brown Prod. I. p. 494. Roem.^ Schult. Gen. 644. Nat. Ord. Bo R A G I K E ^ /z< s 5. Scorpion- grass. 1. M. palustris R