■ ■ ■m ■ ■ I ■ & - I I Hi TWENTY-EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN FROM LIBRARY NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN JULY 1, 1888, TO JUNE 30, 1889. BY AUTHORITY. LANSING: DARIUS D. THORP, STATE PRINTER AND BINDER. 1889. y ■ UBRARY NB * YORK B OTAWf CAL GARDEN REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. Agricultural College, ) July 1, 1889. \ To Hon. Cyeus G. Luce, Governor of the State of Michigan : Sir — I have the honor to submit to you herewith, as required by statute, the accompanying report for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1889, with sup- plementary papers. Very respectfully, HENRY G. REYNOLDS, Secretary of the State Board of Agriculture. STATE BOARD OF AGRIUULTU RE. Term expires. Hon. FRANKLIN WELLS, Constantine, 1891 President of the Board. Hon. WM. B. McCREERY, Flint, 1893 Hon. CHAS. W. GARFIELD, Grand Rapids, - - - 1893 Hon. OSCAR PALMER, Grayling, 1895 Hon. A. C. GLIDDEN, Paw Paw, 1895 Hon. I. H. BUTTERFIELD, Lapeer, 1891 Hon. CYRUS G. LUCE, Governor of the State, ) - . Hon. 0. CLUTE, M. S., President of the College, f "" ^ HENRY G. REYNOLDS, M. S., Agricultural College, Secretary. BENJAMIN F. DAVIS, Lansing, Treasurer. STANDING COMMITTEES. The President of the Board is ex officio a member of each of the Standing Committees. Finance: - - Wm. B. McCreery, A. C. Glidden. Farm Management: ----- A. C. Glidden, I. H. Butterfield. Botany and Horticulture : - - C. W. Garfield, 0. Palmer. Buildings: I. H. Butterfield, Wm. B. McCreery. Employes: 0. Palmer, Wm. B. McCreery, 0. Clute. Farmers' Institutes: - - - - A. C. Glidden, I. H. Butterfield. Mechanics: - - - C. W. Garfield, 0. Palmer. Veterinary Department: - - - 0. Palmer, I. H. Butterfield. College Land Grant: .... Wm. B. McCreery, 0. Palmer. Military Department: - - - - Wm. B. McCreery, C. W. Garfield. State Weather Service: - - - A. C. Glidden, C. W. Garfield. Experiment Station: - - - - 0. Palmer, A. C. Glidden. STATE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [UNDER CONTROL OF THE STATE BOARD OP AGRICULTURE.] BOTANICAL GARDEN FACULTY AND OTHER OFFICERS. O. Clute, M. S., President. Theophilus C. Abbot, LL. D., Emeritus Professor of Mental Philosophy and Logic. Robert C. Kedzie, M. A., M. D., Professor of Chemistry and Curator of the Chemical Laboratory. Albert J. Cook, M. S., Prof essor, of Zoology and Entomology and Curator of the General Museum. Wm. J. Beal, M. A., M. S., Ph. D., Professor of Botany and Forestry and Curator of the Botanical Museum. Rolla C. Carpenter, M. S., C. E., M. M. E., Professor of Mathematics and Civil Engineering. *Samuel Johnson, M. S., Professor of Practical Agriculture, and' Superin- tendent of the Farm. *Elias J. MacEwan, M. A., Professor of English Language and Literature. E. A. A. Grange, V. S., Professor of Veterinary Science. Henry G. Reynolds, M. S., Secretary. William F. Durand, Ph. D., Professor of Mechanics, and Director of the Shops. Wendell L. Simpson, 2d Lieut. 24th Infantry, U. S. Army, Professor of Military Science and Tactics. Levi R. Taft, M. S., Professor of Horticulture and Landscape Gardening, and Superintendent of the Horticultural Department. Frank S. Kedzie, M. S., Assistant Professor of Chemistry. Henry R. Pattengill, B. S., Assistant Professor of English. William S. Holdsworth, B. S., Instructor in Drawing. Philip B. Woodworth, B. S., Instructor in Physics. Clare B. Waldron, B. S., Instructor in Botany. Henry Thurtell, B. S., Instructor in Mathematics. Howard B. Cannon, B. S., Instructor in History. Frank H. Hall, B. S., Instructor in Mathematics. Ernest G. Lodeman, Instructor in French and German. |Fred H. Hillman, B. S., Instructor in Zoology. fMiss Mary M. Abbot, Librarian. Justus N. Estabrook, B. S., Assistant Secretary. Louis Knapper, Florist. Charles S. Crandall, B. S., Foreman of the Horticultural Department. James Wiseman, Foreman of the Iron Shops and Engineer in Chief. fHiRAM T. French, B. S., Assistant on Farm. H. Campbell, Carpenter and Foreman of the Wood Shops. Henry Munn, Foreman of the Farm. Richard Hiscock, Engineer. William D. Brown, Herdsman. * Resigned to take effect Aug. 20, 1889. t Resigned to take effect July 15. AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION OF THE STATE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [UNDER CONTROL OF THE STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.] OFFICERS OF THE STATION. 0. Clute, M. S., Director. Henry G. Reynolds, M. S., Secretary and Treasurer, Samuel Johnson, M. S., - - Agriculturist. L. R. Taft, M. S., Horticulturist. Eobert C. Kedzie, M. A., M. D., Chemist. Albert J. Cook, M. S., Entomologist. William J. Beal, M. A., M. S., Ph. D., - - Botanist. E. A. A. Grange, V. S., Veterinarian. Hiram T. French, B. S., Assistant in - - - Agriculture. A. A. Johnson, B. S., Assistant in Agriculture. Charles S. Crandall, Assistant in - - - - Horticulture. H. P. Gladden, B. S., Assistant in Horticulture. Frank S. Kedzie, M. S., Assistant in - - - Chemistry. George L. Teller, B. S., Assistant in - - - Chemistry. A. B. Peebles, B. S., Assistant in Chemistry. Charles B. Cook, B. S., Assistant in - - - - Entomology. A. B. Cordley, B. S., Assistant in - - - - Entomology. E. Davenport, M. S., Assistant in Botany. L. H. Dewey, B. S., Assistant in Botany. N. S. Mayo, B. S., D. V. S., Assistant in - - - Veterinary Science. M. M. Abbot, Librarian. STATE WEATHER SERYIOE. [UNDER CONTROL OP THE STATE BOARD OP AGRICULTURE.] STANDING COMMITTEE IN CHARGE. Hon. A. C. Glidden, Paw Paw. Hon. Chas. W. Garfield, Grand Rapids. Director, - - - - N. B. Conger, Serg't. U. S. Signal Service, Lansing. Assistant, - - - E. H. Nimmo, Lansing. STATE INDEPENDENT FOEESTRY COMMISSION. This Commission is composed of the members of the State Board of Agri- culture, and has the following officers : President, - - - - Hon. Franklin Wells, Constantine. Auditor, Hon. Wm. B. McCreery, Flint. Secretary, - - - - Henry G. Reynolds, Agricultural College. ( Hon. Chas. W. Garfield, Grand Rapids. ' ] Prof. Wm. J. Beal, Agricultural College. ACCOUNTS OF THE STATE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1889. ti tt ib it SECRETARY'S ACCOUNT. Dr. Cr. July 1, 1888. To cash on hand $3,857 11 To cash on deposit with College Treasurer, less $48.78 June in- terest and $4,086.32 outstanding warrants 3,086 01 By balance due students on deposit accounts $1,456 67 June 30, 1889. To special appropriation receipts as per table No. 2, page 10 : From State Treasurer ..... $32,899 52 From Institution 18,589 60 51,489 12 June 30, 1889. By special appropriation disbursements 56,070 62 " " To current account receipts as per table No. 3, page 12 : From State Treasurer $31,888 12 From Institution 9,956 68 41,844 80 June 30, 1889. By current account disbursements 45,289 97 " " To balance due students on deposit accounts 3,28177 " By cash on hand 707 80 " ** By cash on deposit with College Treasurer, less $15.40 June in- terest, and $1,147.16 outstanding warrants 33 75 8103,558 81 $103,558 81 The above statement may, perhaps, be more easily understood from the following : COLLEGE ACCOUNTS. Table No. 1.— Tabular Exhibit of Secretary's Account. Name of Account. Balance Sheet, July 1, 1888. Transactions July 1, 188S, to June 30, 1889. Balance Sheet, June 30, 1889. Dr. Cr. Dr. Cr. Dr. Cr. Cash $3,857 11 + 3,086 01 * $3,149 31 * 3,052 26 * 1,825 10 51,489 12 41,844 80 8707 80 + 33 75 College treasurer Students' deposits $1,456 67 4,946 70 539 75 $3,281 77 365 20 Special appropriations 856,070 62 45,289 97 2,905 42 Current account Totals 86,943 12 86,943 12 8101,360 59 8101,360 59 83,646 97 $3,646 97 * Balance of Dr. and Cr. transactions. t Treasurer's statement is greater July 1, 1888, by $48.78, interest for June, 1888, not entered above, and by $4,086.32, June warrants still outstanding at close of month; and June L 30, 1889, by $15.40, inter- est for June, 1889, not entered above, and by $1,147.16 warraDts outstanding at close of month. SUMMARY OF TREASURER'S REPORT. B. F. Davis in Account unth Agricultural College. Dr. To balance July 1, 1888 87,221 11 To receipts from State Treasurer and Secretary of State Board of Agriculture from July 1, 1888, to June 30, 1889 89,863 80 To interest on deposits 12 months @ 4 per cent 389 26 By warrants paid from July 1, 1888, to June 30, 1889 By balance on hand June 30, 1889 Cr. 96,277 86 1,196 31 7,474 17 $97,474 17 The above is a correct summary of my report to the State Board of Agriculture. B. F. DAVIS, Treasurer. 10 STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. OS cj> S Balance of Appropri- ation In State Treas- ury, June 30, 1889. $2,250 00 1,395 00 667 50 600 00 1,350 00 8,000 00 600 00 375 00 450 00 2,400 00 3,750 00 Total Appropria- tion for 1889-1890. $3,000 00 1,860 00 890 00 800 00 1,800 00 8,000 00 800 00 500 00 500 00 600 00 3,200 00 5,000 00 43 c 3 . oro CjOO ® 2 J5 3 m -* O ** t- us oo OO 00 t- CM CM OS 3 » : © 05 O • © 1« o ■ © co o* • © — . OO . i— t .— i I © ! *~" ■ 00 ■ 00 ; ■»< ■ to ■ eo 200 00 24 59 43 84 76 75 14 80 96 15 87 10 568 26 Q i rH CO CO CO CO Total Expended. $1,452 86 136 50 403 92 200 00 838 88 18 98 00 00 34 00 67 54 147 49 159 39 100 41 34 25 14 55 3,443 14 485 20 98 10 1,282 41 681 74 7,468 93 Total Available. $2,281 60 465 00 501 73 200 00 938 88 132 41 142 00 34 00 156 24 147 49 195 86 200 00 125 00 78 09 91 30 3,443 14 500 00 194 25 1,369 51 1,250 CO 6,802 76 OX a "E 3 ftf» '3 o CD B n o Is — — 00 a ! ■ us ; cm i -H ■ -* 03 r4* ft* $2,218 27 465 00 222 50 200 00 850 00 © © © © o © o O O © © © © O O "O o © © © © us © CM CM --< 2,500 00 500 CO 150 00 800 00 1,250 00 43 a 3 O . QOO K "3 pq 5 co 03 OO CO 3e CO OS 88 88 132 41 43 00 34 00 56 24 47 49 45 86 g 8 S ; 00 — ' CO fr- OS -* ' OS io © CM oo ■* CO ' ■* CM ' •a CO © iri" Q a o £ p h B P < 4-1 o co a o3 55 fl p 3 *3 43 5 1 au a © fl a co co » '> CO DO u CO fl 43 oi CO to fl o > ■~ o3 *j a a i— i o ► CO oo a co p H CO 3 a CO 2 c (4 o 43 o CO •3 o - J* "3 CO 43 B o3 as CO 03 © 3 "3 CO 00 "p i •43 a co P «8 OP 6X 03 .a 03 ■3 43 a CD a 03 a CO a 03 CO 43 a CD a CO a a a - 00 ao CO a u 03 CO co CO o * 43 u CO fl a 3 d CO 3 o fl a (4 c3 -r fl CO B t> 3 CO 3 43 o3 U 3 a p 03 a o o u CO CO 2, f-c o 43 o3 u o fl o3 OS OO OO CD 3 O P. 03 fl >> t- o 43 03 - O fl CS it en a 3 <— CO CO 3 O -a 3 CO co ft O 43 3 CO a 43 h 03 P CD -3 "3 "3 o3 o CO CO OX a 3 fl o CO a '3 p CD B •3 3 3 ■S b* a •3 r— 1 «4 3 fl 43 3 CD OB a 43 a o O COLLEGE ACCOUNTS. 11 8 OS in CM s 8 8 O o CO 55 o It- o I— I la o c-t 8 8 8 8 o co" CO CO CO 8 8 8 8 o- o o o o o o o S S 8 § o oo" 00 t- os o o os rn t- rH CO ^ CO CO s : 8 s •1 o to ■ t- CO CO "3 CO CO ' O 9* CO o CO 3 8 co s as lO CM r- co OJ CD CO — ' CO rH h- o cm it. co O rH O CO O •* N N O CO h*S ^* CO CD OS OS rl ID* ■*' N §5 CM CO CD 8 8 8 8 8 O CO O 7—t O rH O o CO o o -H OO CD OS CO CO -* CI 00 •** — I OS CO © rH O co o o a cS 05 -t-s oo a cS A CO -O be _p 'E o cu a 60 a 05 -a a ai (— i co O '■£3 a CD A a 05 « '3 «? CD a +s U ce a CD cS a *S CD O 05 cS ft CD lj o a CD A O d o a 05 •3 d 05 a -4-S ■-> e8 ft d CM a 3 ^ 00 _o o o tsa 60 d » >, =e u S3 (h s J3 u 05 a c« fa d -4 ft ft "S cS o 60 a •rH HJ cS 05 rd 60 a o fa Q a " u o Q a r= d 05 a u cS ft <1 05 60 «! ft O 05 3 cS EH 05 05 10 Li O r= cS d 05 a +s d 05 a 05 ft M Ed d o EH 05 a 00 ai 05 (H H GO o * 12 STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. Table No. 3.— Current Account, July 1, 1888, to June 30, 1889. On Account of- State Treasurer, interest on proceeds of sales of U. S. land grant, see Table No. 12, page 17 Students' fees, of which 81,224.50 is transferred to special contingent building fund, see Table No. 5, page 13 Salaries, see Table No. 7, page 14 Farm Department, see Table No. 8, page 15 Horticultural Department, see Table No. 9, page 15 Greenhouse Department Mechanical Department Heating, lighting, cleaning and repairs Academic Departments Offices, postage, stationery, advertising and sundry State swamp land grant sale, transferred to special contingent building fund Interest and exchange transferred to special contingent building fund Totals Transferred to special contingent building fund. Balance at beginning of period, July 1, 1888 Balance at close of period, June 30, 1889 Dr. To Disburse- ments. $28,183 32 3,537 34 1,952 90 670 32 743 42 6,825 77 1,030 67 2,346 23 Footings $45,289 97 1,753 77 Cr. By Receipts. $31,888 12 6,724 76 2,730 28 907 52 238 90 36 57 482 22 60 93 10 50 518 77 $43,598 57 $47,043 74 539 75 2,905 42 47,043 74 Table No. 4. — Experiment Station Account, July 1, 1888, to June 30, 1889/ On Account of- U. S. Treasurer, annual appropriation. Fertilizer license fees and expenses Salaries Farm Department Horticultural Department Chemical Department Botanical Department Zoological Department Veterinary Department Buildings Library Offices, etc Grayling station Other outlying stations Dr. To Disburse- ments. 8283 65 6,869 74 3,295 10 818 58 551 81 766 08 374 51 724 78 509 08 562 64 384 33 936 61 585 73 Cr. By Receipts. $15,000 00 800 00 786 45 5 04 30 40 27 00 10 00 3 75 $16,662 64 816,662 64 * For fuller details of this account see the special report of the Experiment Station in the body of this volume. COLLEGE ACCOUNTS. 13 Table No. 5. — Students' Fees. Room reut Incidental expense fee Damages Physiological dissection fee Veterinary dissection fee Chemical analysis fee Special examination fee Matriculation fee Diploma fee Tuition fee from non-resident students. Totals. Current Account. $3,119 41 1,828 75 6 13 35 00 16 00 494 97 85,500 26 Special Ac- count, Contlng't Building Fund. $62 00 635 00 160 00 367 50 $1,224 50 Table No. 6.— Student Labor— Amount of Wages paid for 12 Months, July 1, 18SS, to June 30, 1889. Farm Department- Horticultural Department Greenhouse Department. Mechanical Department and repairs Signal flags Bell-ringin g, choir, etc Janitor Offices Veterinary Department , Zoological Department Botanical Department Chemical Department Military Department Library Total Special Appropriation. $599 50 1,304 66 201 76 424 68 37 24 160 32 853 89 76 46 28 00 63 37 108 72 136 04 79 84 140 88 $4,215 36 Experiment Station. $62 16 6 12 $68 28 Current Account. $11 05 71 92 24 37 15 72 16 16 $139 22 Total. $599 50 1,304 66 201 76 435 73 37 24 232 24 878 26 92 18 28 00 141 69 114 84 136 04 79 84 140 88 $4,422 86 14 STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. Table No. 7. — Salaries. President, dwelling and -- One Professor, dwelling and One Professor on half pay Four Professors, dwelling and $1,800 each Three Professors, dwelling and $1,800 each * One Professor, dwelling and One Professor - One Assistant Professor One Assistant Professor One Instructor, rooms and One Instructor, rooms and Four Instructors, rooms and $500 each Two Instructors, rooms and $300 each § Secretary, dwelling and Assistant Secretary, rooms and Librarian, rooms and Foreman of Farm, dwelling, board and Foreman of Garden, rooms and Foreman of Iron Shop, dwelling and Foreman of Wood Shop, rooms and Florist, dwelling and. Two Assistant Florists, rooms and One Assistant in Experiments, room and Two Assistants in Experiments, rooms and $500 each. Six Assistants in Experiments, rooms and $300 each... One Assistant in Experiments, room and + Engineer Herdsman, dwelling and + Fireman Total.. Paid From Current Account. $3,200 1,400 1,000 4,800 5,400 1,200 1,200 1,200 800 600 2,000 600 600 380 600 750 900 700 750 415 300 200 450 00 $29,445 00 Experiment Station Account. $600 00 2,400 00 300 00 300 00 500 00 120 00 250 00 800 00 1,800 00 156 00 $7,526 00 Other Sources. 1,828 00 1,000 00 500 00 360 00 $3,688 00 Total. 83,200 00 2,000 00 1,000 00 7,200 00 5,400 00 1,828 00 1,500 00 1,500 00 1,200 00 800 00 600 00 2,000 00 600 00- 1,500 00 600 00 500 00 600 00 1,000 00 900 00 700 00 750 00 415 00 600 00 1,000 00 1,800 00 166 00 500 00 450 00 360 00 $40,659 00 * Army officer detailed as Professor of Military Science and Tactics. Salary paid by U. S. Govern- ment. § $1,000 of salary as Secretary of the Board of Agriculture is paid from the State Treasury. t Paid from special appropriation for steam works. COLLEGE ACCOUNTS. 15 Table No. 8. — Account with Farm Department. On Account of- Labor and team, aside from student labor. Farm house Cattle. Sheep Swine. Grain Produce Implements and repairs . Wood. Fertilizer. Office, etc. Balance... Footings Dr. To Disburse- ments. $1,364 16 852 34 767 48 25 05 49 91 130 05 2 30 233 31 34 88 77 86 .1 $3,537 34 Cr. By Receipts. $105 16 362 75 873 77 372 71 293 17 443 68 31 08 34 00 136 96 77 00 807 06 $3,537 34 Table No. 9. — Account with Horticultural Department. On Account of— Labor, aside from student labor. Team Grounds Vegetable garden Fruit garden Implements and repairs Ice . Office, etc Sundry receipts. Balance Footings. Dr. To Disburse- ments. $962 30 475 99 179 63 90 53 6 30 123 96 46 20 67 79 $1,952 90 Cr. 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Imo ooo co-*o *i.O cs ©UClOO CI t-o ooo IO CO I i-*CM ctcoo ©CO* »o CO * CO t- -* '— ' o o -* so TS O i t^(H r-tCM tO -*oao 00 SO SM ©.CO CM CO ■vo o a . •&] esf ** "co"oo" of co' o 8 09 ID i0* 1(0* ©*'©' CO* " o © d r^t a> , C-! 00 OD I -COO CO CO 00 0! ©01 CO "*©c^ © 'A ■ZJ ,tO-*CM CO"-OCMO fc- OS CO ©t-00 "CMO cot— t- t-^oo © J f— 1 < : coco OSOt-Tl *— 1— . •*toco coot- "OI" IO w *w *-i 0J-^ r~4 ' CM t — 1 ^ o T— 1 — .O 83 H . • . 1 CO a s . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ^_J CD 3 : : : : OS 33 (-»ao — > oi co -*< incoi- OOOSO — OICO *»o© t-«© o * to to to t- t- 1- 1- 1- t-t— I— 1- L— 0O CO CO CO CO CO OC- 00 0OOQ CO CO 00 fcH ooaooooo X CO 00 00 00 00 CO O0 00 00 -r. r J- OO CO CO COLLEGE ACCOUNTS. 17 Table No. 11. — Agricultural College Trust Fund. Year. Receipts of State Land Office on account of Prin- cipal for Agri- cultural College Lands Sold. Refunded on account of erroneous payments. Balance transferred to credit of Agricultural College Trust Fund. Aggregate to credit of Agri- cultural College Trust Fund at close of each fiscal year. 1868 $2,300 00 11,865 00 5,895 00 20,101 53 33,621 93 29,583 47 4,686 75 5,399 24 5,939 30 2,337 33 9,619 99 8,590 53 13,762 38 20,341 18 51,449 27 34,482 28 13,802 87 12,460 87 16,545 31 26,731 62 18,122 35 11,431 65 $3,300 00 11,865 00 5,895 00 20,101 53 33,447 39 29,583 47 4,686 75 5,399 24 5,549 30 2,337 22 9,619 99 8,590 53 13,762 28 20,281 18 51,449 27 33,656 38 13,802 87 12,460 87 16,545 31 26,731 62 18,133 35 11,431 65 1869 $14,165 00 20 060 00 1870 1871 40,161 53 73,608 92 103,192 39 107,879 14 1872 , $174 54 1873 1874... 1875 113,278 38 1876' 390 00 118,827 68 121,164 90 130 784 89 1877 1878 - 1879 139,375 43 1880 153,137 70 173,418 88 224,868 15 1881 1882 60 00 1883 1884 825 90 258,524 53 272,327 40 1885. 384,788 27 1886 _ 1887 301,333 58 328,065 20 1888 346,187 55 1889 357,619 20 Note.— Fifteen thousand dollars of the above fund was invested from 1870 to 1871 in War Bounty Bonds and held by the College. Table No. 12.- ■Agricultural College Interest Fund. Year. Interest on Agricultural College Fund, at 7 per cent. paid by State Treasurer from Specific Tax Fund. Interest from purchasers on balances due on certifi- cates for part- paid land, less refundings and expenses for Apprais- als, etc. t . Receipts for Penalty. Trespass Collections. Total accrued to credit of Agricultural College each year. Amount paid over to Treasurer of Agricultural College. Balance remaining to credit of Agricultural College interest Fund at close of each fiscal year. 1869 $56 68 1,789 56 3,317 24 3,099 51 4,907 77 6,499 31 6,553 93 6,693 47 5,786 58 6,405 26 6,664 80 7,333 33 8,642 08 8,345 45 9,141 30 8,881 98 9.131 14 9,323 98 7,577 57 7,310 84 6,326 39 82 38 56 42 70 63 122 97 110 96 155 12 125 97 306 64 189 64 247 21 276 55 148 73 285 47 204 96 206 96 237 56 339 06 565 41 309 84 394 85 320 23 $58 96 2,730 «3 3,785 84 7,175 65 11,059 06 14,061 98 14,446 14 16,830 17 15,172 86 15,807 09 16,978 32 17,837 34 30,935 35 22,507 45 30,749 60 27,909 72 29,770 40 30,461 04 34,611 37 33,406 60 31,322 69 858 96 1870 *S874 95 §1,397 97 3,953 17 6,040 33 7,407 65 7,717 34 8,124 31 8,396 64 8,740 62 9,409 73 10,240 28 11,426 93 13,957 04 16,741 38 18,739 02 19,645 33 20,571 65 16,493 98 23,425 64 34,551 32 $2,779 89 2,976 00 C,774 47 12,238 48 11,896 00 14,656 00 18,817 89 15,172 86 13.320 61 16,602 02 17,799 15 20,451 85 25,891 62 26,139 13 27,403 94 39,599 97 29,920 68 19,761 06 32,006 10 31,888 13 1871 809 84 1873 1,211 02 1873 31 60 1874 2,197 58 1875 1876. 850 00 1,706 75 860 00 414 00 627 14 115 00 580 77 4,659 96 51 16 674 87 1,987 72 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1883 2,486 48 2,863 68 3,900 77 3,384 17 1883 1884. 1885 1886. 4,610 47 5,117 25 5.287 68 5,828 04 *1887 1888 1889 239 98 1.275 37 124 75 10,678 35 11,078 85 10,513 42 ♦This amount was interest on war bounty bonds in which the fund was invested at the time. § 8525 of this was interest on war bounty bonds in which the fund was invested part of the year. + Refundings amounted to $364.87, ranging from nothing in 1880 to $145.21 in 1874. Appraisal expenses amounted to $1,239.88, ranging from nothing in 1872 to 8308.94 in 1886. Advertising amounted to $896.80, ranging from nothing in 1870 to $218.35 in 1884. Trespass examination amounted to $4.00 in 1883. t Nine months. 3 18 STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. Table No. 13.— Showing by counties the amount of Agricultural College Land sold at original sale during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1889. Counties. Acres. Price per Acre. Purchase Price. Amount Paid. Amount Due. Alcona 400.28 I 40.00 1 40.00 40.00 j 80.00 I 40.00 40.00 f 80.00 1 80.00 1 I 160.00 $5 00 6 00 7 00 5 0C 8 00 5 00 5 00 6 00 5 00 12 50 $2,001 40 240 00 280 00 200 00 640 00 200 00 200 00 480 00 400 00 2,000 00 $2,001 40 240 00 280 00 50 00 640 00 200 00 200 00 480 00 40C 00 1,500 00 Cheboygan Montmorency $150 00 Oscoda Otsego Wexford 500 00 Totals 1.0C0.28 $6 64 $6,641 40 i $5,991 40 $650 00 Table No. 14. — Showing by counties the amount of Forfeited Agricultural College Land sold during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1889. County. Acres. Price per Acre. $5 00 Purchase Price. Amount Paid. Amount Due. Montmorency 40.00 $200 00 $200 00 $50 00 $150 00 Totals 40.00 $5 00 $50 00 $150 00 Table No. 15.— Showing, by counties, the amount of Agricultural College Land for- feited to the State during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1889. Counties. No. of Acres. Kalkaska 40 Montmorencv 80 Total 120 COLLEGE ACCOUNTS. 19 Table No. 16. — Showing by counties the Sales and Forfeitures during the year and the amount of land vacant at the beginning and end of the year. Counties. Alcona Alpena Antrim. Benzie Charlevoix Cheboygan Gd. Traverse. .. Iosco Kalkaska Maniste^ Missaukee Montmorency.. . Oscoda Otsego Presque Isle Wexford Total. Reported by the Land Office. Acres Vacant June 30, 1888. 20,688.14 920. 3,120.93 4,480. 3,685.09 5,091.10 440. 26,666.98 1,000.68 5,960. 799.64 7,644 30 13,771.86 3,744.74 320. 22,520. 120,853.46 Acres Re- verting by Forfeiture During fiscal year ending June 30, 1889. 40. 80. 120. Aggregate of Columns 1 and 2, being Total Acres subject to sale during year ending June 30, 1889. 20,688.14 920. 3,120.93 4,480. 3,685.09 5,091.10 440. 26,666.98 1,040.68 5,960. 799.64 7,724.30 13,771.86 3,744.74 320. 22,520. 120.973.46 Acres sold during fiscal year ending June 30, 1889. 400.28 80. 80. 120. 40. 320. Balance re- maining unsold June 30, 1889, if columns 1 to 4 are correct. 20,287.86 920. 3,120.93 4,480. 3,685.09 5,011.10 440. 26,666.98 1,040.68 5,960. 799 64 7,644.30 13,651.86 3,704.74 320. 22,200. 1,040.28 119,933.18 Balance re- maining unsold June 30, 1889, as reported by the Land Office. * Discrepancy between col- umns 5 and 6. Short- age. 227.92 Excess. 20,05y.94 920. 3,120.93 4,400. 3,685.09 80. 5,011.10 440. 26,606.98 1,000.68 5,960. 40. 799.64 7,604.30 13,732.46 3,701.74 40. 80.60 320. 22,160. 40. 119,585.86 347.32 * This discrepancy, as well as the one noted on page 24 of the Report of the Board of Agriculture for 1888, has been pointed out to the Deputy Commissioner of the Land Office, but up to the time of publication of this Report no explanation has been made. 20 STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. SUMMARY OF INVENTORY, JUNE 30, 1889. College farm and park, 676 acres @ $70 $47,320 00 Buildings — College hall .... $15,000 00 Williamshall 45,000 00 Wells hall.... 25,000 00 Abbot hall 13,000 00 Library and museum building 25,000 00 Chemical laboratory 18.000 00 Botanical laboratory 6,000 00 Mechanical laboratory 10,800 00 Veterinary laboratory 5,400 00 Horticultural laboratory 6,000 00 Armory and assembly hall 6,00Q 00 Farmhouse 3,500 00 Four brick houses® $3,000 12,000 00 Two brick houses @ $3,500 7,000 00 President's and two frame houses 20,728 00 One frame house 4,000 00 Apartment building and out building 14,500 00 Herdsman's house 600 00 Ten barns at Professors' houses @ S250 2,500 00 Horticultural barn and shed 1 ,500 00 Cattle barn and shed 3,800 00 Sheep barn 2,500 00 Horse barn 3,000 00 Piggery... 2,000 00 Brickwork-shop... '.... 600 00 Corn-house 500 00 Green-house, furnaces, dwelling and stable. 10,450 00 Feed barn.. 1,200 00 Grain barn 1,600 00 Tool-house 1,300 00 Observatory.... 150 00 Boiler-house and chimney 5,000 00 New bee-house 600 00 Old bee-house .... 280 00 274,508 00 Iron bridge over Cedar river 1 ,000 00 Water works — Artesian well and connections $1,000 00 Two pumps, $900 and $500 1,400 00 2,378 feet six- inch wood pipe in place 1 ,426 80 2,623 feet four-inch wood pipe in place 1,049 20 662 feet three-inch wood pipe in place .. 198 60 12 fire hydrants in place 480 00 Valves, fittings and connections 994 40 Water tank and heater for same. 550 00 700 feet fire hose, 2 carts, nozzles, etc. 671 45 7,770 45 Steam works — Four boilers 4 ft. x 12 ft. each @ $600 $2,400 00 Two boilers 5 ft. x 12 ft. each @ $925. 1,850 00 Underground piping 2,700 00 Two small steam pumps $110 and $200 310 00 Pipes and fittings _ 405 62 Tools for steam fitting 322 55 i 7,988 17 Ten dozen tackle fire escapes .,.. 120 00 Ten fire extinguishers 400 00 Fuel on hand, 100 .tons bituminous coal @ $3.50 350 00 Footing carried forward $339,456 62 COLLEGE ACCOUNTS. 21 INVENTORY.— Contiv ued. Brought forward $339,456 62 Farm Department — Cattle, 57head $6,530 00 Horses, 6 head 775 00 Sheep, 62 head 563 00 Swine, 31 head 265 00 Implements, produce, etc 7,670 90 Horticultural Department — Team, harness, etc $718 00 Tools . 925 75 Vegetable garden 180 75 Miscellaneous - 529 70 Green-house — Plants.... $5,086 10 Implements 502 55 Mechanical Department — Wood shop $1,815 44 Iron shop. 5,232 46 Blacksmith shop 284 45 Physical apparatus 1,293 39 Chemical Department — Furniture, fixtures, engine and tools $2,877 82 Physical apparatus 5,596 51 Chemical apparatus and chemicals 4,791 90 Mathematical and Engineering Department — Surveying instruments, etc. $1 ,380 59 Telescope, magic lantern, views, etc 1,232 65 Testing machine 508 00 Botanical Department — Museum $3,885 00 Microscopes and class-room apparatus 1,767 43 Office furniture and fixtures. . , 35 00 Herbarium 1,747 07 Library- Books and pamphlets $21,085 00 Furniture 1 858 00 Veterinary Laboratory — Museum, furniture and apparatus Zoological Department — Furniture and apparatus General museum —Collections and cases College Hall — Furniture Williams Hall— Furniture and club equipments President's office Secretary's office — Armory — Furniture, military equipments and gymnastic apparatus.. Flag-staff and flags. Apiary— Bees, stock, etc., not belonging to Experiment Station Experiment Station, not including items separately mentioned above. 15,803 90 2,354 20 5,588 65 8,625 74 13,266 23 3,121 24 7,434 50 22,943 00 2,145 65 919 60 14,633 00 1,097 14 412 35 254 90 571 50 639 50 175 00 358 00 8,279 40 $448,080 12 22 STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. EXPERIMENT STATION INVENTORY. Included in the above total of $448,080.12 is §12,733.40 which belongs to the Experi- ment Station, consisting of the following items : Lands donated to the Station — 80 acres at Grayling, fenced and improved $1,850 00 10 " "Harrison, " t; " 300 00 10 " " Oscoda, " " " 120 00 Buildings — Experimental feed barn $1,200 00 Horticultural laboratory, experimental rooms 1,200 00 Apiary 600 00 $2,270 00 Library and offices — Books $1,085 00 4 book-cases, 4 doz. filing boxes, carpet, stationery, etc. . 369 00 Farm Department — Implements. $140 36 13 steers for feeding experiment 650 00 9 heifers and 1 bull for dairy experiment 850 00 Feed and office equipment 339 00 3,000 00 1,454 00 1,979 36 669 25 Horticultural Department — Implements - $175 00 Microscope, camera, balances, etc 494 25 Chemical Department — Sundry apparatus .-. $617 37 Chemical and physical balances 529 20 Horse tools on Grayling farm 146 50 1,293 07 Botanical Department — Microscopes and sundry apparatus 510 20 Veterinary Department — Microscopes aud sundry apparatus 628 83 Zoological Department — Microscope, balances and insect cases §279 34 Apiary, 35 colonies of bees, tools, etc. 649 35 928 69 $12,733 40 COLLEGE ACCOUNTS. /vO Table No. 17. — Income of the Agricultural College from all sources, from the date of its foundation to the present time. Year. 1855.. 1856.. 1857.. 1858.. 1859.. I860.. 1861.. 1862.. 1863.. 1864.. 1865.. 1866. 1867. 1868. 1869. 1870. 1871. 1872. 1873. 1874. 1875.. 1876. 1877. 1878. 1879. 1880. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. From State Legislature. Appropriations for Current Expenses. Appropriations for Special Purposes. Land Sales, Salt Spring and Swamp Land Grant s. $56,320 00 Interest from United States Land Grant. Total. $56,320 00 $40,000 00 37,500 00 40,000 00 37,500 00 Total. 6,500 00 10,000 00 9,000 00 9,000 00 15,000 00 15,000 00 20,000 00 20,000 00 20,000 00 20,000 00 18,250 00 18,250 00 21,796 00 13,000 00 7,638 00 7,638 00 6,150 00 6,150 CO 4,971 80 4,971 80 7,249 00 7,249 00 8,385 00 8,385 00 8362,083 60 £30,000 00 10,500 00 3,000 00 15,602 00 15,602 CO 7,755 50 6,755 50 30,686 80 5,686 80 16,063 32 7,068 32 43,720 50 8,945 50 23,793 00 10,526 00 35,103 00 22,617 00 * 44,040 00 30,752 50 * 20,973 00 $389,195 74 152 25 218 97 407 80 726 09 1,156 61 1,094 27 7,608 38 592 49 17,559 00 1,320 02 4,135 72 217 05 10 13 150 13 144 53 1,773 09 979 06 826 60 712 22 797 55 461 95 358 46 391 95 1,259 90 187 50 t 198 20 444 20 10 50 $100,214 62 858 96 2,720 93 3,785 84 7,175 65 11,059 06 14,061 98 14,446 14 16,830 17 15,172 86 15,807 09 16,978 22 17,837 24 20,935 25 22,507 45 30,749 60 27,909 72 29,770 40 30,461 04 t 24,611 37 § 47,406 60 § 46,322 69 $416,608 26 6,652 25 10,218 97 9,407 80 9,726 09 16,156 61 16.094 27 27,608 3S 20,592 49 67,617 96 24,040 95 36,671 56 28,643 70 48,467 19 42,814 11 29,984 17 32,996 76 52,988 72 28,470 49 38,730 56 30,674 91 72,366 70 39,060 41 63,819 55 48,080 62 65,060 90 53,078 04 68,849 57 78,603 30 67,306 19 $1,268,102 22 * Including appropriations for weather service. t Oct. 1, 1886, to June 30, 1887, nine months. § Includes 815,000 received directly from U. S. Treasury on account of experiment station. 24 STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. A SUMMARY OF THE RESOURCES OF THE MICHIGAN AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. Farm, buildings and equipments, as per inventory on pp. 20-21 $448,080 12 Agricultural College trust fund, from sale of lands of United States grant 357,619 20 Balance due on purchase money " " " " " 97,016 87 119,585.86 acres @ $5 per acre yet unsold " " " " 597.929 30 800 acres @ $5 per acre yet unsold of swamp land grant 4,000 00 Total $1,504,645 49 The 119,585.86 acres yet vacant of the U. S. land grant are given in detail as located in the different counties in table No. 16, page 19. The 800 acres of swamp land is what still remains unsold of a grant from the State to the College of swamp lands located in the townships of Lansing and Meridian in Ingham county, and Bath and De Witt in Clinton county. The present amount of the trust fund is taken from the last line (that for 1889) of the fifth column of table No. 11, page 17. The balance due on purchase money is reported by the Commissioner of the State Land Office, and consists of the total amount for which the Col- lege lands have been sold up to the present time, i. e. : The total of the tenth column in table No. 10, page 16 §499,122 12 Less the payments made on these sales, constitutiDg the trust fund 357,619 20 §141,502.92 And less balances unpaid on abandoned descriptions which have reverted to the State by forfeiture for non-payment of interest, as shown in column eleven of table No. 10 page 16 44,486 05 $97,016 87 DEPARTMENT REPORTS. REPORT OF PRESIDENT CLUTE. To the Hon. State Board of Agriculture : I have the honor to submit a report of my first few months of service, and of the present condition of the college. Monday morning, May 27, brought me to the college, after an agreeable, if somewhat wearisome, journey from south California. President Willits had left for his new post in April, and after his departure Dr. R. C. Kedzie had ably and faithfully served as President pro tern. From all members of the faculty and from the students there came to me friendly greeting. Since the days when I was a student and a professor here the college has developed much in many directions, which bring upon the executive officer a large amount of detail work. In getting the run of the work I have had the forbearance and assistance of all, for which they have my grateful acknowledgments. The condition of the several departments, and the work done by them, are fully set forth in the reports of the heads of those departments, and need not be repeated. All the departments are in a flourishing condition, and the students attending them are contented and interested. The general deport- ment of the students has been most excellent. Inattention to duties has been but slight, and has usually been corrected by a friendly interview. A few cases of unmanly conduct have received severer treatment. As a rule the students cooperate faithfully with the faculty in the preservation of good order. CHANGES IN THE FACULTY. The acceptance by President Willits of the post of Assistant Secretary of Agriculture in Washington took from the college an executive officer who had served it with much ability and earnestness. It has been a pleasure to his successor to hear the many good words spoken about him by faculty and students, and to see on every hand witness of his good work. The resignation of the Professor of Agriculture in July put on the Board the difficult task of finding another man for the chair. After much inquiry and correspondence the opinion was reached by every member of the Board that E. Davenport, a graduate of the college in the class of '78, who had a few months before returned to the college to pursue post graduate studies and as assistant to Dr. Beal, was excellently equipped for the place. He 26 DEPARTMENT REPORTS. was chosen, entered upon duty Aug. 26, and the department is going for- ward harmoniously under his leadership. The chair of English Literature became vacant at the end of the summer term by the resignation of Prof. E. J. MacEwan, whose work in his depart- ment had been highly appreciated by Board, faculty and students. The Board changed the chair to that of " English Literature and Modern Languages," and chose Prof. E. P. Anderson, M. A., Ph. D., to fill it. Dr. Anderson entered on duty August 26, and his good work is giving him a strong hold on the whole college. The able assistant in English, Prof. H. R. Pattengill, left also at the close of the summer term. His place was filled by the appointment of Prof. A. B. Noble, A. B., a graduate of the University of Iowa, who was warmly commended to the Board, and whose work is justifying the commendation. Mr. H. T. French, who had been for years the efficient assistant on the farm, resigned in mid-summer to accept a responsible post in the Oregon Experiment Station. His place has been filled by the appointment of E. A. Burnett, B. S., of the class of '87, whose known ability as an agriculturist and a student secured him the place. P. G. Holden, B. S., of the class of '89, was appointed assistant to the chair of agriculture in experiment work. The subjects included under the name "physics" have so important a place in the college studies that it was thought best to create a separate department for them. This was done at the August meeting of the Board, and Prof. P. B. Woodworth, B. S., who had been for two years teaching the topics here, was made assistant professor, and given charge of the department. His good work in the past is guarantee of good work to come. The post of assistant to Dr. Beal became vacant when Prof. Davenport was made professor of agriculture. It was filled at the October meeting by the appointment of C. H. Wheeler, whose familiarity with the flora of Michigan and the west, and with systematic botany in general, fits him especiallv for the work that will come upon him. He enters upon duty February 25, 1890. In July Mr. F. H. Hillman, B. S., assistant to Prof. Cook, and a graduate of this college in the class of '88, was appointed professor of entomology and botany in the University of Nevada. To fill his place, F. J. Niswander, B. S., of the class of '89, was chosen. HORTICULTUKAL LABORATORY. The new Horticultural Laboratory, completed in March last, proves well adapted to the purposes for which it was built. Its pleasant rooms, light, airy, dry, are a great improvement over the basement in which it had been housed, as to office, tool-room, and work-room, for many years. PROPAGATING HOUSE. The new propagating house for this department is approaching comple- tion, and promises to be satisfactory. It will be of great service to the pro- fessor in charge in teaching, and in the practical work of the gardens. It will be ready for use in the spring. REPORT OF PRESIDENT CLUTE. 27 AGRICULTURAL LABORATORY. The many excellent buildings which from year to year have been built for the farm, and the large amount of material provided for farm work and illustration, have always shown the interest which the people of Michigan, the Board, and the Faculty have taken in this department. The new Agricultural Laboratory is another and significant illustration of this. The building committee is watching the progress of the building with much interest. It is hoped that it 'will be ready for Prof. Davenport's class and laboratory work by the opening of the spring term. In the pres- ent agricultural class-room in College Hall the Agricultural Department has had one of the most convenient and accessible rooms belonging to the College. But the new quarters will be near the other farm buildings, and having been planned for this work, will have a completeness nowhere sur- passed. It is most fortunate for the College that this new building adds so opportunely to the class-room accommodations. The fine room which has been used as an agricultural class-room can at once be made of much service by classes in another department, that have been getting along uncomplain- ingly with inferior accommodations. SUMMER SCHOOL. The valuable apparatus, laboratories, and library of the College, its able professors, and its healthy and beautiful location make it a desirable place for a "summer school" for the benefit of students who desire to give them- selves better training in special studies. A number of graduates of other colleges, and teachers in the grammar schools and high schools of the State, summered with us this year. Their faithful devotion to their specialties kept them employed not less than ten hours a day at laboratory work. The progress they made by aid of our excellent apparatus in every depart- ment, and of the constant suggestions of enthusiastic professors, was to them and to us very satisfactory. They are most cordial in their expres- sions as to the pleasure and profit derived from their stay among us. We shall attempt to make the advantages we can offer for this summer work more widely known among the public school teachers of the State and shall probably welcome a larger number of them in the summer of '90. There is difficulty in providing rooms for these summer students. Next summer we shall probably advise them to bring with them such bedding as will enable them to " camp out " in the Drill Hall, which is a light, well ventilated, airy building, very pleasantly located. It will give good accommodations to a large number of gentlemen. WINTER LABORATORY WORK. There is a growing tendency for some laboratories to be kept open for the accommodation of special students during the long winter vacation. There could be no better time for work, if a student is in earnest and knows what he wants to do. The quiet of each returning day is uninterrupted. There is no delay in obtaining the use of apparatus and material, nor from recitations or other routine of College life. Investigations that require 28 DEPARTMENT. REPORTS. careful work day after day for weeks or months can be pursued with no break. These advantages have for several winters attracted some students to the laboratories. The tendency seems to be infectious. Quite a class will remain the coming winter, who will give their time mainly to Agriculture, Horticult- ure, Botany, Entomology and Zoology. One of the enthusiastic professors recently said to me that indications pointed to a soon-coming time when his laboratory would be open for work ten hours a day for every working day of the year. FAIE EXHIBITS. At the State Fair in Lansing the College made a large and interesting exhibit which attracted much attention, and excited suprise. People who have not visited the College and have not noticed from year to year the reports as to its development, have very imperfect ideas as to its rapid growth and its present advanced condition. The superior vegetables in great variety ; the fruit ; the farm products ; the stock ; the tools, machines and steam engines made by the students in their regular shop-work ; the beautiful dis- play of hot-house plants ; the few very attractive cases of insects that were shown from the McMillan collection, so rich in rare specimens ; the suggest- ive exhibit of skeletons and models of animals from the Veterinary depart- ment; the singular appearance of the apparatus from the chemical and physical laboratory ; and the instructive specimens from the botanical depart- ment drew a constant and curious crowd. As much of the College exhibit as could be easily and safely transported was exhibited at the Detroit Exposi- tion. Here, too, it was examined and admired by very large numbers, who kept the attendants busy from morning until night. The authorities of the Exposition were most courteous in assigning space, and in affording facilities for our display. So also were the officers of the State Fair in Lansing, who did all that they were asked to do. By special request the exhibit of the Veterinary department was taken to the Grand Rapids Fair, where it had generous treatment from the managers and appreciation from the public. Much good could be done by College exhibits at many different fairs. But the labor, expense, absence of material from the lecture rooms, and absence of students and professors from college duties in order to care for the exhibits will probably preclude us from attempting to exhibit except at the State Fair and the Detroit Exposition. At the Exposition in Detroit the advantage of having the exhibits from all the departments of the College adjacent to each other was apparent. In this way the varied character and extent of our study and work are clearly shown, and the trouble of caring for the exhibit is much reduced. It is hoped that a similar arrangement can be made for the exhibit at the State Fair in future years. THE M'MILLAN COLLECTIONS. The College is greatly indebted to Senator James McMillan, of Detroit, for the most generous gift of a large collection of butterflies and of beetles. The butterflies include 8,000 species and 12,000 specimens. The beetles include 8,000 species and 40,000 specimens. This gift is more fully described in the report of Prof. Cook, through whose interest in his depart- ment the gift was inspired. It is hoped that this kindly act of Senator REPORT OF PRESIDENT CLUTE. 29 McMillan is but a forerunner of many other gifts from patriotic sons and daughters of Michigan, who would like to see her State agricultural school thoroughly^quipped in every respect. Our College has now a valuable beginning in museum, cabinets and library. And yet those who use these most, that is the professors in different departments and the special students, find them by no means complete. We could use much fuller collections with great profit to our students and to the general public. THE LIBRAEY. Perhaps the most pressing need at present is books for the library, in the departments of history, biography, travel, literature and philosophy. We need books in all these departments. Are there not wealthy men in Michi- gan who have made their wealth from the farms, the merchandise, the land, the lumber, the mines, the salt of the State, who will be glad to supply this need, as an exression to the whole people of their appreciation of the State that has dealt so well by them? The departments of agriculture, horticult- ure, stock breeding and general science are better supplied with books for present use, because a very large part of the money at the disposal of the College for the purchase of books has been used in these directions for thirty years. Yet here, also, we could u«e a large sum of money today. INSTITUTES AND CONVENTIONS. Our professors are in demand not only in the Institute work in our own State, but in agricultural, horticultural, chemical, botanical, and entomologi- cal meetings in other States and in national associations. The pressure by outside parties for them to go to such meetings is often very urgent. It is a good thing for the different lines of study and work for which our College stands, to have our men attend these important gatherings; and it is fort- unate for the College to be represented by our able professors in such meet- ings; and it is helpful to the men themselves, and to the College, for they bring back the newest thought and the most improved methods as well as renewed enthusiasm in their work. Yet as a rule our professors have reso- lutely declined the many requests for their attendance, as their absence would often occur in term-time, and might interfere with College progress. In a few cases, by a careful planning of their work beforehand, they have been able to leave it in the hands of assistants for a few days, and go to meet their co-laborers from other States. Some members of the Board of Agriculture have attended at such meetings with profit to the meetings and with interest to themselves. It is to be hoped that in future professors and the members of the Board may both be able to go more frequently. Within poper limits such attendance can result only in good to our College and to the increasing circle of enthusiastic men who are now working in colleges in nearly every State, for the spirit and method in education wherein, more than thirty years ago, our College was a pioneer. THE VETERINARY DEPARTMENT. The great importance of the animal industry to Michigan, and to the whole west, suggests the need of further developing the college work in its interests. The necessity of attending with the greatest care to the breeding of domestic animals in order to promote their health is now acknowledged by 30 DEPARTMENT REPORTS. all intelligent agriculturists. Healthy blood in sire and dam produces healthy offspring. Disease annually carries off large numbers of horses, cattle, sheep and swine. In cities, where large numbers of horses are k^ept, disease sometimes causes serious interruption to business; it is always present as a factor of evil in many large industries. These facts led the college some years ago to establish the Veterinary Department, and to give to all regular agricultural students such a course as conditions made possible in veterinary science. This has proven a popular and profitable course. The time has come when we should look towards its enlargement. We should so extend the veterinary course as to furnish a complete training that will fit the graduates of the course for the practice of veterinary medicine and surgery. As much of the training needed by veterinary students can be given in the regular college classes, as at present organized, the expense of developing the present veterinary department to a full veterinary school, whose degree of V. S. would rank as the equal or superior of any such degree in America, would not be large. One additional professor would do the work in teaching the special veterinary topics. The present veterinary building would answer the requirements for a few years. A hospital for diseased animals could be built for a few thousand. Two laborers to do the manual work of the hospital would at first suffice. The benefit to Michigan and the north- west in sending out every year a clflss of well-trained veterinarians would be out of all proportion to the moderate sum the department would cost. It seems to me that we should look seriously toward such development of our present efficient veterinary department at an early day, and I ask for it the careful consideration of the Board. DEGREES CONFERRED. At the commencement on Tuesday, August 20, a class of forty-three received the degree of B. S. Their names are as follows: D. Anderson, Jr., H. A. Martin, R. S. Baker, T. F. McGrath, A. D. Baker, Alex. Moore, B. K. Canfield, F. J. Niswander, G. L. Chase, J. W. O'Bannon, L. Churchill, E. N. Pagelson, F. N. Clark, F. M. Payne, R. J. Cleland, W. S. Palmer, Will Curtis, L. W. Rice, L. A. Clinton, W. E. Rohnert, W. E. Davis, 0. J. Root, G. C. Davis, W. L. Rossman, J. W. Earle, F. M. Seibert, G. L. Flower, Mary Smith, D. A. Garfield, H. A. Stewart, E. A. Holden, • C. H. Todd, P. G. Holden, J. W. Tourney, 0. C. Hollister, W. H. Van Devort, G. J. Jenks, H. E. Weed, W. Lightbody, A. G. Wilson, E. G. Lodeman, R. H. Wilson. A. L. Marhoff, REPORT OF THE PROFESSOR OF AGRICULTURE. 31 This is the largest class ever graduated by our College. Those professors who knew its students during their four years' course speak in strong praise of their ability and attention to duties. On the same day tbe degree of M. S. was conferred on the following: C. L. Crandall, for proficiency in Horticulture. H. T. French, for proficiency in Agriculture. 0. E. Smith, for proficiency in English. Fred. C. Miller, for proficiency in Building and Architecture. At the opening of the present College year, August 26, there was an unusually large accession of students, so that the number in actual attend- ance and the enrollment for the term exceed those of any previous term. Considering the circumstances, this increased attendance is most encourag- ing. It shows that the College has become rooted in the esteem of a large number of people, who have confidence in its spirit, its methods, and its results in the training of students. Agricultural College, Mich., ) 0. CLUTE. October 31, 1889. f REPORT OF THE PROFESSOR OF AGRICULTURE AND SUPERINTENDENT OF THE FARM. t To the President of the State Board of Agriculture : Dear Sir — The report herewith submitted of the work of the Agricult- ural Department embraces, in addition to the College year ending June 30, 1889, the month of July and to August 25, when * * * my official rela- tions with this College terminated. instruction. Six seniors, 43 sophomores and 60 freshmen have received instruction in this department during the year. The topics discussed and the methods pursued during the year have not varied materially from those outlined in former reports. The practical topics which must always form the basis of any and all true courses of study in practical agriculture, the topics which have had a place in the curriculum of the College since its organization, and have been followed by every pro- fessor of agriculture the College has ever had, have not been changed or modified during my administration, except that in 1883 I secured a term of work in the sophomore year in which the subject of feeding animals was made prominent. The sophomores in the fall had a half term in the study of the fall crops, and the characteristics of the different breeds of sheep, swine and horses. They were interested and their examinations evidenced a good degree of attention to their work. In the spring term the freshman class, numbering 60, took up the topics assigned in the agricultural course as catalogued for this term, viz : Gen- eral principles of drainage, including the drainage of buildings and laying 32 DEPARTMENT- REPORTS. out and construction of farm drains, and breeds of cattle, their character- istics and adaptation to practical purposes. Especial care was taken to give clear and definite instruction on these topics, and to enforce the same by practical illustrations. The class studied good specimens of various breeds of cattle in the yard and scaled them point by point, and then by comparing two specimens of the same breeds were able to note for themselves how nearly they conformed to the standard of excellence, and by comparing one breed with another to note more clearly the differences between them. * * * * LECTUBES AND INSTITUTES. I have delivered two lectures in the regular assignment of the College "Wednesday afternoon lecture course on "The Educated Farmer, his Duty and Responsibility," and " The Manual Labor System of the Michigan Agricultural College." I was assigned to the State institutes at Lake Odessa and Brooklyn. By special invitation I presented a paper on " Drainage " at the Clinton county Institute held at St. Johns, and at Bancroft, Shiawassee county, one on "Feeding Steers of Different Breeds," and at the meeting of the Kalamazoo Husbandman's Club held at Eichland I presented the same topic; also before the Ingham County Grange. As President of the Michigan Short- horn Breeders' Association I presented an address at the annual meeting held in December. I also prepared and read a paper before the Michigan Swine Breeders' Association and took part in the meetings of the Merino Sheep Breeders and the Holstein Friesian Cattle Breeders. The annual meetings of the various breeding organizations, now held in one week at the capital city, brings together a large number of our most prominent farmers and stockmen for counsel, and it has been an increasing pleasure to me, from year to year, to meet and cooperate with these gentle- men in their enterprises so far as I could. Their utterances of sympathy and confidence, in many cases of the warmest personal friendships, have been most pronounced and helpful to me in my work. I beg to assure them of my heartiest appreciation and that they will not be forgotten. At the annual meeting of the Michigan Dairymen's Association I made a report for the committee appointed to visit the experiment stations (consist- ing of Hon. Henry Chamberlain and myself as a substitute for Hon. Geo. B. Horton, who could not go) on the dairy work of these stations, and also took part in the discussions. By invitation of the committee and members of the Board of Agriculture in charge I delivered two lectures at Washington, Pa., in February on "Silos and Ensilage" and "The Feeding of Steers of Different Breeds." By invitation of the President and Secretary I read a paper on " The Relation of Breed to Milk and Beef Production," before the annual meeting of the Holstein Friesian Association of America held in New York city in March last. I was pleasantly received at all of these points by large and intelligent audiences of the best men and women interested in agricultural pursuits and had abundant evidence that my discussions of live, practical farm topics were not lacking in interest and profit to my hearers. * * * REPORT OF THE PROFESSOR OF AGRICULTURE. 33 [The report on Experiment Station work and bulletins of the Farm Department which here followed has been omitted from this place and will be found in the Experiment Station report later on in this volume. — H. G. R., Sec'y.] NO PUBLIC SALE IN 1889. The public cattle sale was not held this year, the Board deeming it not advisable on account of the depression in prices and lack of demand for breeding stock. We have made but few private sales and the receipts from this, the largest source of income from the farm, have been very small compared with former years. For this reason the total receipts of the department fall much below those of any former years of recent date. DONATIONS. The following donations have been received by the Farm Department during the year: One Holstein steer from Hon. M. L. Sweet, Grand Rapids; two varieties of seed potatoes from S. Frogner, Herman, Minn.; one barrel of Monroe seedling potatoes from International Seed Company, Rochester, N. Y. ; package of Cleveland's Colossal Corn from A. B. Cleve- land & Co., New York; one car extra early field corn, " Minnesota King," from Northrup, Braslaw & Goodwin, Minneapolis, Minn.; one-half bushel Texas Red Oats from A. P. Coddington, Tecumseh, Mich. ; Black Barley from D. H. Talbot, Sioux City, la.; attachment to Aspinwall Potato Planter for planting ensilage corn, from Aspinwall Manufacturing Company, Three Rivers, Mich. AGRICULTURAL LABORATORY. In my last report I referred to the fact that the Farm Department was the only one that did not have a building especially arranged and equipped for its work and suggested that such a building should be the next for which legislative appropriation was asked. In the fall of 1883 I was requested to draw a plan of such a building as I thought was needed. I made such plans and $8,000 was placed by the Board of Agriculture in the estimates submitted to the Legislature, a majority of the members voting therefor. The following resolution indorsing this action of the Board was passed by the Michigan Short Horn Breeders' Association : Resolved, That this association is of the opinion that the Agricultural Department of the State Agricultural College is at a disadvantage in carry- ing on the work assigned to it, owing to a lack of a proper building, and that it asks the Legislature of the State at its next session to appropriate the sum of at least $8,000 for the erection of such a building, thus placing it more on an equality with the other Departments of the College. The following resolutions adopted by the executive committee of the State Agricultural Society state what other associations indorsed such action: Whereas, Large appropriations have been made by former Legislatures of this State to provide ample accommodations for the Chemical, Botanical, 5 34 DEPARTMENT REPORTS. Entomological, Veterinary, Mechanical and Horticultural Departments of the Michigan Agricultural College, aggregating many thousands of dollars for each of these departments, while the Agricultural Department, accord- ing to the Governor's recent message, has been allowed only the meagre sum of $400 for this purpose ; and "Whereas, We believe that the Agricultural Department at an Agricult- ural College, in the very nature of things, should be kept fully abreast of all others in the equipment for work, that it may stand on an equal plane with them ; and Whereas, The State Board of Agriculture has placed in their bill of estimates, to present to the State Legislature now in session, the sum of $8,000 for an Agricultural Laboratory and equipment, which action has been indorsed by the State Grange at its recent session, by the Michigan Sheep Breeders' Association, the Holstein, Short Horn and Galloway Cattle Breeders' Associations at their recent annual meetings; and Whereas, We believe this appropriation will greatly contribute to the efficiency of the Agricultural Department and is in accord with the advanced public sentiment of the leading agricultural organizations in this State; therefore be it Resolved, That, as the executive committee of the State Agricultural Society, we hereby cordially indorse the action of the Board of Agriculture in asking for this appropriation, and we hereby most respectfully petition the Honorable, the Legislature of Michigan, now in session, to make such appropriation, feeling assured that the best interests of the College and of the State will be served by such action. And your petitioner will ever pray. Resolved, That the secretary of this committee forward a copy of this preamble and resolution to the President of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives at Lansing, with the request that they be printed in the Legislative Journal, and referred to tbe proper committee. To Hon. John Holbrook, chairman of the Senate committee on the Agri- cultural College, and H. E. Dewey, chairman of the House committee, as well as to Dr. Baker, chairman of the ways and means committee of the House, much credit is due as well as to the members of these respective committees for their patient attention to my plea of the needs of the Agri- cultural Department and for their hearty indorsement of this appropriation. The plan of the building for which this $8,000 was asked is two stories high with cellars for the storage of potatoes and roots and furnace room. A class room with room in rear connected by folding doors where animals or heavy machinery could be brought before the class, a room for the storage of heavy seeds, two offices, a hall and laboratory with dark room for photo- graphic work, on the first floor; museum, seedroom, two rooms for mem- bers of the board and hall, on the second floor. * * * * PERMANENT IMPROVEMENTS. In looking back over the ten years of my work at the College and compar- ing the farm and its equipments then with what we now have there are visible signs of improvement. The old cattle sheds, dirty and inconvenient, were remodeled the first year. A new grain barn with basement and silo was built in 1881, a commodious REPORT OF THE PROFESSOR OF AGRICULTURE. 35 tool house, in 1883, replaced the unsightly shed which only gave partial shelter to the farm implements. In 1885 the experimental barn arranged expressly for feeding cattle was erected. The water supply for the barns and fields has been arranged and laid. A new iron bridge over the Cedar river, with substantial stone abutments and good approaches, has taken the place of the old unsafe wooden structure. A large silo has been built con- tiguous to the cattle barn ; and during the last year the sheep house has been arranged for experimental feeding, and the boiler house has received an addition to be used as a grinding room. A large amount of tile has been laid and a large acreage reclaimed. The fields have been cleared of stumps and stones and so enriched by barnyard manure and good cultivation, that their productiveness has steadily increased. In 1882 trees were planted on both sides of the farm lane. These have grown rapidly and are every year making the lane a more attractive drive. Through my efforts a new road from the main highway to Trowbridge station, the junction of the Detroit, Lansing and Northern Railway with the Chicago and Grand Trunk, has been opened so that we have direct access to the station. Ten years ago the stock did not meet with the approval of the farmers or breeders — indeed it was the subject of constant and invidious criticism from all visitors. It has been improved by the careful weeding out of inferior specimens and the selection and purchase of only animals of real merit. The reports of the ten years will show that the sales of stock have amounted in the aggregate to a large sum ; and in this way the College has contributed to the very important work of stock improvement in our State. The annual cattle sales of the last four years have proved an excellent way of disposing of our surplus, and have called the attention of the farmers to the College and its work. The Short Horn herd is now in excellent condition for a breeding herd, and has so many animals of individual excellence and approved breeding as enables it to rank with the best herds of the State. The arrangements for carrying on experimental work are quite complete, and in the special lines of feeding, which I have inaugurated, an extra good lot of heifers and steers of different breeds for dairy and beef tests have been procured. I think I am warranted in saying that the farm and its equipment are in almost perfect order. With the erection of the farm laboratory and class-room the department will have such appliances as are needed for the best prosecution of its special work. * * * * Mr. Hiram T. French, who has been my assistant since his graduation in '85, and who has had the student labor in charge for two years past and in part the supervision of crop experiments, received a call from the Oregon Experiment Station, at an advanced salary, in July, and resigned his posi- tion here to accept the same. Mr. French carries with him to his new field of labor my best wishes. Alice A. Johnson, class of '84, has rendered me efficient service in the office of the Experiment Station in the tabulating and compiling of the bulletins issued and has relieved me almost entirely of the details of office work. * * * The steady employment of one qualified for the task has proved most satisfactory and the work done must be the best evi- dence of the value of the service rendered. 36 DEPARTMENT REPORTS. Wm. Brown has continued in charge of the stock and rendered efficient aid in some of the feeding experiments. Thos. Jack has had charge of the experimental steers and the sheep and has proved himself a skillful and reliable man for sach work. Henry Munn has been in charge of field work. Gooi crops utter the praise of his labors. Whatever of success in the work of the year has been attained, is due in good part to the cheerful compliance with my wishes of these helpers. They have entered into my plans heartily and in carrying them out have given me intelligent and faithful cc operation. In closing this final report as Professor of Practical Agriculture and Super- intendent of the Farm, I desire to record my appreciation of the friendship and support of those members of the successive Boards of Agriculture, who have taken an earnest and sincere interest in the Farm Department. When I came to the College, President T. C. Abbot was in charge and Hon. H. G. Wells was president of the Board. While neither of these gentle- men were practical farmers they were always ready to support any measure that promised to make the Farm Department more efficient. They were broad enough to know the needs of all departments of the College. * * Their advice, their hearty words of encouragement, their efforts to make me comfortable and "at home" in my new surroundings were most opportune and made doubly precious by the genial and gracious manner in which they were given. M. J. Gard, a man of opinions who had the courage of his convictions, J. Webster Childs, Geo. W. Phillips, all true and well known representative farmers, were associated with Judge Wells and yourself. Then came Wm. B. McCreery and T. D. Dewey who never swerved in their support of measures calculated to advance the practical departments of the College. Henry Chamberlain and E. W. Rising were appointed by Governor Begole. No truer, more candid and discreet men ever had a place in College councils. Their services illustrated the advantages of non-partisan Boards as securing stronger and more popular support to the institution. * Geo. B. Horton was the recent chairman of the farm committee. He was a man who sought information for himself and who had decided ideas about agriculture at Agricultural Colleges. Mr. Horton's resignation, after a year and a half of service, I greatly regretted. With you, Mr. President, as a member of the farm committee, my relations have been most intimate. For your kind, unwavering and intelligent support of the Farm Department I am greatly indebted. Your personal confidence and friendship has given real help and encouragement, amid the difficulties with which I have had to contend. The thoughts of these cordial relations with yourself and colleagues I shall cherish as my pleasantest memories of College life. In this connection I should do injustice to my feelings, did I not refer in warmest terms of appreciation to the stanch and unswerving support of the Michigan Farmer. It has spoken with no uncertain sound in defense of the Agricultural Department and in behalf of agricultural interests. * * CONCLUSION. I have served the College ten of the best years of my life. I have not devoted a large share of my time to matters personal to myself but have given my efforts to the work for which I was employed. I do not remember to have HORTICULTURE AND LANDSCAPE GARDENING. 37 asked for a single vacation, or to have had one during these years in which College work and duties did not occupy the major part of my thought and time. And while my duties have been increasing I have never complained of overwork. I may be pardoned for saying that I believe that in no year of my connec- tion with the College have my labors been more abundant, more appreciated by the farmer whose interests I have aimed especially to serve, more kindly commended by the agricultural press, more valuable to the students under my charge and to the College than the one covered by this report. * * * I look back over the years and, while I am conscious of many errors of judgment and practice, I can say I have endeavored to be loyal and devoted in the varied relations I have sustained. I note with some satisfaction the improvements wrought, the advance made during my term. I shall remem- ber the friendship and confidence of many of the students with whom I have been associated. I am glad in my heart to be assured in no uncertain way that I retire with the confidence, the sympathy and good will of the farmers of Michigan. Respectfully submitted, SAMUEL JOHNSON. Lansing, Oct. 10, 1889. REPORT OF THE PROFESSOR OF HORTICULTURE AND LANDSCAPE GARDENING. To the President : I desire to present the following report of the work of the Horticultural Department for the past ten and one-half months, during which time it has been under my charge. INSTRUCTION. During the twelve weeks of the fall term instruction in Horticulture was given to forty students in the junior class. The time was spent in dis- cussing the methods of plant propagation, fruit growing and kitchen and market gardening. The students were also required to write two essays upon topics relating to horticulture. The first six weeks of the spring term were spent by twenty members of the senior class in an elective course consisting of (1) a hasty consideration of some of the principles of plant growth and their application to the work of the horticulturist, and (2) a few lectures upon some of the more common diseases of plants. Twenty-five lectures on landscape gardening will be given to the members of the sophomore class during the last half of the summer term. STUDENT LABOR. During the year nearly all of the work of the garden and grounds hag teen performed by the students. The total number enrolled on the books 38 DEPARTMENT JtEPORTS. of the department for manual labor, is one hundred and twenty-live, of whom fifteen have been seniors, thirty-five juniors, and seventy-five fresh- men. The largest number enrolled at any one time was during the fait term, when eighty-five were recorded. As the curriculum is now arranged the juniors are required to work in this department, and an attempt is made to so arrange the work for them, that they at pome time during the year will perform all of the more important operations of horticulture, such as sowing seed, transplanting, grafting, budding, layering, making cuttings of various kinds, pruning, and preparing vegetables and fruits for market. When not engaged in the so-called educational work they are used to superintend the work of the under classes, in experimental work, or in such other duties as they can perform to the best advantage. The seniors, with whom the work is elective, are as far as is possible allowed to select their own line of labor, in the vegetable or fruit gardens, or on the grounds, as supervisors, or in taking notes upon the condition of the crops or trees. To the freshmen falls most of the drudgery of the department, such as- hoeing, ditching, weeding, and composting. Although much of the work has been far from inviting, it has been cheerfully performed. With few exceptions the attendance has been regular, and the students have taken hold of the work in a satisfactory manner. The labor system in this department owes much of its success during the past year to the earnest support it has received from other members of the faculty. Individually and as a body, they have aided in placing the manual labor on the same plane as the class room exercises. HORTICULTURAL LABORATORY. The new laboratory was completed in November and was fitted up and furnished ready for occupancy at the opening of the spring term. It ha& proved well adapted to the work for which it was designed. The class room is on the second floor, is well lighted and is provided with blackboards, and seats for seventy students. The specimen room adjoining is provided with three cases for specimens and apparatus for class room use, and space remains for three small wall cases to be added as needed. A beginning has been made upon a collection of the different kinds of fruit for purposes of study and comparison. We desire also a collection of veg- etable seeds, and in addition to such varieties as we are able save ourselves, have been promised a complete collection by D. M. Ferry & Co. of Detroit. One of the cases will be used for a collection of all the hand tools used by the horticulturist. The laboratory room proper is provided with tables, cases, etc., and is occupied in the fall by the juniors and in the spring by the seniors who elect horticulture. The seed room is also on the second floor and is equipped with seed cases and tables. The rooms on the first floor consist of the study or office of the depart- ment, with desks, bookcases, etc. ; the tool room, in which are the racks and cases containing the tools used by the students in their manual labors and the carpenter shop in which many simple appliances are made and the broken implements are repaired. HORTICULTURE AND LANDSCAPE GARDENING. 39 The basement contains a room for winter grafting, one for the washing and preparing of vegetables for market, beside rooms for the storage of fruits, vegetables, cions aud grafts, and fuel. GROUNDS. The proper care of the grounds requires the work of from ten to fifteen students (for the two or three hours per day that they work) during the school year. The past spring considerable extra work was performed in grading and turfing about the three new buildings, Abbot Hall, Howard Terrace and the Horticultural Laboratory. Walks and drives were laid out about them, and several hundred large evergreens were transplanted in groups or as screens. There are now on the College grounds nearly six miles of walks and drives, and to trim the borders and rake them over every ten days or two weeks is no small task. The lawns on Faculty Row and around the buildings have been cut regu- larly with horse or hand lawn mowers, and about twenty acres, including all the remaining land between the west entrance and the vegetable garden, were cut every two weeks with a one horse Buckeye mower. In the spring some seventy-five new and promising varieties of shrubs and shade trees were purchased and planted on the grounds, to be used for pur- poses of illustration as well as to serve as ornaments. GARDENS. Although the vegetable and fruit gardens have been for the most part used for the work of the experiment station in testing varieties, methods, etc., we have engaged to some extent in commercial fruit and vegetable growing, in order that the students may acquire a practical knowledge of the methods used in the production and marketing of the different crops. The products have for the most part been sold to the students' boarding clubs or to the faculty at wholesale rates, and although the entire work of planting, cultivating, gathering and marketing has been done by students, most of whom had had no previous experience, they will compare favorably with those of the best commercial gardens. Daring the past year the sales have averaged about one hundred dollars per month, and from present appearances the income for the coming year will be at least two thousand dollars. The small fruits passed the winter with little or no injury, and with the exception of the strawberries, which were injured by the late spring frosts, are giving full crops. ORCHARDS. The pear orchard is in excellent condition and has set a full crop of fruit. The old cherry orchard is hanging full of fruit of varieties belonging to the Duke and Morello classes. The sweet cherries have nearly all been killed out by the severe winters, in part owing no doubt to the fact that the soil is a stiff clay and poorly adapted to them. 40 DEPARTMENT REPORTS. The renovation of the apple orchard undertaken four years ago by Prof. Bailey has been a complete success. In 1887 less than two hundred trees produced three thousand bushels of fruit. Last year a small crop was obtained and in spite of the drouth the trees made a fair growth. This spring all the trees blossomed and have set a full crop. With a favorable season many of the trees will produce from six to ten barrels of marketable apples. Four years ago the orchard had a sickly appearance, the trees were full of dead branches, the leaves were of an unhealthy yellow color, and the trunks and branches were covered with moss. The foliage now is a dark, healthy green, and the branches are clean and smooth — a transformation brought about by good care and cultivation and without the use of manure or fertil- izers. This spring the trees were sprayed soon after the blossoms dropped, with a solution of one pound of London purple in two hundred gallons of water, and no wormy apples have yet been noticed. The orchard is now over thirty years old, and with the exception of a low spot in the center where tender varieties have been killed out, it will not suffer by comparison with any orchard of its age in the State. My first year has passed with little or no friction, and profiting by the season's experience, and with increased facilities for work, better results can be hoped for in the future. With loyalty to yourself and the best interests of the College, this report is respectfully submitted. Agricultural College, ) L. E. TAFT. June 30, 1889. j REPORT OF THE CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT. President Clute : Sir — I herewith present my report of the Chemical Department for the College year. The year has been one of steady and satisfactory progress The students have been faithful in their class work and have showed enthu- siasm in their laboratory drill. The principle upon which the Chemical Laboratory is conducted, viz., that each instrument or piece of apparatus in the laboratory is for actual use, not only by the teacher but also by the student when once he is fitted for its use and can be profited thereby, naturally tends to awaken enthusiasm in any study thus pursued. To hear, to see and to do is a threefold cord to bind one to study. Distant be the day when there is anything at the Agricultural College too good for the student's use, if he is prepared to properly handle it and it is necessary for his best training. The instrument that is only fit to be kept under lock and key has no place in an Agricultural College. This does not imply that students are to have free range at all times of the College apparatus, irre- spective of their preparation to use such material with profit. Tne great body of new students are without this preparatory training and could not use costly apparatus with benefit to themselves and without loss to the Col- lege. They should receive the training and then be allowed the use of instrumental aids in their work. CHEMICAL. 41 The objection that such a system of laboratory training as a prominent feature in education involves a large amount of work for the teacher, has little force in any live and wide-awake college. " Prophesy unto us smooth things," is not the way to excellence, either in moral or in intellectual growth. For the ancient Greek "I have seen" was the equivalent of "I know." In modern science "I have done " seems the necessary condition of full- orbed knowledge, and hence the imperative demand for a wider field for laboratory work. The large Chemical Laboratory with its abundant equip- ment affords ample scope for this training. A number of post graduates and teachers in the State have availed themselves of these opportunities. OUTSIDE WORK. Many subjects of inquiry come to the Chemical Laboratory for investiga- tion and determination. The commissioner of railroads desired a test made of the quality of oil used in passenger cars in this State, because the ordinary testing apparatus of oil inspectors is of too limited range of temperature. A committee of the Legislature wanted information in regard to the com- position and testing of cider vinegar; another committee, information in regard to what should be the legal standard for whole milk and for skimmed milk, etc. Many letters have been received asking for information about marl and its uses, the marl beds of the State, etc. Numerous letters about the management of muck beds and reclaimed swamps, the manures to be used, the kind of crops to cultivate, etc. Others desire information about the value of certain grasses and forage crops for stock feeding, the relative value of certain mill products and waste grains. These inquiries always require much time and investigation, and often a large amount of analytical work, but the results are so important to the parties inquiring that the work is cheerfully done. The College is thus a help to individuals as well as communities. farmers' institute. I attended the farmers' institute at Grayling and presented a paper on the results reached at the Experimental Farm on the jack pine lands. This is a subject of deep interest to all our northern counties, and is watched by all in the vicinity. The subject will be more extensively considered in the report of the Experiment Station. SOCIETY FOR PROMOTION OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE. This society held its annual meeting for 1888 in Cleveland. I attended the meeting and gave the address, as president of the society; also a paper on the Relations of Tile Draining to Flood and Drought, which has been copied into a number of agricultural papers. 42 DEPARTMENT REPORTS. INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF MEDICAL JURISPRUDENCE. As delegate from the American Academy of Medicine, I attended the International Congress of Medical Jurisprudence in New York in June, 1889. The papers and discussions, while not relating to the ordinary pur- suits of life, were of great value as related to human society and public welfare. I was appointed one of the vice presidents of the congress. Daring the interregnum between the resignation of President Willits and your assuming the office of president of the college, additional labor and responsibility were thrown upon me as director pro tern, of the Experiment Station, and the local discharge of duties as President pro tern, during the absence of Acting President Wells. By your appointment I was happily relieved of duty in both these offices. Respectfully submitted, R. C. KEDZIE, ♦ Prof. Chemistry. Agricultural College, Mich., ) June 30, 1889. f REPORT OF THE PROFESSOR OF ZOOLOGY AND ENTOMOLOGY. President 0. Clute: I submit the following report for the Department of Zoology for the past College year. It gives me great pleasure to report excellent work both in class room and laboratory. The students have been earnest and faithful to a marked degree. The work has been much as in previous years; and the classes have been large and enthusiastic. I wish to express my grateful acknowledgments of the valuable services rendered by my assistants Messrs. F. H. Hillman and A. B. Cordley, both of whom have conducted laboratory classes with exceptional success. Mr. Hillman left me during the year, hav- ing been called to the Nevada State University, as Professor of Entomology. the mc millan collection. In my last year's report, I made the following statement : "The one need of the department of instruction, is an enlarged museum and more extensive cabinets." It gives me exceeding pleasure to state that this need has been met in large part through the most generous gifts of Senator James* McMillan. Through his noble benefaction, our cabinets are enriched by the Tepper Col- lection of Lepidoptera, and the Austin Collection of Coleoptera, which adds some 10,000 species, and 50,000 specimens to our entomological cabinets, and gives us one of the finest collections in the west. That the admirable oppor- tunities for special work in the department are not unappreciated is evinced in the fact that six persons have already signified their desire to work in the laboratory during our next winter vacation. We now have very excellent facilities for special study in Entomology, which we hope to extend, so that very soon there will be no better in the United States. The apiary and experimental work has been turned over to the Experi- ZOOLOGY AND ENTOMOLOGY. 43'. ment Station, and so the work in these departments, which has previously been reported in this place, will now appear in the report of the Station. OUTSIDE WORK. During the past year, I not only attended and addressed two of the Farmers' Institutes in our State, but also the Shiawassee County Stock Breeders' Association of which I was President and the State Horticultural Society at its February meeting. I was also engaged to lecture before the annual meeting of the New York State Agricultural Society, and three other Institutes of that State. I attended and lectured before the North American Bee Keepers' Association at the annual meeting held at Colum- bus, Ohio. In February I was induced by special request to publish my experience and views on the "Silo and Silage." I published an edition of 3,000 copies, 2,600 of which were sold in less than four months. I spent much of the winter vacation re-writing, enlarging and revising my "Injuri- ous Insects" which I hope to publish within the nest year. DONATIONS TO THE ZOOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT. Senator James McMillan, Detroit : 12,000 specimens Lepidoptera; 40,000' specimens Coleoptera. O. 8. Compton, Glenwocd, Mich.: Fruit honey. Sam' I Heath, Armstrong, Pa.: Clover honey. Chas. Lewis, Middleton, Conn : Clover honey. Ronald McDonald, Cheboygan, Mich.: Actinolite. Rough garnet. Hornblendic Quartzite. Hornblende. S. D. Perkins, Farragut, Iowa : Smart-weed honey. A. Wilcox. Mansion, Wis.: Oak gall honey. S. I. Freeborn, Ithaca, Wis.: Horse mint honey. S. Coulthard, Southern Ohio : Clover honey. H. R. Pattengill, Lansing, Mich.: Copper ore. J. Y. Detwiler. New Smyrna, FL: Mangrove honey. L. H. Dewey, Ag. Coll., Mich.: Milk snake. Townsend North, Vatsar, Mich.: Striped wool. J. A. White, Hancock, Mich.: Mass copper. J. L. Clark. Apalachicola, FL: Sour gum honey; silk from bee moth larva,. Astronomical Dept.: Meteorite from Transylvania; meteoric iron, Mexico. W. J. Deal, Ag. College: Black and Yellow Warbler. C. B. Cook, Ag. Cdlege, Mich. Brown Creeper. Black Snow Bird. Red Bellied Nut Hatch. White Bellied Nut Hatch. Chickadee. American Red Start. White Throated Sparrow. Red Breasted Thrush. Shore Lark. Tit Lark. Pine Warbler. Golden Crested Kinglet. Brotherly Love Grunlet. Yellow Throated Grunlet.. Black Billed Cuckoo. Scarlet Tanager. Ruffed Grouse. Spec. Musquash. Common Mole. -14 DEPARTMENT REPORTS. Prof. H. Oshorn, Ames, Iowa : Pouched gopher. Striped squirrel. Prairie dog. Willie Hiscock, Agricultural College: "Raccoon. A. I. Root, Medina, Ohio: Burma honey; boring by teredo. A. C. Tyrrel, Madison, Neb.: Melissa honey. Wm. Wrigglestuorth, Crawford, Texas: Broom weed honey; milk weed honey Henry Taufer, Salt Lake City, Utah: Pure sand from lake. J3. P. Hamilton, Savannah, Ga.: 4 snail shells. Whitney Watkins, Manchester, Mich.: Turtle. J. A. White, Hancock, Mich.: Native copper; drill core. Mrs. A. F. Hinman : Hydroid coral. 2 Quartz crystals. Sea weed bearing coral. Infusorial earth. 2 Sea urchins. Stinging barb. 5 Marine shells. 10 Specimens mica. Shark's egg. Star mica. Clam shell. Biolite. F. M. Paine, Ruck ford, Mich.: 3 specimens Lepidodendra. L. Churchill, Three Oaks, Mich.: 2 specimens Lepidodendra. H. E. Weed, Lansing, Mich.: Cast skin of snake. 2 Spirifers. Lepidodendra. Fossil stem. Class '89 Fossil coral. Agate. Ripple marks. J. R. Atchley, Arlington, Texas: Centipede; Copperhead snake. F. J. Xiswander, Brim-field, Indiana : 3 Agates. 54 Fossil coral. 18 Arrow heads — Chert. Pumice stone. 15 Cyathylloid coral. Snail shell. 21 FavosiJ,e coral. Limestone. 10 Crinoids. Trap. 4 Fossil sponges. Marble. 9 Fossil brachiopods. Tin ore. 6 Quartz. Vegetable ivory. 50 Fossil shells. Gypsum. Bo£ iron ore. Chert. Frank H. Hall. Tecumseh, Mich.: Fossil coral. Wm H. Byerly, Owosso. Mich.: Travertine. W. E. Meserve, Pomona, Cal.: Mica and quartz. Gerard & Buchanan, Bracked, Texas: Datames. W. H. Smith, Cosumnes, Cal.: 8 California mole crickets. Agricultural College, Mich., ) A. J. COOK. June 30, 1880. J" BOTANY- AND FORESTRY. 45 REPORT OF THE PROFESSOR OF BOTANY AND FORESTRY. To Oscar Clute, M. S., President of the State Agricultural College: The following in brief is my report for the year closing June 30, 1889: DuriDg the year for a half term or more, one hundred and forty-four per- sons have received instruction in structural botany, forty-eight in systematic botauy, forty in physiological botany, sixteen in the use of the microscope as applied to the structure of timber, twenty-five in forestry, twenty- two in the examination of fungi and other lower forms of plant life, sixty-two have been instructed for one-fifth of one term in the study of the most important natural orders of plants. There have been seven special students, most of whom are graduates of this or some other college or normal school. Three of these received instruction during the long winter vacation. To accom- modate so many students, during one term two classes were working at the same time in different rooms. Owing to so many conflicting interests, it has sometimes been found necessary to keep the laboratory open with one or more teachers present for ten hours a day. The botanic garden has been kept in about its usual condition. The museum has been increased by 323 specimens, besides many others which have been temporarily placed in a store room awaiting time to fully prepare and label them. THE HEKBAEIUM. To the average farmer an herbarium would be of little value, but to the botanist working in the interest of the agriculturist a collection of speci- mens, dried, mounted and classified, is of inestimable value. It is for him a chief instrument for work as is the plow or the harrow to the farmer. The botanist does much of his work in the winter season, when nature is resting and plants cannot be obtained for study. Comparatively few of the speci- mens needed for study can be found growing in any one place, nor can they all be made to grow well in one locality, even if transplanted. A classified collec- tion of authentic specimens is valuable and sometimes quite necessary to aid in identifying specimens sent for name and information. Besides these very practical reasons for collecting an herbarium, there is the broader argument that in no way is intellectual advancement promoted more than by the study of nature in all her various phases, and a large herbarium spreads a wonder- ful and interesting chapter of nature's history before the inquiring student. For these and many other reasons a good working herbarium is a necessary fixture in a well equipped botanical laboratory. As the Michigan Agricultural College possesses one of the finest botanical laboratories on the American continent, so it also possesses one of the largest and best collections of plants to be found west of the Alleghanies. All classes and kinds of plant life are represented except Alga?. The specimens have been collected from all parts of the United States, Mexico, South America, Europe and a few from Asia. Altogether they make up a grand total of 19,781 specimens, representing about 10,000 species. These are comprised in four collections; (1) the general collection, including all classes of plants from all localities; (2) the local collection, including specimens collected in Ingham county; (3) Ellis and Everhart's 46 DEPARTMENT REPORTS. fungi, published exsiccati; (4) and duplicate specimens not mounted but classified and arranged for study. The general collection includes specimens arranged as follows: Phrenogams (besides grasses) mounted •>- 6,974 " " " not mounted .- 1,343 Grasses mounted - 2,748 Cryptogams mounted - 738 " not mounted - - 568 Total in general collection — 12.371 The nucleus of the general collection was formed some years ago by the donation to the college of the Cooley collection by the heirs of the late Dr. D. Cooly of Washington, Macomb county, Mich. In 1884 about four thou- sand European specimens, obtained from the Kew Gardens, England, were added. Specimens collected from various sources and especially those from different parts of Michigan hare been constantly increasing the members. Purchases have been made from the collections of Howell on the Pacific coast, Anderson in the Kocky mountains, Palmer in Mexico and Central America, aDd Pringle in the eastern United States and Mexico. About three hundred specimens have been obtained from 0. A. Farwell of Keweenaw county, Mich., in return for identifying specimens for him. About four hundred specimens collected by the botanical expedition across the State in June of 1888 were added to trie general collection. Numerous specimens of grasses have been obtained from the department of Agriculture at Washington. Dr. Beal's private collection was added to the general college collection in the spring of 1889. This can be best described in his own words as given in his statement to the Board of Agriculture. "When I came to this college, I brought with me a collection of herbarium specimens of about 2,000 species of plants, most of which are still unmounted, and not in condition to be easily studied. The collection consists of plants collected by myself in Maine, Massachusetts, Cayuga county, New York, Lenawee county Michigan, and Chicago and vicinity, Illinois; also of plants given me by Dr. Asa Gray, collected in the Rocky mountains, Buffalo, New York, also European plants collected by E. Cosson of France. They are mainly flowering plants, ferns and their allies with some algas and fungi. They are nearly all accurately labeled by experts or my own labels were approved by Dr. Gray. There are many cultivated plants; a col- lection of willows named by Anderson, a high authority; a fine lot of sedges, named by Boot, Gary and Dewey. A number of these specimens are not in the College herbarium, and nearly all are from different localities than those in the college collection. At a low estimate these are worth on the market eight cents each, making a total of $160. This collection I will give to the State Board of Agriculture, pro- vided they will allow me from time to time to have them properly mounted and placed in the College herbarium." Nearly half of this valuable addition has already been mounted and placed in the herbarium. It will be noticed by the figures given above that especial attention has been given to grasses. The collection in this order is probably not excelled •by more than four others on this continent. BOTANY AND FORESTRY. 47 All specimens placed in the herbarium are poisoned before being mounted to preserve from insect injury. They are mounted on standard size species sheets, and are filed away in genus covers in the order of Bentham and Hooker's genera, and in large genera the species are arranged in alphabeti- cal order so that each specimen is readily accessible. The local collection has grown by annual additions from plants growing chiefly near the College, and is designed partly for use by the students who may desire to compare with authentic specimens any plant they may collect. This collection includes about three hundred specimens of the various vari- eties of apple and pear blossoms. The Ellis and Everhart collection of fungi include 2,300 species of typical and reliable specimens. Something of the kind is quite indispensable to the student of fuugi. In the duplicate collection there are 1,500 specimens of pbsenogams exclusive of grasses, 175 species and varieties of grasses. 30 species of ferns, and more than 50 species of fungi, all averaging at least eight specimens each, making a total of about 3,490 specimens. Thus the grand total foots up as follows: General collection 12,371 Local collection 1,820 Ellis & Everhart's fungi 2,300 Duplicate collection .' 3,490 Grand total number of sp» iimens - 19,781 I have spent some time in completing the volume of the first report of the State Forestry Commission. It has taken between three ^and four weeks to visit the five experiment stations three times during the past year ; over one week to attend the Society for the Promotion of Agricultural Science and the American Association for the Advancement of Science held during our summer vacation at Cleveland, Ohio; another week to represent the Experiment Station at a meeting held in Knoxville, Tennessee, and over another week in attending a number of Farmers' Institutes. I have also taken part in two meetings of the State Horticultural Society, lectured several times at meetings of the county grange and county horti- cultural societies. I attended, as usual, the meeting of the State Teachers' Association and the meeting of the State Grange. For nearly all of the above meetings papers were especially prepared. In no case was anything received in compensation for the service, save traveling expenses at a part of the meetings. To visit one or more other States and lecture for pay has been declined for the past three years in succession. I devoted every spare moment possible during the winter vacation to the preparation of my second volume of Grasses. DONATIONS. From W. Green, Au Salle, Mich.: One bear tree. From L. Hart, Tuscola, Mich.: Loan of a wolf trap and piece of tree. 48 DEPARTMENT REPORTS. From Hon. H. 67. Reynolds, Agricultural College, Mich.: Bark and leaves of Sequoia gigantea, three photographs of these trees. From L. W. Wat kins, Manchester, Mich.: Sprouts from Mangrove, Sea-beans from Florida. From R. H. Hollister, Baldwin, Mich.: Natural graft of white pine. From the U. S. Dept. of Agriculture : Nine packages seeds, 13(3 species of plants collected in Lower California by Dr. Palmer. From W. Pefrie, class ' 90: Hickory tree entwined by bittersweet. From Charles Hoyt: Piece of red cedar excavated by ants. 0. W. Crawford, Wolverine, Mich,: Specimens of bird's eye maple. From Ossian Simons, Graceland Cemetery, Chicago, III.: Thirteen photographs showing views of the cemetery. From Rev. J. Kod, Lake City, Florida: A large box of specimens of trees from Florida. From D. Olds, Vanderbilt, Mich.: Specimens of barrel staves. From John Berry, Vanderbilt, Mich. : Cedar knot resembling snakes. From C. F. Wheeler, Hubbardston, Mich.: Seeds of five species of grasses. From Experiment Station, Ames, Iowa: Seeds of native grasses in varying amounts from 2 quarts to half a bushel :: Agropyrum glaucum. Elymus Canadensis. Agropyrum tenerum. Elymus Virginicus. Agropyrum unilaterale. Festuca tenella. Andropogon provincialis. Glyceria arundinacea. Andropogon scoparius. flordeum jubatum. Cinna arundinacea. Koeleria cristata. Beckmannia erucasformis. Panicum virgatum. Boutetoua hirsuta. Poa nemoralis. Boutetoua racemosa. Spartina cynosuroides. Chrysopogon nutans. Sporobolus heterolepis. Deyeuxia Canadensis. Stipa spartea. From Botanic Garden oj Dr. Alexander Batalin, St. Petersburg, Russia: Seeds by mail as follows : Avena nuda. Linum usitatissimum. Bromus inermis. Molinia coorulia. Capparis herbacea. Onobrychis sativa. Cenchrus catharticus. Panicum miliaceum. Cenchrus montanus. Pennisetum cenchroides. Eleusine flagallifera. Eleusine scindica. Elionurus hirsutus. Eragrostis viscosa. Iseilema lasnm. Phleum pratense. Raphanus sativus. Soja hispida. Sporobolus pallidus. Trifolum repens. MATHEMATICS AND ENGINEERING. 49 From the U. S. Department of Agriculture: Seeds of the following, mostly collected in India Eragrostis unioloides. Eragrostis rachitrisa. Festuca ovina, from Colorado. Panicum circinatum. Poa pratensis, from Lower Cal- ifornia. Polinia Japonica. Tragus racemosus. Uniola Palmeri, from Lower California. Andropogon annulatus. Anthistiria polystachya. Aristida depressa. Cenchrus catharticus. Chloris barbata. Chryfopogon serrulatus. Eleusine flagellifera. Eleusine scindica. Elionurus hirsutus. Eragrostis plumosa. From Dr. W. J. Deal, Agricultural College, Mich.: Two thousand species of dried plants for the herbarium. I am under obligation to my assistant, L. H. Dewey, for much work done in improving the herbarium and in preparing that part of the report refer- ring thereto. To my assistant, C. B. Waldron, I am indebted for valuable services in the museum, and to both of these gentlemen for much other aid in teaching. I am yours sincerely, W. J. BEAL, Agricultural College, Mich., ) Professor of Botany and Forestry. June 30, 1889. f REPORT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS AND ENGINEERING. President Oscar Clute: I have the honor to submit the following report for the Department of Mathematics and Engineering for the school year of 1888 and 1889 : The resignation of Prof. L. G. Carpenter to take the chair of Engineering in the Colorado Agricultural College, and of Assistant J. B. Cotton to enter on the practice of law at Duluth, Minn., made it necessary to re-organize the department to some extent. Mr. Frank Hall and Mr. Henry Tburtell, both graduates of the class of 1888, were engaged as assistants in the depart- ment, and entered upon duty with the beginning of the fall term of 1888. Both these young men have succeeded nicely in the work for which they were engaged, and have been useful and valuable assistants. Mr. Hall taught the following classes: Fall term, freshmen algebra, three hours per day. Spring term, freshmen geometry, three hours per day, besides assisting in field work in surveying; summer term, freshmen geometry, three hours per day, assisted in laboratory of strength of materials. Mr. Thurtell taught classes as follows: Fall term, 1888 — Sophomore algebra, three hours per day. Spring term, 1889 — Trigonometry, one and one-half hours per day; field work in surveying, two hours per day. Summer term, 1889 — Analytical geometry, one hour per day; assisted in astronomy two hours per day. 7 50 DEPARTMENT REPORTS. • Lieut. W. L. Simpson taught trigonometry, fall term, 1888. I have taught the following classes: Fall term, 1888 — Agricultural engineering and lithology, differential calculus, trigonometry. Spring term, 1889 — Surveying, three hours per day ; integral calculus. Summer term, 1889 — Strength of materials; astronomy, two hours per day. The classes have been on the whole well filled with attentive* and well- prepared students, so that while the year has been a busy one, it has also been a pleasant one. STEAM HEATING PLANT. Little has been done to this plant except to keep it in repair and to improve its efficiency wherever it had been found defective. Mr. James Wiseman, foreman of the iron shops, who has been the efficient engineer for the past four years, was obliged to give up his oversight of the steam works, because of the necessity of giving his full time to the iron shop. Mr. Richard Hiscock was appointed to take charge of the steam works. This he has done very efficiently. The steam heating plant is in better condition than ever before, and less and less complaint is heard of poorly heated rooms each year. It has been the policy for the past two or three years to re-pipe each room having a defective heating apparatus as soon as possible after learning its condition. I had all the exposed steam pipes covered with a layer of asbestos paper, a covering of brown paper, and a thick coating of hair felt; the whole was then covered with canvas, sewed in place. The result will be a material reduction in our coal bill. HOT WATBE HEATING PLANT. The new dormitory, Abbot Hall, was fitted with a hot water heating plant, consisting of a Bolton boiler of three fire pots, and a box coil, with a heating surface of about 1 to 50 cubic feet in each room on the second floor, and 1 to 40 cubic feet in each room on the first floor. The work was done by contract by F. 0. Bennett & Co., of Lansing, for $1,300, and has proved in all respects a success. We covered all the main circulating pipes, as described for steam, during the spring term. We have built, and have nearly in place a hot water heater, for the secre- tary's office, to be used during the winter vacation, at which time steam can not be had. We shall also build and put in place a complete plant for heat- ing the new agricultural building during the coming winter. BATH HOUSE. We have equipped a bath house with ten tubs for the use of the students. The building was heated, supplied with hot and cold water, and the bath tubs set complete by our own men. The job, though a very complicated one, was thoroughly done, and worked perfectly without any remodeling from the first. The estimated cost of the bath house and equipments was $600, of which the students raised $300 as a loan, and the Board appropriated VETERINARY. 51 the same amount. The building was erected by contract by Elias Spross for $385. The bath tubs and equipment cost about $150; the labor of erec- tion about $60. The water for the bath house is heated by steam in a tank erected several years ago over the boilers, and seems to be all that could be desired. Various other constructions of small moment have from time to time been in my charge, regarding which detailed report has already been made to the board. During the winter vacation I visited Memphis, Tenn., and delivered an address, as per invitation of the National Society of Brick Makers. I returned by the Mississippi river. I prepared an article on " Eoad Making," which was read at the Farmers' Institutes at Flint, Big Rapids and Brooklyn. It was also published in the Michigan Farmer and in the Drainage Journal of Indianapolis. I am respectfully yours, R. C. CARPENTER, Professor of Mathematics and Engineering. Agricultural College, Mich., ( October 1, 1889. f REPORT OF THE VETERINARY DEPARTMENT. To the President of the Michigan Agricultural College : Sir — Having the honor to report the work done in the Veterinary Department of this College during the year 1888-9, I beg leave to submit the following: During the fall term my class consisted of thirty-four students, being thirty from the senior class and four specials, and to it daily lectures were given upon the subject of the anatomy of farm animals. The discussion of the subject was aided by diagrams, skeletons and the models of many parts of the horse and other domestic animals. After the anatomy had been gone through in the class-room, a number of horses were purchased and dissected by the students themselves, who, I am glad to be able to say, manifested much interest in the work ; and when certain anatomical divisions of the cadaver were dissected, drawings were made of it in order to still further impress the peculiar arrangements of parts upon the mind. These draw- ings have been preserved, as I think they reflect much credit upon the class. During the latter part of this term I was materially assisted in the practi- cal part of the work by Mr. N. S. Mayo, who acted as demonstrator of anatomy to one half of the class while I took the other. The spring term was devoted largely to a description of the most impor- tant diseases of our domestic animals, which were illustrated in some instances by the existing disease in the living animal, in others by patho- logical specimens, and in still others by diagrams and models. In order that the student might get as much practical work as possible in this depart- ment, one day a week was devoted to the performance of operations, and also the manipulations of living creatures, in order to show how to apply the various remedial agents, etc., in case of sickness or accident. 52 DEPARTMENT REPORTS. The summer term could scarcely be looked upon as anything more than a continuation of the spring term, for the same general plan of work was adopted. During these two terms I received very valuable help from Assistant Mayo in giving instruction in the practical part of our work. I am glad to be able to say at this time that our museum still continues to grow, which keeps the aids in teaching ever on the increase. Besides my regular class work I delivered an afternoon lecture in the chapel, issued the required bulletins from the department, and attended to the medical requirements of the live stock in the Agricultural and Horticult- ural departments. During the winter, or through our long vacation, I devoted much time to the study of micro-organisms. As veterinarian to the Michigan Experiment Station I have been engaged in experimental work with a disease that often attacks cattle under the con- ventional name of "lumpy jaw." As State Veterinarian I have visited many counties of Michigan and attended to much correspondence in connection with that office. I have also delivered addresses at our Farmers' Institutes, and before live stock associ- ations of various kinds. In closing this brief report I desire to express a feeling of much gratitude for the courteous treatment I have received from all hands during my opera- tions in all capacities. I am, sir, Yours respectfully, Agricultural College, ) E. A. A. GRANGE, June 30, 1889. \ Prof, of Veterinary Science. REPORT OF THE MECHANICAL DEPARTMENT. To the President of the Michigan Agricultural College: Sir — I have the honor to submit herewith my annual report of the work of the Mechanical Department for the past year. My personal work has been as follows : In the fall term — Senior analytical mechanics and elements of mechanism ; junior agricultural mechanics, one half term and sophomore mechanical physics, one-half term. In the spring term — Senior elements of mechanism and heat, one-half term each ; senior machine design and junior analytical mechanics. In the summer term — Senior electricity and magnetism, thermodynamics and steam engine, and junior analytical mechanics. During the entire year Prof. Holdsworth has taught the mechanical drawing, with the exception of the sophomores and juniors in the spring term, when he was occupied with the free hand drawing for the agricultural freshman. We were fortunately able to obtain the services of Lieut. Simpson during this term, who took the two classes in drawing mentioned above, and also the mechanical sophomore mechanics. MECHANICAL. 53 Prof. Woodworth taught the freshmen mechanical physics in the spring and summer terms, the sophomore agricultural mechanics in the summer term, and divided with me the work of the fall term junior agricultural mechanics. The class-room attendance throughout the year has been excellent, and the zeal and interest shown are highly gratifying. SHOPS. In addition to class-room work, I also have had the superintendence of the shops. The work throughout the year has gone on smoothly and profitably. Students in the wood shop have gone through the routine work of learning the use of the various tools, making -the various forms of joints, splices and frames, and of turning from models and drawings various articles of intrinsic and ornamental value. In addition to this routine work, a large amount of pattern making has been done. These patterns of course are of intrinsic value, as one of the steps in the production of a complete machine. They represent the practical application of what the students learn, and embody our best work of the year. In addition to patterns, a large drawing case has been made, capable of holding about 5,000 drawings. This is a valuable acquisition to the Mechanical Drawing Hall, furnishing classified storage for the drawings of all our students during their course. A detailed statement of the work in the wood shop will be found in the appendix accompanying. In the spring term the agricultural freshmen worked in the wood shop in two divisions for a half term. Their attention and progress were good. In the iron shop the engine nearly completed last year was finished early in the fall term. It has proved very satisfactory, supplying us with an abundance of power, and requiring no changes or repairs. Two iron work- ing lathes have also been completed during the past year, making a total of six made in our shops since their opening. Two more wood lathes nave also been made, and a fifteen-inch shaper is well advanced and will be finished early next year. In the wood shop the patterns have been made and we have obtained most of the castings for a combination buzz-saw table. In addition to these larger items, many small tools, appliances and attach- ments have been made, for a more detailed lint of which reference may be made to the appendix following. This appendix is made out from our time-book, which gives in detail the time spent by each student on each kind and piece of work. This appendix must not be understood as covering all the work of the student. In the wood-shop, especially, a considerable portion of the time is spent on purely practice exercises, the results of which are not included in this summary. It must be also understood that the cash estimates do not include the value of the material. They are simply, as closely as can be estimated, the added value given to the crude material by the work put upon it. Our greatest need in the machine shop at preseut is a standard high grade lathe, a need which, it is to be hoped, may be filled in the near future. In the blacksmith shop the students have been occupied in learning the fundamental operations of forging, welding, tempering, etc., and they also keep the machine shop supplied with lathe and planer tools, and such forg- ings as are needed. 54 DEPARTMENT. REPORTS. During the fall term the sophomore agricultural students worked in the blacksmith shop in four sections, three weeks each. For their instruction Mr. A. Manne, a blacksmith from Lansing, was employed, and their prog- ress during the short time spent was very gratifying, speaking well both for their attention and for Mr. Manne's zeal and aptitude as a teacher. During the past year the patterns have been made for a new forge for the outfit of the blacksmith shop, those first put in being only intended for tem- porary use. The change will be made during next year and will add much to the general appearance and utility of the shop. During the summer term the mechanical freshmen were given some instruction in plain moulding and casting. A brass furnace was put in dur- ing the spring term, and we are now enabled to make our own brass castings, a saving of some moment, in addition to the educational value of the work. The great need of our shop-course, as a whole, is an iron foundry. With that, we should have the complete chain in the development of a machine. In the class-room students learn the theory and practice of design, and make drawings general and detail. In the wood shop they make patterns, and in the iron shop elaborate castings into the finished machine. The link connecting the pattern with the casting is unfortunately omitted at present. This, it may be hoped, the near future will enable us to rectify. At the State Fair held in Jackson, a display of the work of the students in shop work and drawing was made, which attracted much attention and favorable comment. The exhibit included the shop engine referred to above, four lathes, several smaller engines made by the boys as their personal property, and many small tools and articles in wood and metal. As a whole the work of the students during the past' year has been very gratifying. Our constant effort will be toward an elevation of the grade and standard of work, and an increase of its educational value. During the winter I attended Institutes at Centreville and Albion, as appointed, and lectured on "The Farmer as a Mechanic." Very respectfullv submitted. W". F. DURAND, Prof, of Mechanics and Supt. of Shops. MECHANICAL. 55 Appendix to the Report of the Mechanical Department , being a Statement in Detail of Work Done in the Shops. Description of Work. Wood Shop: Patterns for shaper Patterns for saw table Patterns for lathes, drawing stand, etc. Report boxes Veterinary tables Cases for drawing room Cases for Horticultural Department Sewer boxes Dry kiln Tool rack Total for wood shop. Iron Shop : Lathe "C" Lathe "D" Lathe "F" Lathe " G Y Work for iron lathes Work for wood lathes Tools for shop use Work on shop engine Section cutter Indicator attachments Grinding attachments Shafts and couplings Hydrant caps Work for Observatory Work on shaper Dynamo Forges Work in blacksmith shop. Apparatus Total for iron shop... Total for wood shop. For Mech'l Department, Total for both shops Sum total for both shops $865.10 $33 50 11 00 103 40 18 30 6 40 $172 60 $10 00 39 00 28 70 8 90 180 20 71 70 92 30 5 90 2 40 6 80 11 50 65 80 11 70 8 80 52 10 11 8C $607 60 J 72 60 $780 20 For Other Departme'ts. *7 50 16 10 18 60 9 40 3 80 $55 40 $22 80 4 50 2 20 829 50 55 40 $84 90 56 DEPARTMENT REPORTS. REPORT OF PROFESSOR OF MILITARY SCIENCE AND TACTICS. To the President Michigan Agricultural College: Sir — I have the honor to submit the following report of the work done in the Military Department during the college year of 1888-9, and of the condition of the department at the present time. At the beginning of the fall term of 1888 the military drill became, by previ- ous action of the Faculty, a required exercise for all students in the agricultural course, during the freshmen, sophomore and junior years. During the winter a new work scheme was prepared for students of the mechanical course, and at the beginning of the spring term of 1889, students of this course were enabled to take the drill, and were required to participate in the military training under the same conditions as were prescribed for the agricultural students. These changes brought to the department a large number of undrilled students, and the fall and spring terms were devoted chiefly to the training of these students in the elementary work. Before the close of the spring term four companies were fully organized and officered, and all partly instructed in the school of the company. A band was organized, several dress parades were held, and work in the school of the battalion commenced. Since the beginning of the summer term the school of the battalion has been continued, alternating in the regular drills with a continuation and review of work in the school of the company. Dress parade is held at the close of each drill, and training in reviews, inspections and guard mount is in progress. This work will continue until the close of this term, i According to the schedule of the catalogue about to be issued, drill is pro- vided of an hour's duration, for three days per week throughout the college year. Since my last report there have been introduced into the curriculum of the course, one term's work elective in the senior year, in military science, and one-half term's work required in the sophomore year, in tactics. A fair idea of the number of students being instructed in the military drill may be obtainod from the following extracts from quarterly returns rendered to the Adjutant General of the U. S. Army: Quarter Ending March St, 1889. Total number of students enrolled --. 175 Average number of students at drill 9? Number of students in college well instructed 103 " partially instructed. 137 " " " " " uninstructed... 16 Quarter Ending June SO, 1889. Total number of students enrolled.. - 180 Average number of students at drill 142 Number of students in college well instructed 102 " " " " " partially instructed 103 " " " " " uninstructed 11 MILITARY SCIENCE AND TACTICS. 57 While the total number of students in college during the latter quarter is smaller, the enrollment is larger, and the average attendance much larger. The reduced average attendance during the first quarter of the year is accounted for by the fact that much of the drill of the early spring is of necessity in the drill hall, and all cannot drill at once with profit. The absentees are not delinquent students, but students excused from the drill od account of lack of room. The target practice for cadets has been delayed this year from lack of ammunition. The change brought about by the resignation of President Willits is the main cause of this lack. New requisitions for ordnance sup- plies could not well be submitted until the ordnance at the college should have been transferred to President Willits' successor, and this transfer required action on the part of the State Board that involved some delay. The department has the promise of two 3-inch field guns from the ordnance department U. S. army, and with these, foot battery drill will be taught. Some additions have been made to the apparatus in the gymnasium dur- ing the year, and more apparatus will yet be added before the new class arrives in August. RECOMMEN DATIONS. It is much to be desired that all students required to drill should wear the cadet uniform. If wearing the uniform were required, I think it would prove no hardship to any student. Those students desiring time could be allowed one term in which to provide the uniform. The cost of the suits generally ordered ranges from $14 to $25, including the cap. This is a tailor- made suit of good, durable, all-wool cloth, and proves to be an economical dress. In recommendation further I will repeat from recommendations of last year: I would recommend that discipline should be given a value in the stand- ing, and a student should be required to be proficient in discipline in order to graduate. All absences from required duties, unless the student be excused by competent authority, would then be looked after by those having charge of the discipline, and would count against the standing of the student. Students could be marked on the relative attentiveness to work, drill, and college rules generally; and there would be some distinction in standing between the student who is attentive, diligent and obedient in all depart- ments of work and study, and the student who may have nearly merited suspension or expulsion by neglecting drills and shirking work on the gar- den or farm. A system could easily be inaugurated of sending in reports for delin- quencies to the Commandant of Cadets, who could have them posted and recorded. The students could be required to submit explanations to these reports, and such explanations as should be deemed unsatisfactory could be finally submitted to the President of the College. In his office could be recorded all such delinquencies as were not satisfactorily explained, and the number of demerits fixed for the delinquency entered. » 58 DEPARTMENT REPORTS. This is but indicating very briefly the system I propose, but it would be readily developed, and would add much to the justness and fairness to students of the College. I am, sir, very respectfully, Your obedient servant, WENDELL L. SIMPSON, 2d Lieut. 2^th Infantry, U. S. Army, Professor of Military Science and Tactics. Agricultukal College, Mich., i July, 1889. f REPORT OF THE FLORIST. To the President of the State Agricultural College : I herewith respectfully present a report of the work done in the green- house and flower garden during the year 1889, and of the condition of the same. SPRING TERM. With the assistance of Mr. Louis Bregger, as foreman, and of the students assigned to my department, 'preparation was made early in the term for planting out-of-door stuff. There was also the sowing and testing of seeds from different firms and counties, the propagating and re-potting of plants, and the preparation of hot-beds and cold frames. Practical instruction in floriculture, and lectures on the same, were given the juniors under my supervision. SUMMER TERM. During the early part of the term we were laying out and planting the flower beds. An endeavor was made to show different styles of ornamental planting, including the so-called carpet beds. Annuals were planted in great quantities, and of many varieties, including a patch of 2,000 Chinese asters, of which we gathered the seed last year from our own grounds. At first they did well, but just at blooming time many of them died, a result appar- ently due to a parasitic fungus. During the first part of the summer the weather was most favorable, and as a result the flower display was better than in any previous year. The plants in the perennial plant bed were taken up, the bed manured, and the plants divided and re-set. Our collection of perennials is a well-tested one. With a little protection the plants stand our winters pretty well. The rose house was furnished with good soil — a heavy sandy loam. Its good effects were soon apparent in the improved appearance of the roses, which are now healthy in appearance, and promise abundance of bloom during the coming winter. Kepairing of all the greenhouses was done, and all were repainted. The houses were built in 1874. They are getting very old. Something must be done soon to prevent them from falling in. FLORIST. 59' FALL TERM. The weather was very dry all the fall, but by aid of the College water- works we kept the flower beds and lawns in good condition, and had a fine show of flowers until the first frost in September, which was so severe that nearly all the out-door display was killed in a single night. The loss from this frost was not serious, however, for most of the hot-house plants had been taken in. At this season the work consists in taking up all plants that we desire to keep; cleaning off the beds; refilling the beds in the houses with fresh soil, and planting them over with carnations, violets, pansies, mignonettes, etc. ; and in taking up the half hardy roses, the hydrangeas, carnations, wall-flowers, etc., and storing them in the cold pits. The com- post heaps are also turned over, soil stored in the cellar and bulbs planted out-door and in. THE GREENHOUSES. The greenhouses are a source of interest and pleasure to the many visitors who come to the College. This fall they are looking well. The large con- servatory is full of healthy plants. In the palm-house the palms and ferns are in fine condition. Many of the old plants had become so large as to be unwieldy. These have been discarded and their places filled with vigorous young plants, which are now growing luxuriantly. The begonia house is full of begonias and chrysanthemums. The former do well, and give us an abundance of beautiful bloom the most of the year. The chrysanthemums are now in splendid condition, and give a gorgeous show of color. Many of the new varieties of this superb plant are of unsurpassed beauty. The cactus house is doing first-rate. Fortunately every cactus was brought from out-door the day before the frost. Not one was injured. Every plant is in good condition. This collection is always a source of interest to visitors. The rose house was improved by giving it deeper beds of new soil, and we have now a fine lot of blooms and the promise of a constant supply for the winter. In the smaller houses we have a large collection of carnations, violets, geraniums, heliotropes, pansies, mignonettes, and general bedding plants for winter bloom, and for bedding out in the spring, all of which are healthy and vigorous. In all my work I have been ably assisted by Mr. Frank Paine of the last senior class, and by the students assigned to my department, nearly all of whom have pleasure and interest in the work. During a part of the fall term I have had a volunteer class to attend daily lectures by me on floriculture and greenhouse management. Respectfully yours, LOUIS KNAPPER, tiujj't of the Greenhouse and Flower Garden and Instructor in Floriculture. 60 DEPARTMENT, REPORTS. REPORT OF THE LIBRARIAN To the President Michigan Agricultural College : Sik — I have the honor to submit the following report of the condition of the College Library and the work done since my appointment as librarian, at the beginning of the current year: The library work has been done mostly through student labor. The cata- loging of accessions has gone forward according to the plan of my prede- cessor, and something has been done in advancing the index catalogue. The library has been freely used by nearly all members of the school, officers and students. The records show the number of books drawn to be 2,821, of which 321 were history, 28? poetry, 1,327 fiction, 177 criticism, 564 science, 145 philosophy. The accessions for the year have been 438, of which 117 were by purchase, 128 by donation, 193 by binding. The following is a list of donations and donor3, other than State reports and college catalogues : Brewer, M. S. — Growth of Industrial Art. Baird, H. W. — Forest Culture and Eucalyptus Trees. Cooley, Thos. M. — 2d An. Rept. Interstate Commerce Commission. Hough, W. S. — A Critique of Kant. Hussey, Dr. C. G. — Principles of Economic Philosophy. Kansas (Agr'l Coll. Library)— Mich. Bd. of Agr'l Repts. for 1852-66-78; Rept. Kan. Hort. Soc'y 1884-5-6 ; Forestry Rept., 1885-86; Senate Docu- ments, 35th Cong., vol. 16. Knoblauch, Herr Dr. — 5 vols. Nova Acta Academic. Lawton, Chas. D. — Mines and Mineral Statistics, 1888. Levering, Mortimer — Am. Shropshire Sheep Record. Mills, W. T.— The Science of Politics. Perry, Mrs. Benj. F.— Sketches of South Carolina, by Gov. Perry. Reynolds, Mrs. H. G.-*-The Dignity of Man, Sermons, by Bishop Harris. Stockbridge, Hon. F. B. — Message and Documents, 1886-7; Greeley Relief Expedition, 1884; Observations United States Observatory, 1883; Report on Wool and Other Animal Fibers; Report Smithsonian Institute, 1885, part 2d. Spaulding, Hon. 0. L.— 4 vols. 10th Census United States; 4 vols. War of the Rebellion. Taft, Prof. L. R.— The Practical Fruit Grower; 30th An. Rept. Missouri Hort. Soc'y. Waters, 0. — From City to Surf. Willits, Mrs. Edwin— Gospel Hymns and Sacred Songs; The Gospel Choir. The following is a list of pamphlets donated, other than public reports: Agr'l Students' Gazette, regularly. Alger, Gen. R. A.— Eulogy on Gen. Phil. H. Sheridan. Browning, Oscar — Aspect of Education. Craigie, Maj. P. G. — Rept. on French Agr'l Schools. Forbes, S. A., Ph. D. — Studies on the Chinch Bug. Gompers, Sam'l — Trade Unions, by Wm. Trant. The periodicals subscribed for by the Library are as follows, viz. : LIBRARIAN. 61 Foreign. Agricultural Gazette. Anglia. Annals of Botany. Annals de Chimie. Blackwood's Magazine. Chemical News. Contemporary Review. Edinburgh Review. Engineer. Discont'd since Jan., '89. Engineering. Fortnightly Review. Garden. Gardener's Chronicle. Journal of Anatomy. Journal of Chemical Society. Journal of Horticulture. Journal of Royal Agricultural Soc. Nature. Nineteenth Century. North British Agriculturist. Observatory. Quarterly Review. Revue Horticole. Revue des Deux Mondes. (Since Jan., 1889.) Scottish Review. Spectator. Veterinarian. Veterinary Journal. Westminster Review. American — By Subscription. Agricultural Science. American Agriculturalist. Architect. Bee Journal. Garden. Chemical Journal. Cultivator. Dairyman. Journal Science. Meteorological Journal. Economic Association. Journal of Comparative Medicine. Journal of Mathematics. Library Journal. Microscopical Journal. Machinist. Naturalist. Veterinary Review. Annals of Mathematics. Andover Review. Army Journal. Atlantic Monthly. Bibliographers. Book-buyers. Boston Journal of Chemistry. Botanical Gazette. Breeders' Gazette. Canadian Entomologist. Century Magazine. Chicago Tribune. Harper's Monthly. " Weekly. Homestead. Independent. Iron Age. Journal Military Service Institution. " American Medical Associat'n. " Franklin Institute. " Morphology. Library Journal. " Notes. Literary World. Littell's Living Age. Metal Worker. Magazine of American History. Manufacturer and Builder. Michigan Dairyman. " Farmer. Microscope (discontinued since Jan. 1889). Nation. Nature. National Live Stock Journal. New York Tribune. North American Review. Ohio Farmer. Popular Science Monthly. Poultry World. Prairie Farmer. Popular Gardening. Proceedings Academy Natural Science. 62 DEPARTMENT REPORTS. Christian Union. Clay Worker. Country Gentleman. Critic. Detroit Free Press. " Tribune. Drainage Journal. Education. Engineer. Electrical World. Engineering News- ntomologica Americana. Engineering Journal. Farmers' Keview. Forum. Garden and Forest. Psyche. Quarterly Journal of Economics. Rural New Yorker. Sanitary Engineering. Science. Science Observer. Scientific American. Scientific American Supplement. Scribner's Magazine. Shakespeariana. Siderial Messenger. Southern Cultivator. Statesman. Torrey Bulletins. The Voice. Vick's Monthly. American — By Gift of Publishers or Individuals, or by Exchange for the Experiment Station Bulletins. Allegan Gazette. Allegan Record. Adrian Times. Albion Recorder. American. " Missionary Magazine. " Sheep Breeder. " Swine Herd. Buffalo Journal. Bee Keeper. Canadian Horticulturist. Chicago Medical Journal. Charlotte Republican. Charlevoix Journal. Christian Register. City and Country. Clinton Independent. Cold water Republican. Dairy World. Deaf Mute Mirror. Dairy Column. Farm and Fireside. Farm, Field and Stockman. Farm Home. Farmers' Advocate. Farmers' Club Journal. Flint Globe. Fruit Growers' Journal. Good Health. Grand Haven Herald. Grand Traverse Herald. Ionia Sentinel. Journal D'Agriculture. " N. Y. Microscopical Society. Kalamazoo Telegraph. Lansing Journal (daily). " Republican (daily). Literary News. Live Stock Commercial. Locomotive. Ladies' Home Companion. Maryland Farmer. Midland Republican. Moderator. Monroe Commercial. Missionary Review. National Live Stock Journal. New England Farmer. " " Homestead. National Stockman. Official Gazette. Open Court. Orange Judd Farmer. Practical Farmer. Popular Gardening. Popular Science News. Roscommon News. Sacramento Union. Saginaw Herald (daily). Sorghum Growers' Guide. St. Louis Leader. The Sun. LIBRARIAN. 63 Grange Bulletin. Grange Visitor. Herds and Flocks. Hillsdale Leader. " Standard. Holstein Freisian Eegister. Home Companion. Homestead (Iowa). Imports and Exports U. S. Industrialist. Ingham County News. Three Rivers Tribune. Traverse Bay Eagle. Toledo News. Union Signal. Unitarian Review. Village Echo. Watchman. Weekly Globe. Western Resources. Western Agriculturist. Wolverine Citizen. Very respectfully submitted. MARY M. ABBOT, Librarian. Agricultural College, Mich., ) July 1, 1889. ) SECOND ANNUAL REPORT OF THE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION OF THE STATE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE OF MICHIGAN FOR THE YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1889. [ For Members and organization of the Board of Agriculture in charge of the Station and the list of officers, see pp. 4 and 6 of this volume.] 9 REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR OF THE EXPERI- MENT STATION. To the State Board of Agriculture : Work in the Experiment Station during the past year has gone forward with efficiency, and in most cases the results are of interest and of real value. The reports of the heads of the departments are herewith submitted. In some cases the results are given somewhat in detail ; in others the details are given in the bulletins which have been issued during the year, or which are soon to appear. All the bulletins for the year are printed in this vol- ume, hence any extended account of the Station work is not necessary in my report. The excellence of the method on which our Experiment Station is organ- ized is shown by the large amount of work done. That method is to put an important branch of experiment work in charge of one of the professors, whose long training in his specialty has given him knowledge of what needs to be done, and has taught him the best methods of going at it. This chief of a department plans the experiments in his department, and oversees the carrying them out. He is furnished with such trained assistants as are needed, who attend to the details under his direction. In our Station it has been found that the graduates of our College make the best men to be found for assistants to the heads of departments. Our main difficulty is that we cannot keep them, for their training fits them for responsible positions, and they are soon called to other fields at larger salaries. In several instances during the last two years the Station has lost valuable men in this way. In some cases their loss has been a serious drawback to the success of the year's work. Experimentation has been in progress at the Michigan Agricultural Col- lege since the earlier years of its existence, reports of them appearing in the annual volume published by the State Board of Agriculture. After the passage of the Hatch act the Experiment Station was organized under that act, and all experiment work at the College was turned over to the Station. In the twenty-one months since our Station began work under the present organization it has published twenty-one bulletins, nearly all of which con- tain valuable results. Twelve of these have been published since the date of the last report. Material is prepared for several others, containing results of work in 1889. These will soon be issued. The Station bulletins now have a regular circulation of 4,500 copies. New applications for them are coming in by nearly every mail, and it is found necessary to keep the mailing list "set up," so as to add the new names. Of some of the bulletins 68 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY AND TREASURER OF • the first edition has been speedily exhausted, and extra editions of several thousand copies have been published. Some of the leading newspapers of Michigan, and of other States, reprint the most important parts of our bulle- tins, and so give them a very wide circulation. The heads of the Station staff hold meetings from time to time for con- sultation and discussion. By request of the Director the heads of the departments and the State Board of Agriculture will meet in joint session early in December to plan for the still more efficient prosecution of the work. It is very desirable that our plans be carefully made, that they include such research as will in the end prove of greatest value, and then that the staff and the Board of Agriculture cooperate in attaining the ends sought. The friendly interest and sympathy of the Board have thus far been all that could be desired. It is believed that such joint sessions, as the one proposed, will tend to continue and strengthen the cooperation of staff and Board, and so to maintain and increase the efficiency of the Station. Very respectfully yours, 0. CLUTE, Ageicultural College, ) Director. October 31, 1889. \ REPORT OF THE SECRETARY AND TREASURER. FOR THE YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1889. Dr. Cr. July 1, 1888— By balance due from U. S. Treasury on account of the 4th quarter of previous year $3,750 00 July 17, " —To U. S. Treasury on account of 4th quarter.... $3,750 00 Oct. 15, " — " " " ' " " " 1st " 3,750 00 Jan. 3, 1889— " •' " " " "2d " 3,750 00 Mar. 28, " — " " " " " " 3d " 3,750 00 Nov. 30, 1888 — To sale of 10 steers used in feeding experiment- 786 45 June 30, 1889 — To license fees on 40 commercial fertilizers 800 00 «< (i — rp Q m i sce ]i aneou8 receipts, as per accounts filed in the office of the State Auditor General 76 19 " " — By disbursements, as per vouchers filed in the office of the State Auditor General 16,662 64 " — To balance due from U. S. Treasury on account of 4th quarter. 3,750 00 (< $20,412 64 $20,412 64 SUMMARY OF DISBURSEMENT ACCOUNT. Buildings — To Botanical Laboratory Experiment Rooms $264 90 Grayling Experiment Farm, Barn 108 07 Farm Department, fe d mill.. - 136 11 Farm Department, stalls etc. 91 65 |600 73 Carried forward - $600 73 THE EXPERIMENT STATION. 69 Brought forward $600 73 Salaries — Todirector $185 83 secretary and treasurer . . 333 32 librarian 120 83 six heads of departments 3,250 00 twelve assistants.. 2,979 76 6,869 74 Farm Department — To labor $657 86 three young steers for feediDg experiment 150 00 eight young heifers for dairy experiment 629 30 one Jersey bull for dairy experiment 105 00 six pigs for feeding experiment 60 00 feed and bedding _ 663 00 fat stock show and pictures of fat steers. 484 24 freight, $64.01; traveling, $43.70; seeds, $21.24.. 128 95 fertilizers, $111.16; office, $26.85; apparatus, $187.09.. 325 10 3,203 45 Horticultural Department — Tolabor $111 14 plant s and seeds 229 89 microscopic, photographic and chemical apparatus... 271 90 freight, $42.50; rent of ground, $51.20; fertilizers, etc., $111.95 205 65 818 58 Chemical Department — To analysis of commercial fertilizers. $329 65 apparatus 318 34 stove, $52.60; postage, $22; sundry, $95.99 170 59 818 58 Botanical Department — Tolabor.. 212 71 microscope, lenses and apparatus 253 56 stove. $35.40; tables, $22; cases, $62.98; seeds, $66.46.. 186 84 labels, $30.15; traveling, $22.10; sundry, $60.72 112 97 766 08 Zoological Department — Tolabor $117 75 apiary, $74.97; seeds and fertilizers, $24.45 99 42 microtome, $40; pressed cork and pins, $45.90 85 90 freight, $14.21; traveling expenses, $7; sundry, $50.23 71 44 374 51 Veterinary Department — Tolabor $185 50 apparatus, $265.31; office rent, $83.68 348 99 feed, $73 02; furniture, $21; sundry, $96.27... 190 29 724 78 Grayling Station — Tolabor $556 36 traveling, $94.26; seeds, $150.58; fertilizers, $55.75... 300 59 rent of land, $40; freight, $10.87; sundry, $45.67 96 54 953 49 Other Outlying Stations — Tolabor $296 75 traveling expenses, $124.58; fencing, $80 204 58 South Haven, $50; freight, $7; seeds, $27.40.. 84 40 585 73 Library— To books, $548.72; sundry, $13.92 562 64 Offices — To traveling expenses to fat stock show and convention. $131 74 stationery, $44; furniture, $194.25; freight, $14,34 252 59 384 33 $16,662 64 70 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY AND TREASURER. This expenditure may be more briefly summarized and classified as fol- lows : Salaries $6,869 74 Wages .... 2,138 07 Buildings .. 600 73 Other property.. 3,217 45 Seeds and plants 507 82 Traveling expenses. 573 38 Feed 736 02 Miscellaneous 2,019 43 $16,662 64 INVENTORY. In this inventory I find there are included four steers bred by the College and neither sold nor formally donated to the Experiment Station, viz : One Shorthorn, two Devons and one Holstein, each valued at $50. 1 also note, that the estimated value of. the books in the library is $223.54 less than their cost, a discount of about 17 per cent. Lands donated to the Station — 80 acres at Gravling, fenced and improved $1,850 00 10 " " Harrison, " '• " 300 00 10 " " Oscoda, " " " 120 00 Buildings — Experimental feed barn $1,200 00 Horticultural laboratory, experimental rooms 1,200 00 Apiary 600 00 Library and offices — Books $1,085 00 4 book-cases, 4 doz. filing boxes, carpet, stationery, etc.. 369 00 Farm Department — Implements $140 36 13 steers for feeding experiment- 650 00 9 heifers and 1 bull for dairy experiment 850 00 Feed and office equipment 339 00 $2,270 00 3,000 00 1,454 00 Horticultural Department — Implements... $175 00 Microscope, camera, balances, etc 494 25 Chemical Department — Sundry apparatus $617 37 Chemical and physical balances 529 20 Horse tools on Grayling farm 146 50 1,979 36 669 25 1,293 07 Botanical Department — Microscopes and sundry apparatus 510 20 Veterinary Department — Microscopes and sundry apparatus 628 83 Zoological Department — Microscope, balances and insect cases §279 34 Apiary, 35 colonies of bees, tools, etc. 649 35 928 69 $12,733 40 REPORT OF THE AGRICULTURIST. [The following is that portion of the report of Prof. Samuel Johnson to the President of the State Board of Agriculture which related to the State Agricultural Experiment Station. — H. G. K., Sec'y.] ***** iff e have sent out five bulletins from the agricultural department of the Experiment Station during the year. No. 38. — Experiments with Varieties of Wheat and Amounts of Seed ; Fertilizers for Meadow Lands. No. 41. — Warming Water for Dairy Cows. No. 44. — Feeding Steers of Different Breeds. No. 46. — Potatoes, Roots and Oats; Comparison of Varieties; Different Amounts of Seed and Various Fertilizers. No. 47. — Silos and Ensilage; Seven Years' Experience at the College; Views of Leading Farmers and Stockmen ; Ensilage vs. Dried Fodder and Grain ; Test of Varieties of Ensilage Corn and Forage Plants. I take some pleasure in calling the attention of the readers of this report to the live subjects discussed in these bulletins. The work of the depart- ment will not suffer in this respect, at least, in comparison with others at home or abroad. EXPERIMENTAL WORK. The Farm Department experiments have been fully reported in the bulletins issued and through the agricultural press. The steers of different breeds, to which attention has been called in for- mer reports, were shown at the State Fair at Jackson, the next week at the West Michigan Fair at Grand Rapids and then at the Central Michigan at Lansing. The full report of the final showing at the Fat Stock Show at Chicago will be found in bulletin No. 44. The leading farm journals gave special attention to this exhibit, the Rural New Yorker devoting an entire page to photographs of the animals slaughtered and another to notes on the experi- ment. The Country Gentleman said: " Decidedly the feature of the last Chicago Fat Stock Show, so far as its educational and practical rather than its sensational side is concerned." The Mark Lane Express, a leading English agricultural newspaper, whose editor was present at the show, gave considerable space to the report and reproduced the photographs of the meat cuts from the different carcasses. The second lot of calves for a similar test was purchased during the summer and fall of 1888 and is well under wav. 72 REPORT OF THE AGRICULTURIST. The Herefords came from Merrill & Fifield, Bay City, and Hon. Wm. Crapo, Flint, John W. Foster, Supt. A Holstein from Hon. M. L. Sweet, Grand Kapids; one Shorthorn from the herd of Wm. Curtis & Sons, Addison ; the Galloways from K. B. Caruss of St. Johns and Townsend & Wicks of Colby ; the Devons, one Shorthorn and one Holstein were bred at the College. The Board of Agriculture authorized the purchase of heifers for a dairy test, and two Jerseys from the herds of Hon. Isaac Marston, Bay City, and Smith Bros., Eagle, were selected. W. L. Sexton, Howell, furnished one Holstein and Westover & Seely of Bay City the other; D wight Curtis of Addison one Shorthorn, the College one. C. M. Winslow, Secretary of the National Ayrshire Association, selected the two Ayrshires bred by Alonzo Libby, Sacarappa, Maine. They are fine specimens, and if properly cared for ought to be valuable for the purpose for which they were purchased. A Merino lamb from Mr. Chilson of Hanover, Lincolns from G. L. Allen & Sons of Portland, and grade Shropshires raised on the College farm have been fed together in the same experiment. Duroc Jerseys from the herd of Mr. McBride of Burton, Berkshires from Mr. Hibbard's herd at Bennington, and Poland Chinas and cross-bred Poland China and Berkshire pigs bred at the College were fed last year. A pair of Duroc Jerseys from the same herd, Berkshires from Mr. Hibbard and Poland Chinas from Mr. H. W. Riley, Greenville, were purchased for a repetition of the test and are now being fed. Several varieties of wheat were tested in acre plats and other varieties in smaller plats. Some fifty varieties of potatoes were planted this season. The testing of varieties of ensilage corn and forage plants was continued ; also with roots, oats and buckwheat. The use of different amounts of seed for the purpose of determining the amount required to produce the largest yield, and the comparative test of commercial fertilizers with our more common manures has been continued. The one acre plats of grasses stood the winter well and yielded well. The testing of grasses in not less than acre plats seems the best for experimental purposes, as in smaller plats the yields are not sufficient to fully test their feeding value. * * * REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST. To 0. Glide, Director : The report from this department will be a mere statement of the work performed, the methods and results being published in the bulletins. On taking charge the middle of last August, the only work immediately available was the closing up, so far as was possible without records or notes of previous observations, the tests of varieties that were undertaken by my predecessor. The fruits had all been gathered, and the results that were obtained with such vegetables as escaped the early frosts were given to the public in Bulletin No. 48, entitled "Potatoes, Tomatoes, Kale and Hybrid- ized Squashes." Careful records of the yield, and notes on the appearance of the different varieties were taken, and seed was saved for this year's planting. The following outline of experiments to be carried on during 1889 was arranged, and preparations were made to begin the work when spring opened : 1. Tests of and experiments with seeds, to determine their purity, vitality, proper depth of sowing, and the effect on their germination of different amounts of heat and moisture. 2. Testing new and standard varieties of fruits and vegetables as to hardi- ness, vigor, productiveness, quality and freedom from disease ; the work to be carried on both on the College grounds and by volunteer observers in different parts of the State. 3. Observations upon the hardiness and general value of the new shade trees and shrubs. 4. Experiments with fertilizers. Effect of same on the growth, hardiness, productiveness, health and quality of fruits and vegetables. 5. Studying the diseases of plants, and testing remedies for them. 6. Trial of various methods and implements of cultivation. 7. Origination of new varieties by selection and crossing. SEED TESTING. The seeds used in this experiment were obtained from over a dozen seeds- men, and their vitality was examined by placing them in seed-testers, in seed-boxes, and in some cases in the open ground. A comparison of the results obtained by the different methods indicate that if proper care be given, either one can be depended upon to furnish an approximately correct idea of the 74 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF value of seeds. With new and plump seeds there will be little or no differ- ence, but if the seeds are old or weak the tester will generally show a slightly higher per cent of germination. While the seed-tester is an invaluable aid to the experimenter in testing the germinating power of seeds, the seed-box or open ground, where they are sprouted under the same conditions as in actual practice, will give more reliable testimony as to their real value. The tests made this year show several things that are of interest: 1. The seeds were, as a rule, well cleaned and free from foreign seeds. In a few cases they were mixed with other varieties. 2. No seedsman, so far as the tests went, is absolutely reliable. While all of them furnished seeds of a high character as a general rule, packets were frequently found that had a very low per cent of germination, — so low, in fact, that if any reliance had been placed upon them for a crop a failure would have resulted. Most seedsmen claim to test their seed before sending it out, and if it does not germinate 50 to 75 per cent (varying with the kind of seed) it is not sent out, and yet we find of the Autumn Giant Cauliflower not a single seed sprouted, while the Dwarf Erfurt gave 90 per cent. The same was notice- able in lettuce, where of the Boston Curled, from Henderson, only eleven seeds sprouted, while Henderson's All the Year Round gave ninety-five plants. In the tester the seeds of the different varieties were subjected to the same conditions identically, while in the soil they were sown in parallel rows in shallow seed-boxes. In some cases only three or four kinds, while in others as many as ten or twelve, were placed in one box. In one instance the following results were obtained from the varieties of lettuce in one box, one hundred seeds of each kind being used. Name of Variety. Seedsman. Date of Vegetation. No. Veg- etating. Notes on the Appearance of Plants. 1... Yellow Seeded Butter Tomhannock Henderson Ely Burpee Mar. 18... " 18... " 18... " 20... " 18... " 24... " 22... " 19... " 18... " 24... 92 96 69 25 85 30 16 62 92 28 Strong, even. Strong, even. 3 Tomhannock Rudolph's Liehling Sugar Loaf Silver Ball Oak Leaf No. 21.. Salamander Somewhat uneven, rather 4... 5... 6... 7... 8... 9 Vaughan Gregory Burpee Burpee Vaughan Henderson .. weak. Weak, uneven. Strong but somewhat un- even. Very weak. Very weak and uneven. Rather weak. Strong and even. 10 Boston Market Henderson Very weak. The plants were sown on the 12th of March in boxes in the forcing house, the dates of vegetation were taken, and on the 29th the plants were counted and notes on their condition made. Twenty-seven other varieties of lettuce were grown, and these showed fully as great a difference in the per cent of germination. This must not be taken as an average test of the vitality of the seeds fur- nished by the above seedsmen, as in other varieties the results may be just the reverse. THE EXPERIMENT STATION. 75 It is noticeable that the varieties with a low vitality require a longer time for germination and are weaker and more uneven than those that give a high per cent of germination. The quality of the seeds tested indicates that while the seedsmen as a rule send out seeds with a high per cent of germination, they frequently sell seeds that from age or otherwise are worse than worthless. It is not fair to attribute any dishonest motives to the seedsmen whose seeds were below the normal per cent, and the only value perhaps to the public in the seed tests made by the different stations is to cause the seeds- men to take increased precautions to sell only seeds that are fresh and vigor- ous, and to show the purchasers the desirability of testing all seeds before planting, and thus saving much labor and perhaps the loss of a crop. THE MIXING OF SEEDS. Our seed tests lead us to believe that many if not all seedsmen practice the mixing of their old seeds with the new crop to an extent that cannot fail to be injurious to the purchaser. It was especially marked in the case of the cabbages, where some varieties germinated quickly and gave a high per cent of strong, stocky plants, while of other varieties perhaps 25 per cent sprouted in four days ; two or three days after this 20 per cent more appeared, and still later another five per cent. The line between the differ- ent germinations was very marked and seems to indicate that some of the seed had been left over and had been mixed with new seed. With such mixtures the tester gave a considerable higher per cent than the seed boxes. THE TESTS OF VEGETABLES AND FRUITS. During the winter a large collection of seeds of the new and promising varieties of vegetables was obtained, and, with quite a number of standard sorts for comparison, they were planted at the proper time either in the forcing house or the garden. In order to learn the value of the novelties in the different parts of the State fifty collections, containing from twelve to thirty varieties each, were made up and sent to persons who agreed to plant them carefully and report results in the fall. The spring was quite unfavorable to a good stand of the plants, and the long continued cold wet spell in May and June, and the late frosts, were the cause of partial failure with such tender plants as the melons, squashes, cucumbers, corn and lima beans. The insects also were quite troublesome and the striped cucumber beetle and the black flea beetle did serious injury to several crops. An attempt was made to complete as far as was possible the collections of fruits, both large and small. Among other additions were Russian and hardy seedling apples from the northwest, Russian and other pears, plums and cherries, with a long list of varieties of grapes, strawberries, raspberries and blackberries. The trees planted in 1887 and 1888 are making a good growth and should bear a small crop next year. The available land for fruits belonging to this department is now all occupied, and at least ten acres should be set apart for next spring's planting. 76 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF SUB STATION AT SOUTH HAVEN. The soil and climate at Lansing are quite unlike those on the lake shore, the section where most of the fruit of the State is produced, and tests made here are not strictly reliable there. In order that we may furnish the fruit growers of that section with opin- ions of the new varieties of fruits that they could depend upon, arrange- ments were made in the spring with T. T. Lyon, of South Haven, who has a large experimental plantation of the new fruits, to prepare a report on their behavior with him. This will be published in the early winter, and will, we feel sure, be of great value to the horticulturists of that section, and to a less degree, perhaps, of the State and nation. THE APPLE ORCHAED. The old apple orchard is thirty-two years old, and if traditions are correct has only borne one full crop, and that in 1887. For many years it was in sod, and, although the trees made a fair growth, little fruit was produced. The land slopes both from the east and west sides towards the middle of the orchard, and many of the tender varieties have been killed out, so that the center of the tract is quite open. The east half of the orchard, however, has lost but few trees. In 1885 Prof. Bailey had the lower branches cut out so that a team could pass under the trees, the top3 thinned when necessary, and the land broken up . It has been kept in cultivation without crops since that time. In 1887 one hundred and fifty trees gave nearly 3,000 bushels, and from present indications the crop will be nearly as large this year. The trees were sprayed for the codling moth soon after the blossoms fell, using about three gallons to a tree of London purple mixed with water, at the rate of one pound to two hundred gallons. It was applied by means of a field pump, using a "graduating spray" nozzle. This is the most satisfactory apparatus of any thus far tested. Several of our best varieties, such as Fameuse and Northern Spy, are often badly injured by the apple scab, a fungus that forms blotches on the fruit, often rendering it misshapen and unfit for market. With the hope of finding some fungicide that would prevent it, five mix- tures that are recommended by the Department of Agriculture were tried on two trees each. Three of them, solutions of sulphur, sulphuret of potassium and hyposulphite of sodium, seem to have but slight effect, but in the case of the trees sprayed with copper carbonate and ammonia, and "eau celeste" or blue water, the improvement is very marked. Frequent notes will be taken and the fruit when ripe will be assorted and weighed, and the exact effect of the treatment will thus be ascertained. The mixtures are coming into general use for the destruction of all kinds of fungi, and, with the Bor- deaux, have given good satisfaction. They are prepared as follows : 1. Copper carbonate and ammonia. Mix three ounces of copper carbonate with one quart of ammonia 22° Baume, and as soon as all action ceases dilute with 22 gallons of water. 2. Modified eau celeste. Dissolve 2 pounds of copper sulphate in hot water, and in another vessel dissolve 2| pounds of carbonate of soda; mix, and before using add 1£ pints of ammonia and dilute to 22 gallons, with water. THE EXPERIMENT STATION. 77 3. Bordeaux mixture. Dissolve 6 pounds of copper sulphate in hot water. Slake 4 pounds of lime, mix and dilute with water to 22 gallons. For the Bordeaux mixture various amounts of copper sulphate have been used, but for most fungi the above has proved effectual. This mixture is more destructive to the fungi than either of the others, but when the por- tion of the plant used as food is exposed the lime which is deposited is gen- erally an injury to it. In the case of the potato blight and similar fungi, it is preferable to any other mixture. During the year the department has received a large number of fruits and vegetables for trial. They will be acknowledged in the report of results. In order that the Station may be of the most value to the farmers of the State it is desirable that all new fruits and vegetables should be sent here for trial before they are placed on the market. For a thorough test three trees, such as the apple, pear and plum, six rasp- berry plants and twenty-five strawberry plants should be sent, while from one to two hundred seeds of vegetables will be necessary. If it is desired the plants will be grown under number, but if the variety has been named the names will be required as an evidence of good faith before any report will be furnished. L. K. TAFT, Mich. Agr'l College, ) Horticulturist. June 30, 1889. ! 'l REPORT OF THE CHEMIST OF THE EXPERI- MENT STATION FOR 1888-89. Hon. Oscar Glute, Director of the Experiment Station: Sir — In presenting my annual report as Chemist of the Experiment Station, the work performed and the results reached will be set forth under the following heads : I. — THE EXPERIMENTAL FARM AT GRAYLING. This farm of 80 acres in Crawford county is in the heart of what is called the Pine Barrens, and is a fair representative of the light, sandy soils of the State where the principal forest growth is jack pine (Pinus Banksiana) and popularly known as Jack Pine Plains. Along with the jack pine there are found scattering trees of Norway pine, shrubs of scarlet oak, red maple, dwarf huckleberry and sand cherry, sweet fern, brakes, and many kinds of bunch grass. The soil is a yellow to brown sand, having little cohesion and small retentive power. Chemical analysis shows the presence of 94 per cent of sand and insoluble silicates, and only 2 per cent of organic matter. The repeated fires that have swept over these plains explain the deficiency in organic matter in these soils, and afford a reason for the kind of forest growth most common on these plains. When the land is plowed, after clearing off the trees and shrubs, the soil is usually found too open and porous to sustain crops ; the rain sinks too rapidly, the capillary power of the soil to bring up moisture from beneath is too feeble, and the root contact with the soil by the plant too imperfect to secure satisfactory growth. The two conditions to be secured at the very outset after " breaking the ground," is to increase the amount of vegetable matter in the soil, and to secure a good seed bed by compacting the loose sand. For these purposes three measures have been adopted: (1) To keep out the fires that burn up the annual accumulation on the ground of leaves and vegetable materials and even destroy a part of the organic matter in the soil ; (2) to raise on the ground plants that will afford the largest amount of organic matter, to be plowed under as green manure, and thus rapidly increase the organic matter in the soil, and available material for the growth of succeeding crops ; (3) the free and repeated use of the harrow and roller to compact the soil. The changes that have been effected in two seasons' growth by these agencies are evident to any one who will examine these experimental fields. The darker color of the soil, its greater firmness and the increased growth of crops all bear witness to a favorable change. THE EXPERIMENT STATION. 79 Fertilizers Used. The investigation of the capabilities of this soil was conducted entirely on the basis of practical utility — to answer the question whether a man with limited means, and unable to buy costly fertilizers, could hope to make a satisfactory farm on the plains. The use of barn-yard manures was rejected for two good reasons: Because it had been already fully demonstrated that large crops could be grown on the sands with a free use of barn-yard manure, and in the second place the supply of such manure was too limited for the vast area to be occupied. For similar reasons commercial fertilizers were not used in these experiments. It would be easy by the free use of any or all these materials to obtain surprising crops, and astonish the public with a display of crops from the barren sands, but for the settlement of the real problem of the sands, such displays would be as useless as they are surprising. In like manner, by selecting some unusual soil for experimenting — a beaver meadow or river bottom, where the accumulation of plant food and the supply of soil moisture were exceptional — the crops would outstrip all that could be shown on the characteristic sands of the pine barrens. Such results and displays are very good for the county fair and the office of the local newspaper, "to show what our county can produce," but they are very far. from solving the real problem of the plains. For this purpose a fairly representative soil must be chosen, the conditions of climate and exposure such as prevail in the region, and the fertilizers such as are within the means of farmers of limited means who would make their homes on these cheap lands. For these reasons three manurial substances have been selected for these experiments, viz., marl, plaster and salt. These are all very cheap materials. The marl, or bog lime, a mixture of carbonates of lime and magnesia with a varying amount of sand and clay, and usually contain- ing a small amount of phosphate of lime, is found in such quantities in the small lakes and bogs of this region that the expense of getting out and onto the land is practically all the expense of using it, the first cost of the mate- rial in its bed being nothing. As found in the lakes, the soft quality of the marl and its tendency, when disturbed, to run into a slimy mass, makes the effort to shovel it out difficult. The tendency to assume a semi-fluid character when stirred in water, might be taken advantage of to pump it up into a trough or pipe and let it run off to a platform on dry land, where the excess of water would flow or drain away and leave the marl in good condi- tion for hauling in a few weeks or months at the most. A belt with attached buckets, such as used for elevating wheat, might be mounted on a scow, the lower end of the bucket pump being sunk into the marl bed and capable of being moved about into a fresh position as the marl is exhausted by pump- ing, the buckets discharging into a hopper to carry the semi-fluid marl by a trough to bed with porous sand for a bottom, through whicn the water may d*ain away — some such arrangement to be worked by horse-power, or by hand, might carry the marl to accessible points. If left all winter to freeze and dry it would be in good condition for use in the spring. It is hoped to rig and put to use such marl pump at Grayling in the Dear future. These three materials, marl, plaster and salt, are the only manures used on this experimental farm. The marl when used in doses of five tons to the acre 80 REPORT OF THE CHEMIST OF has shown marked benefit to all the crops to which it has been applied. The clover as a class, spurry, lupines, tall fescue and perennial rye grass, were especially benefited by the marl. A spot of ground on which the marl had been deposited in a body before it was scattered over the rest of the field made a very bright spot of green, visible at some distance, by reason of the increased growth of tall fescue and perennial rye grass sown thereon. There is little danger of using marl too freely on these sandy soils. Plaster showed much benefit, especially on the leguminous crops, and paid well for its use. It was used freely, 200 pounds to the acre. In beneficial influence it stood next to marl. Salt seemed to be of no benefit to any of the crops except buckwheat. In many crops it seemed to be a damage, especially to clovers and millet. It was used at the rate of 200 pounds to the acre. The land does not seem to be in condition to be benefited by salt at present. Possibly the small amount of organic matter would hinder the beneficial action of salt. The Crops Sown. It was a matter of first importance to find what crop would grow on these sands and yield the largest amount of organic matter to replenish the hungry soil. A variety of seeds were sown, not with the expectation that all would be equally useful or successful, but the knowledge that certain plants are failures under the conditions on the plains is of some value. The plants usually recognized as valuable, either for forage or for green manures, have received first attention. Plants that under other climatic conditions might be of great value, may be useless in these northern counties by reason of frost or drouth, or both combined. The following plants have practically been failures on the experimental farm, mainly on account of frost : Cow pea, New Zealand spinach, yellow branching sorghum, martynia, borage and rape. The cow pea would be of great value if not so easily cut by frost. Much had been expected from white mustard, which has proved so useful on light sands in Europe, but it was of little value here. The plants moderately successful were blue and yellow lupines, Kentucky blue grass, seven-leaved turnip, timothy (sowed alone) and meadow fox- tail. The blue and yellow lupines took a very strong hold on the soil and made a strong growth if the frost was not too severe. The energy with which the lupines attack the soil has give the plant its name (Lupus, a wolf). But the blue and yellow lupines do not seem to withstand the frost as well as the more hardy white lupine. Timothy sowed by itself, and for a first crop, made very moderate growth, but when sowed as a second crop with June clover, it made a very satisfactory meadow sward. Blue grass made almost no catch, perhaps from poor seed. The seven-leaved turnip did not make as good top growth as the white turnip, leaving out of account the tubers of the latter. The following plants have been a success on the Experimental Farm: Spurry, mammoth clover, June clover, alfalfa, white clover, vetch, field peas, Hungarian grass, millet, buckwheat, rye, Bokhara clover, perennial rye grass, tall fescue and white turnips. THE EXPERIMENT STATION. 81 The spurry has shown wonderful productiveness and seed production. When partially ripened and plowed under with a very shallow furrow it is self-seeding and produces an abundant crop. Its value as a manurial plant on these light sands is pronounced. When plowed under it seems to enrich the soil the most rapidly of all plants used. It is valuable for a fodder plant, being readily eaten by cows and sheep. It is said to be very valuable for cows giving milk. It is a plant of first value in bringing these sands into productive fields. Both the red clovers have done very satisfactorily. Their deeply pene- trating roots enable them to resist drought and their ability to withstand frost make them valuable plants for the plains. Their value both as fodder and for manure are so well known that no words are needed on these points. The plants make a vigorous growth as individual plants, but do not cover the ground with an even sward, but they improve when following other crops. The flea-beetle has proved destructive to these clovers when they first come up. The cut-worms werq very destructive last May on the well- grown plants. The alfalfa made a very good growth and its strong roots penetrated the soil to great depth ; a plant of good promise on the sands. White clover made a good sward and promises well. Rye made a poor growth the first year on newly-broken soil ; the second year after a crop of millet plowed under, it made a good growth, "shoulder high," which was plowed under when ripe, and a new crop of great promise is now growing. Buckwheat made a fair growth the first year, but after a crop of spurry the buckwheat was "just immense," to quote the words of an intelligent examiner. The Hungarian grass and millet made a good growth on lands just broken, and the second year made a very satisfactory crop, heavy growth and well filled with seed. Field peas made a good growth and a satisfactory crop, which, instead of being harvested, was plowed under, and a very vigorous second growth is now coming forward. Peas promise good results as a manurial crop. White turnips made a good growth and produced a fair crop of tubers on the first breaking of the soil. A crop of spurry after the turnips made a very fine strong growth. The perennial rye grass and tall fescue give great promise as meadow grasses. They seem to more completely form a sward than any of the grasses or forage plants tried. Influence of a Manurial Crop. It is difficult to point out on each crop the effect of a green crop plowed under the preceding year; yet the influence was marked in all the crops. A very intelligent and close observer who has watched this experiment month by month from the very beginning, estimates that the increase by reason of the manurial crop is at least seventy- five per cent on the average of all, and one hundred per cent in some of the crops. Many persons offer suggestions of ways to solve this problem of the sands, and such suggestions are always welcomed, even if not adopted. The end proposed by the Chemist is to follow lines of investigation which will be n 82 REPORT OF THE CHEMIST OF open to all, and not involve very large expenditure. It is well known that the deficient supply of moisture in the soil during the growing season is a serious difficulty in cultivating these sands. One writer suggests a plan of irrigation by using the rivers of this region for that purpose. But when we consider the large use of these streams for lumbering enterprises, the expense involved in irrigating works on the large scale, and that only a part of these plains could thus be irrigated, this plan does not seem feasible at the present time. As in most undertakings where time is required for working out results so as to reach reliable data, many persons are crying out for quicker results, and intimating that time is squandered and money wasted without benefit to the public. While all would be delighted to arrive at the true solution of these questions with all celerity, thoughtful persons will concede that little is to be gained by impatient haste for immediate results. If these lands can be brought to such a condition of productiveness that they can be converted into stock-feeding farms, where only wool, meat and dairy products are sold off the land, and all the rest of the produce is returned to the soil to further increase its productiveness, the problem of the sands will be in a fair way for solution. II. RELATION OF CULTIVATION TO SOIL MOISTURE. The influence of the condition of the surface soil on the content of moist- ure in the soil has attracted the attention of thoughtful observers. Some investigation has been made on this subject, both at the experimental farm at Grayling and at the College. Specimens of soil were carefully examined for the per cent of moisture they contained at different periods during the growing season from May to October, 1889. Five plats of ground at each station were selected of uniform character and in close proximity. The soil at the College was sandy loam ; at Grayling, sand. One plat was cultivated repeatedly during the season, viz: at each time of gathering the specimen for analysis. A common one-horse cultivator was used. A second plat was raked over with a garden rake at each time of collecting the specimens. A third plat was left without treatment, or in naked fallow with nothing growing on it. A fourth plat was in meadow (timothy sod), but raked with an iron rake at each time of gathering specimens. The fifth plat was timothy meadow, with no treatment. Two sets of specimens were gathered each time, a surface soil, taking the upper eight inches in each case, and an under soil, taking the soil between eight and sixteen inches from the sur- face. The soil was at once placed in quart fruit jars, closed air tight, packed in boxes with sawdust to screen them from any possible drying influ- ence, and taken to the laboratory for analysis. The soil from both stations was treated substantially in the same way, but the soil from Grayling had to be sent 170 miles by railway. It was designed to have the soils gathered at the same dates, but the cor- respondence of time failed to be realized. The following tables give the results: THE EXPERIMENT STATION. 83 Table 1. — Percentage of Moisture in Soils Collected at Agricultural College, 18S9. Plowed Land. Grass Lands. Date of Collecting. Cultivated. Raked. Un worked. Raked. Unworked. Ist8 Inches. 2d 8 Inches. 1st 8 Inches. 2d 8 Inches. 1st 8 Inches. 2d 8 Inches. 1st 8 Inches. 2d 8 Inches. 1st 8 Inches. 2d 8 Inches. May 25 16.25 14.50 16.15 14.07 14.73 14.23 12.55 13.40 11.33 10.44 10.90 9.55 12.50 15.10 11.83 12.15 12.22 9.44 13.50 12.34 8.70 8.29 7.40 8.80 8.20 5.52 17 85 11.36 13.91 12.25 13.07 13.20 10.52 10.00 7.93 9.81 7.50 5.94 8.15 9.52 8.28 9.08 7.03 6.95 8.70 3.05 5.22 5.18 4.18 6.05 4.50 5.90 13.50 10.86 12.07 12.80 12.34 11.22 11.30 6.60 9.83 8.73 4.70 5 60 9.00 12.20 11.03 11.93 1070 9.92 11.82 10.80 6.60 7.58 6.51 4.06 4.50 6.80 7.44 2.72 8 06 6 53 8.20 9.07 3.75 3.32 2.76 2.15 2.49 2.90 2.95 2.52 2.45 3 50 July 8 6.77 •« 25 7.63 8.00 3,17 3.44 2.30 2.21 2.85 3.00 3.87 2.84 2.92 3.70 5.75 2.43 2.63 190 2.00 1.83 2.18 2.43 2.14 2.20 4.35 August 1 5.18 12 2.36 19 2.62 25 2.54 September 2 2.04 11 1.87 " 27 1.75 October 4 2.30 11 " 18 1.83 2.05 Means 13.89 10.27 10.88 6.44 .9.89 8.73 4.14 2.66 4.09 3.01 Table 2. — Percentage of Moisture in Soils Collected at Grayling, 1889. Plowed Land. Grass Land. Date of Collecting. Cultivated. Raked. Unworked. Raked. Unworked. 1st 8 Inches. 2d 8 Inches. 1st 8 Inches. 2d 8 Inches. 1st 8 Inches. 2d 8 Inches. 1st 8 Inches. 2d 8 Inches. 1st 8 Inches. 2d 8 Inches. May 5.67 5.18 4.61 6.87 5.14 4.09 5.61 5.75 5.70 5.40 6.57 8.13 4.69 4.00 4.76 5.45 6.81 4.02 5.64 7.08 5.00 4.38 3.72 4.90 5.98 2.04 490 7.58 5.68 2.71 3.91 5.46 6 06 2.00 4.81 7.56 5.15 July August 4 83 October 1 6 05 Means 5.58 5.15 6.45 4.72 5.89 4.50 5.12 4.44 5.11 5 34 84 REPORT OF THE CHEMIST OF These tables present some interesting results, but in order to see their exact bearing, the rainfall for the season must be considered. 1889. May June July August September October Rainfall at Grayling, Inches. 2.85 4.05 3.5fr 1.95 .70 .72 From the 1st of August to the 31st of October there were 2.12 inches of rainfall at the College, yet the average percentage of water in the cultivated surface soil was 13.89, just 3 per cent more than similar soil left as naked fallow. From September 27 to October 18, without a drop of rainfall, this cultivated soil increased 2 per cent in moisture without any corresponding change in the layer of soil immediately below it. The raked surface soil had 1 per cent more water than the naked fallow, but 2 per cent less than the cultivated soil. In the sands at Grayling the benefit from cultivating does not appear, and only slight benefit from raking. The smaller percentage of water in the grass lands in both stations is marked. These might be expected from the large amount of evaporating surface of the grass plants and the demand for moisture from the soil. The raking of the grass was done to see if harrowing or scratching the surface would tend to keep meadows moist the same as plow-land. No influence of this kind is apparent. These experiments on soil moisture as modified by the physical condition of the soil will be repeated and extended another year, and an effort will be made to ascertain the influence of rolling and compacting the surface soil. III. — SOIL TEMPERATURE. Observations on the temperature of the soil at various depths during the growing season have been made at the College and at Grayling. The soil thermometers were made by Green, of New York, and the temperature was observed thrice daily, at 3, 6, 9, 12 and 24 inches below the surface. The record is given in the following tables, from the 1st of April to the 31st of October for both localities. THE EXPERIMENT STATION. 85 RECORD OF SOIL TEMPERATURES AT AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, APRIL, 1889. Date. 7 A. M 1 P. M 7 P. M Depth in j inches „ j 3 6 9 12 24 35% 3 42 6 9 12 24 3 6 38% 9 12 37*. 24 April 1 33% 34 34 35 38% 37 35% 36% 39 38 36% ' 2.... 37 37 37% 37% 37 43% 40 38 37% 37 41 40% 39% 38% 37 ' 3.... 39% 39% 39% 39 37% 39 39% 39 39 38 39 40 39 39 38 ' 4.... 35^ 36% 37% 38 38 42% 39% 38 38 38 40 40% 40 38% 38 ' 5.— 35 36% 37% 38 38 42 39% 37% 37* 38 37% 38% 38 J* 38 37% ' 6.... 33% 35 36% 37 37% 46 40% 37 37 38 39 38% ' 7— _ 37 37 38% 39 38% 50% 45 40% 39 38% 48 47 44 41* 38% ' 8.... 40% 41 41% 41% 39% 46 43% 42 41% 40 46% 46 44 42% 40 ' 9 44 44 44 43 40% 51% 47% 44% 43% 41 51 50 47 45 41 ' 10..,. 43 44 45 45 42 57 51 46% 45 42% 50% 51 50 47% 43 ' 11.... 46% 47 47% 47 43% 49% 48 47 46% 44 49% 49 47% 46* 43% ' 12.... 46% 47 47 46% 44 46 46% 46% 46% 44 ' 13.... 38 40 42% 43% 44 53 48 45 43% 43% 48 48% 47 45% 43% ' 14.... 39 40% 43 44 44 53% 49 45 44 43% 49% 49% 48 45% 43% 1 15.... 40 42% 44% 45 44 55% 50 46 45 44% 51% 51% 49 46* 44 ' 16.... 43 44 46 46% 45 60% 54 49 46 45 54% 54% 52 49 45 ' 17.... 44% 46% 48 48 45% 63 55H 50 48 46 58 57 54 50 46 ' 18.... 50 51 51 50% 47 63% 58 52% 50% 47 59 58% 56 52 47% ' 19.... ' 20.... 56 52 55 52 53 53 53 53 48% 49 59 65 57 59 55 54% 53 52% 48% 49% 60 60% 58% 55 49% ' 21.... 53 53 54 54 50% 64 59% 55% 53% 51 59 60 58 55 51 ' 22.... 48 49 52 52% 51 61 56% 53 52 51 58 58% 56% 54 50% ' 23.... 48 49% 51% 52% 51 60 56% 53 52 51 56% 56 55% 53% 50% ' 24.... 52 53 53% 53 51 62 57% 54% 53 51 53% 55% 55% 54% 52 ' 25.... 48% 50 51% 52% 51 49 49 50 51% 51 48 49 50 51% 50% ' 26.... 46 47 48 49 *9% 56 51 49 49% 49% 57 55 53 50% 49 ' 27.... 47% 49 50 50% 49% 51 50 50 50 49% 50% 51 50% 50 49% 1 28.... 48 48% 49 49% 49 53 51 50 49% 49 50 51 50% 50 49 ' 29.... 45 46% 48% 49 49 47 47 47'/ 2 48 49 46 47 47% 48 48% ' 30.... 42% 44% 46 47 48 44.9 47% 46% 49.1 46 46.6 46% 48 46% 47 47 48.7 47 46.8 47% Means 43.7 44.7 45.7 46.0 52.6 45.8 44.8 49.9 50.0 44.6 86 REPORT OF THE CHEMIST OF RECORD OF SOIL TEMPERATURES AT AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE MAY, 1889. Date. 7 A. M 1 P. M. 7 P. M Depth iu I Inches., f 3 41 6 9 12 24 3 6 50* 9 12 46 24 3 6 9 49* 12 24 May 1 42 44* 46 47* 54 47* 47 49 49 48 47 " 2 44* 46 47 47* 47 48 47 47 47 47 47 47* 47* 47 47 " 3 42 43 45 46 47 62 54* 48* 46* 47 56 54 56 50* 47 " 4 48* 49* 50 50 48 64 57 52 50 48* 59 56 59 52* 48* " 5 52* 52 52* 52* 49* 67 60 55 52* 49* 62* 58* 61 55 49* " 6 55* 55* 55* 55 51 68 63 57 55 51* 67 61 65 57 51* " 7 59* 59 58* 57* 52* 73 66 60* 58 53 64* 64* 68 60 53 " 8 63* 62* 62 60* 54* 76 69 63* 60* 55 71 63* 67 60* 55* " 9 65* 64 63 62* 56* 75* 69 65 62 57 72 67 70 63* 57 " 10 65 65 64* 63 57* 75 69 65 63 58 73 68 72 64* 58 " 11 63 64 64* 63* 58* 80 71* 66 63'/ 2 59 73 69 72* 65* 59 " 12 6154 62 64 63* 59 l / 2 78*4 70 65 63 59* 72 68 71 65 59* " 13 60* 62* 63i4 63* 60 63 62 62* 62* 60 62 62 62 61* 59'/ 2 " 14 57* 59 60 60* 59 75 66 61 60 59 71 65 69 62 58* 11 15 58* 60 6!* 61* 59 62 61 61 60* 59 60* 60* 61 60 58* " 16 57* 58* 59* 59* 58 58 58 58 59 58 62 60 61* 59* 58 " 17 61 60* 60 59 57* 73* '68* 63 60 57* 70* 66 69 62* 58 " 18 65 64* 64 63 59 80 73* 67 63* 59 74* 69* 73 65* 59* " 19 63 64 65 63* 60* 69 66* 65 63* 60* 65 66 66 64 60* " 20 59 60 61* 62 60* 72* 67* 64 62 60 64 66 66 64 60 " 21 54* 57 59* 61 60 5.4* 56 58 59 59* 53* 57 55* 58* 59 " 22 49* 51 53* 56 58 54 53 53% 55 57 54 55 55 55* 56* ii 23 48 50 52 54 56 52* 52* 53 54 57 53* 54 53* 56* 56* " 24 52 52* 53* 54* 55* 69 63 58 55* 55* 62 60* 62 58 55 " 25 51 53* 56 57 58 62* 59* 57 56* 56 58* 58* 59 57* 55* " 26 .... 50* 53 55 56 56 68 62 57* 56 56 62* 60'/ 2 62 58 55* " 27 55 56 57 57* 56 55 56* 56* 57 56 54 56 55 56* 56 " 29 45 49 52 54 55* 63 58 54 53* 55 57* 57* 58 56 54 " 29 49* 52 54 55 55 50 51* 53 54 55 48* 52* 50 53 54* " 30 44* 46* 49 51 53* 45 46* 48 50 53 41* 47* 46 49* 52* " 31 44>i 45 46* 48 51* 48 47 47* 48 51 48^ 48* 48* 61.0 49 57.9 50* Means . . . 51.5 55.4 56.6 56.9 55.3 64.4 60.4 57.7 56.6 55.4 61.0 59.6 55.5 THE EXPERIMENT STATION. 87 RECORD OF SOIL TEMPERATURES AT AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, JUNE, 1889. DATE. 7 A. M. ] . P. M 7 P. M. Depth in ( Inches.. ( 3 6 9 12 24 3 6 9 12 24 3 47* 6 49 9 12 24 June 1 47 47* 48* 49 50* 49* 49 49 49 50* 49* ' 49* 50* * Q 47 48 48* 49 50* 48* 48* 49 49* 50 49 49 49 49/ 2 50 ' 3.... 48 48 48* 49 50 52* 51 49* 49* 50 51 51 51 50 50 ' 4.... 48* 49 50 50 50 55/ 2 53 51 50/ 2 50* 52* 53 52 51* 50* ' 5.... 50* 51 51* 51* 50* 66 59 54 52 51 56 57 56* 55 51* ' 6.... 51 52* 53* 54 52 69 61/2 56* 54* 52* 63 62* 60 57* 52* ' 7.... 58 58 58 57 54 60* 59* 58 57 54 60 59* 58 57 54* ' 8.... 60 59 58* 57* 55 58* 59 58* 58 55 57* 58 58 57* 55 ' 9.... 55 55* 56 56* 55 64 60 57 56* 55 61>i 61 59* 58 55 ' 10.... 55 57 57* 57 55 56* 57 57 57 55* 56 56* 57 56* 55 ' 11.... 54 55 55* 56 55* 66* 62 58 56 55 61* 61* 60 58* 55 ' 12.... 56* 57 58 58 55* 70* 64* 60 58 56 66 65 63 60* 56* ' 13.... 60 60 60 60 57 73 67 62* 60 57* 68* 67* 65* 62* 57*4 ' 14.... 62 62 63 62 58* 73* 59 65 62* 59 70 69 67 64 59 ' 15.... 65* 65 65 64 60 72* 69 66 64 60 70 69 67* 65 60 ' 16.... 65 65 65 64* 61 69 67 65 64 61 68 67 66 64* 61 • 17.... 65 65 65 64* 61* 70 68 66 64* 61* 68 68* 67 65 61* 1 18.... 63 63>sr 64 64 61* 71* 69 65 64 61^ 69* 69* 68 65* 61* ' 19.... 67* 67 66* 65 62 77 72 68 66 62* 72* 72 70 68 62* • 20.... 64 1/2 65* 67* 66* 63* 73* 71 68 66 63* 70 70 69 67* 63* 1 21.... 66* 66* 67 66/ 2 63* 67* 67 66* 66 64 65* 66 66/ 2 66 63* ' 22.... 61 62 63 64 63 63* 63 63 63 63 62 62* 63 62* 62* ' 23.... 57* 58 59* 61 62 68* 64* 62 61 61* 65 65 63* 62* 61 ' 24.... 58 59 61 61* 61* 66* 63/ 2 61* 61 / 2 61 64 64 63* 62* 61 ' 25... 50 60 61 61* 61 71 66* 63 62 61 69 68 66 64 61 1 26.... 63 63* 64 64 61* 72* 69 65* 64 62 70 69 67* 65* 62 4 27.... 65 65 65V4 65 62* 77* 72 67* 65* 63 71* 71 70 68 63 ' 28.... 67 67 68 67 63* 79 72* 69 64 64 75 74 71* 69 64 1 29.... 68 68J4 68* 68* 65 80 74* 70* 68* 65 74* 74 72* 72* 65 ' 30.... 70* 70 70 69* 66 78* 73* 71 69 66 75 74 72* 63.0 72* 66 Means 59.0 59.7 60.2 60.1 58.3 67.4 64.1 61.4 60.1 58.4 64.3 64.1 61.4 58.4 88 REPORT OF THE CHEMIST OF RECORD OF SOIL TEMPERATURES AT AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, JULY, 1889. Date. 7 A, M • 1 P. M 7 P. M Depth in (_ inches .. 1 3 68% 6 9 12 24 3 6 9 12 24 3 6 9 12 21 July 1.... 69 70 69% 66% 84 72 72 70 67 78% 77% 75 72 67 " 2... 71 71% 72 71% 67% 8554 79 74 71% 67% 79% 78% 76/ 2 73% 68 |i 9 U.-_. 73 73'/ 2 73% 72% 68% 76 74^ 73 72 68% 72% 73 73 72 68% " 4„„ 65 66 68 69 68 74% 74 70% 69 67% 72 73 72 70% 67 " 5.... 65 67% 68% 69 67% 78 73% 70% 69 67% 74 74 72% 70% 67 " 6.... 67 68 69 69% 67% 81 75 70% 69% 67% 76 76 74 71% 67% " 7.... 70 70 70% 70% 68 82 77 73% 70% 68 77% 77 75 72 68 " 8.... 70% 71 71% 71% 68% 82% 77 73 71% 68% 79 78 75% 73 68% " 9.... 72 72% 73 72 69 84% 78 74% 72% 69% 80% 79 77 74 69 " 10.— 73 73% 74 73% 70 81 78 74 72% 70M " 11.... 69 71 72% 72% 70 88 79 74% 72% 70 80 80 77% 74'/ 2 70 " 12.... 69% 71% 73 73 70 85% 78 74 72% 70 81 80 77 74 70 " 13.... 73 74 74 73% 70% 89 80 75% 73% 70% 81% 80% 78 75 70 " 14.... 71 72 73)* 73% 70% 69 70% 72 72% 70% 66 68 70 71 70 " 15.... 64% 63% 67 68% 69 78% 73% 70% 68% 69 74 74 73% 71 68% " 16.... 65 67 69 70 68% 81 75% 71% 70 69 76 76 75 72 68H " 17—- 67 69 71 71 69 76 73% 71% 70 69 75% 75 73% 71% 69 " 18.... 68 70 71 71 69 73% 72 71 70% 69 73% 74 73 71% 69 " 19.... 71% 71?* 71% 71% 69 77 74% 73 71% 69 75 y s 75 74 72% 69 " 20—. 69 70 70;* 71 69 72 70% 70 70 69 71% 71 71 70% 68% " 21.... 66% 67 68 69 68% 76% 73 70 69 68% 74 73% 72% 70% 68 " 22.... 67 68% 69% 70 68% 81 76 72% 70% 69 76 76* 75 73 69 " 23.... 67 69 71 71 69 77% 74 72 71 69% 75 75 74 72% 69 " 24.... 66 68 70 70% 69 82% 75% 70% 70 69 75% 76 75 72% 69 " 25.... 65% 68 70 70% 69 84 76% 72 70 69 76% 77 75% 73 69 " 26.... 69% 70 71 % 72 69% 72% 71% 71% 71 69 73% 73 72 71 69 " 27.... 68% 69 70% 70% 69 81% 76 72% 70% 69 79 77% 75% 72% 69 " 28.... 67% 68 69 70 69 78 74 71% 70 69 74% 74% 73% 72 69 " 29.... 67 68% 70 71 69 68 68% 69 69% 69 68% 69 69 68% 68% " 30— 64% 66 67% 68 68 77% 72% 69% 68% 68 72% 72% 72 70% 68 " 31.... 64% 66 69.4 68 69 68 80 74 70% T2.0 68% 68 75 75 74 74.0 71% 68 Means 68.3 70.6 70.8 68.8 79.3 74.7 70.7 68.8 75.5 75.3 72.0 68.6 THE EXPERIMENT STATION. 89 RECORD OF SOIL TEMPERATURES AT AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, AUGUST, 1889. Date. 7 A. M 1 P. M. 7 P. M • Depth Inche £1 tl- 3 6 9 12 24 3 6 9 12 69* 24 3 6 9 12 71 24 Augus 66* 68 69* 70 68% 75 72* 70* 68* 73 73 72* 68* it 2.. 68* 69 70 70 68* 76 73 71 70 68* 73* 74 73 71* 68* » 3.. 68 69 69% 70 68* 79 74 71% 69% 68* 75 75 74 71* 68 tt 4.. 66% 67 69 69/ 2 68* 83* 76% 71* 70 68* 78 77 75 72 68* tt 5.- 68 70 70* 71 69 78* 73 71 70* 69 76 75 74 71* 68* U 6.. 64* 67* 69X 70% 69 81 l / 2 74J4 71 70 69 78 77* 74* 73 68* tt 7- 67 68* 70% 71 69 80* 74 71 70* 69 78* 77 74* 72 68% it 8.. 69 70 71 71* 69 74 72 71 70* 69 72* 72* 72 71 69 -tt 9.. 69* 70 70 70 68* 71 70 70 70 68* 69 71 70 70 68* tt 10.. 63 65 68 69 68 77* 73 69* 68* 68 71 72 71 70 67* It 11.. 61 63* 67 68* 68 83* 75* 70 68* 68 73 74 73 71 67* ■ Ik 12.. 63 66 68* 69* 68 80 73* 70 69* 68* 78 77 74 71 68 it 13.. 69* 70 71 71 68% 75 72* 70% 70 68% 70* 72 71* 70* 68 K 14.. 68 68 69% 70 68% 69* 68*£ 69 69* 68 68 68* 69 69 68 tt 15.. 62^ 64 66 67* 67* 75 71 68 67* 67* 67 67 68* 69 67 »t 16.. 62* 64* 67 68 67 73 69* 67* 67 67 71* 71* 70 68 66* It 17.. 61* 63* 66 67* 66% 76* 71 67* 67 67 71 72 71 69 67 tt 18.. 63^ 65M 67% 68 66* 75 70* 68 67* 67 73 71« 70% 68% 66% It 19.. 67 68 69 68% 66% 80 74 71 68* 67 75 74* 73 70* 67 t J 20.. 70 70* 71 70% 67% 78 73* 713* 70 67* 76* 75 73 71 67* ■ft 21.. 713* 71% 7i% 71 67% 77* 74 72 70% 68 73* 74 73 71% 68 -tt 22.. 65* 67* 69* 70 68 80* 73* 70* 69* 68% 75* 75 72* 70* 68 •M 23.. 65 67* 69* 70 68 78* 73% 70* 69* 68* 77 74^ 72 70 68 tt 24.. 663* 68% 69% 70M 68 77* 72 70 69* 68* 75* 74* 72 70% 68 ■ it 25.. 66* 68 69* 69% 68 80* 74 71 70 68* 78 76 73 70% 68 ■ tt 26.. 69 69% 70* 70* 68* 78* 74* 71 70* 68* 77 75 73 71 68% .(( 27.. 69 70* 71* 71% 68* 83* 78 73 71 68% 80 78 74* 71* 68* It 28.. 68* 70% 72 72 69 81* 74* 72 71* 69 79 78 74* 72 69 .tt 29 68}* 70% 72 72 69 83 75 72* 72* 69* 78 77* 75 72* 69 .tt 30.. 70* 72 73 7254 69 83 76 73 72* 69* 81 79 75* 73 69* it 31.. 71 72 73 73 69* 82 75* 73>* 70.6 72* 70 79 74.9 78 74.6 75 73 70 Means 66.8 68.2 69.7 70.1 68.2 75.8 73.3 69.8 68.4 72.7 70.8 68.1 90 REPORT OF THE, CHEMIST OF RECORD OF SOIL TEMPERATURES AT AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, SEPTEMBER, 1889. Date. 7 A. M. 1 P. M. 7 P. M. Depth in ( inches. i 3 6 9 12 72* 24 3 6 9 12 24 3 6 9 75 32 72* 24 Sept. 1.... 70 71 72* 70 *5% 77 73 72 70 80* 78* 69* 11 o w 71* 72* 73 73 70 79 75 73 72* 70 78 77 74* 73 70 " 3— . T2y, 73 73* 73 70 76 74 73 72* 70 75 75 73 73 70 " 4.... 72 72% 73 72* 70 77 74 72* 72 70 77 75* 74* 72* 70 '• 5.... 70 72 73 72* 70 70 70* 71* 72 70 66 67* 69* 71 70 " 6.... 60* 63 65* 68* 69* 70* 68 67 67* 69 67* 68* 69 69 68* '• 7.... 60* 62* 65 67* 68 73 69 • 67 67 68* 68* 70 70 69 68 " 8.... 63 64 66 68 68 76* 71* 68* 68 68 74* 73 71* 69 67* " 9.... 64* 66 68 69 67* 72* 69 68% 68% 68 71* 71* 71 69* 67% " 10.... 67* 68 69 69% 68 78 73 69% 68* 68 74 #4 73 71 67% " 11.... 68 69* 70 70* 68 81 74 71 70% 68* 77* 76 74 71* 68% " 12.... 67 70 71 71 68* 79 73* 71 71 69 72y 2 74 73* 71* 68% " 13.... 66* 69* 70* 70* 68* 70* 69* 69* 70 69 70* 71 70 • 69* 68 " 14... 68 69 69* 69* 68* 73 74 70 69* 68* 76 75 72 70 68 " 15.... 69* 70 71 70* 68 74 73 70% 70* 68* 70 71 71* 70* 68* " 16.... 58* 62 66* 68* 68 62% 63 65 67 63 61* 63 65 67 68 " 17.... 53 56* 62 65 67 62 60* 62 64 66* 56* 59* 63* 64 66% •' 18.... 51 A? 54* 60 62* 65 55* 57* 59* 62 65 56* 59 60 62 65 " i9.... 52 56 58* 61 64 62 58 58* 60* 64 61* 61* 61 61 63* " 20.... 57* 59% 60* 61* 63* 59 59* 60 61* 63 55 57 59 60* 62 " 21.... 49 52* 57 60* 62* 54'/ 2 55 58* 59 62* 55* 56 H? 57 59 62 '• 22.... 46 52 55 58 61* 61* 55 54% 57% 61* 60* 60 58* 58* 61 " 23.... 54 55% 57 58* 61 62* 58* 58 59 61 63 61* 60 59* 60* " 24.... 56 59 60 60* 61 69* 61* 60 60* 61* 67* 66 63* 61* 61 " 25.... 64 64 64 63 61* 62 63 63* 63 61% 67* 61. 63 62 61 " 26.... 49* 56* 58* 61 61* 51* 55 57 60 61% 51* 55* 57 69 61* " 27.-. 45 51% 54 57* 60* 51 54 57 57 60* 53 55 55 56* 60 " 28.... 48* 52* 54* 50* 59* 71 59 55 56* 59* 62* 62 59 57* 59 " 29.... 57 54* 57 58* 59* 59* 58 57 58 59% 59 59 53 58 593* " 30.... 55* 56 57* 64.4 58* 59 57 57* 65.3 57% 58* 59 57 57* 66.4 58 66.0 58* 59 Mean? 60.3 62.5 65.6 65.6 68.0 64.6 65.2 65.7 66.2 65.9 65.3 THE EXPERIMENT STATION. 91 RECORD OF SOIL TEMPERATURES AT AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, OCTOBER, 1889. Depth in f Inches f r a. m. 3 55 6 56 9 12 573* 583* 50 51 55 573* 54 55 57 58 50 53 57 583* 53 54 56 573* 47 493* 53% 56 43 453* 503* 54 393* 43 493* 53 45 473* 50 523* 453* 483* 52 533* 52 523* 533* 54 53 543* 55 553* 493* 52 53K> 543* 46 493* 52 533* MX 48 51 533* 46 493* 513* 523* 52 52>/ 2 53 53 483* 513* 53 54 463* 49# 52 53 503* 523* 53 533* 433* 47 50 513* 453* 47 483* 50 41 45 47 49 393* 44 463* 483* 43 443* 46 473* 45 46 47 483* 42 43 453$ 473* 39 41 43 46 37>* 39 42 45 403* 413* 43 443* 42 423* 433* 45 46.1 48.6 50.6 52.2 59 59 583* 583* 583* 58 57 56 553* 55 55 553* 553* 55 543* 54 54 54 54 54 533* 53 52 513* 503* 50 50 493* 49 483* 48 54.1 1 P. M. 623* 683* 59 563* 49 56 523* 54 543* 55 54 523* 503* 50'/2 503* 55 513* 52 50 453* 453* 45 423* 463* 46 423* 413* 40 413* 433* 50.7 6 9 57 573* 58 55 63 573* 563* 563* 56 56 50 53 513* 503* 503* 493* 52 503* 52 513* 523* 52 543* 543* 523* 53 493* 513* 493* 50 493* 503* 533* 53 51 52 50 51 513* 52 463* 49 47 48 443* 463* 433* 46 46 46 463* 47 43 45 42 433* 40 413* 42 43 43 44 49.8 50.2 12 58 57 58 58 57 553* 533* 523* 523* 53 543* 55 543* 53 52 52 53>* 533* 523* 53i/ 2 51 50 483* 473* 473* 48 47 46 4t 443* 45 51.9 24 59 59 59 59 583* 58 57 56 553* 553* 553* 553* 553* 55 55 54 54 543* 54 54 533* 523* 52 513* 503* 50M 50 493* 49 483* 48 7 P. M 3 6 9 12 54 55 573* 58« 58 59 58 573* 593* 603* 60 59 56 57 573* 58 54 553* 563* 57 48% 50 53 55 50 513* 523* 533* 503* 513* 52 523* 523* 533* 53 53 55 55 543* 533* 583* 573* 553* 55 55 55 543* 55 52 533* 54 543* 523* 52 52 53 533* 53 513* 52 523* 53 52 52 563* 553* 54 54 533* 533* 53 53 55 533* 52" 53 50 513* 52 53 483* 483* 49 51 453* 47 48 49 47 47 473* 483* 47 47 47 473* 473* 473* 483* 48 45 46 47 47 42 43 45 47 42 44 45 46 41 413* 42*4 443* 42 423* 43 443* 41 44 44>, 453* ; 50.6 51.2 5'.4 51.9 24 59 583* 583* 59 583* 573* 563* 55% 55 55 55 553* 553* 55 543* 54 54 543* 54 54 53 523* 52 51 503* 50 50 493* 49 48 4S 54.0 92 REFORT OF THE CHEMIST OF n o a m A id ~-t J A o bo 3 a cjj 3 w, — O oS tc ---- 1- ■s CC CO -f CO CO CO ^1 ^J^ ^ji "^ ^* ^^ ^ ^ 2? ^ • CO :© 1-- CO CD tO *ft ■** - *C ^1 -*t< *3« tj» T f ** LO -V Tf CO CO CO ^ co iro r? 1— . 1- co '^ , ^* ■^f *t* "^C ^* s: so CO x> to CM 0> ^3* ^ , "^^ *"3* ^* "■* TO CO ^'-' r-coo CO CO ""J* -<»>co-* O: t; O! CO t- -* eit~o« 10 -** *t< -*?tcO •*ifliO lOCOl- SOCJOl •>s> a, ^ 3? ^ ~* i/d as 10 0. 05 uo *r ■<* -*f -"* »o insi- o — ' to io •& •"* ^Oin -# — SO SO — 1 Ol SOt-lO OCMtp OSCOCO SOOSCS cococo •"J-CO-* -*coso ira-s"-* COCS ft* -**Q0 CO •«* co -*• -^* co *r o rt CO U coo Oh' ^^i? :$; s; ^ ■^f -^ o »o -^ -^ cot- CO 00 CO t* CO 1 - CD O N iC tt iC tv^- □ . 3? » L. CO "fnO 000 H--3 co w co -*ji *■**< t* -^ CO ^f t* "71 -* WOO tP -^ ■«*< iO'^J*'* -^"TCO l-O CO 'M'TfiO COCOCO -»4CS00 OOCOCO QDh-CO OSCOO CO»Oi- O^t — 1 ^ CJ COCO'* COCOCO COCOCO COCOCO CO -<* •«** COCOCO COrPiO 1C1CO 0*0^ iO-^»C -^tPCO so CO oiM"*" oio»— < coosco soco-h m^-* t-cO'* 00 oj so coo-* — coco coscso COCOCO COCOCO COCO-^ CO"^SO COCOCO CO-^IO l^t.OSO lOlDiO lO-^SO -O-^CO CO Q a — 1 01 CO ■* iff SO t- CO OS O — ' OJ < SO t- CO 0:0 — — — -H — CM 0» 0>C0 -¥ 010101 iCSCt— OICMOJ CO OS o 01 ei co 03 4) THE EXPERIMENT STATION. 93 a 0< eg a- w 03 .2 '5 h » be S3 e3 t-, •d a e3 -»j to m K ■Si 02 fc< cv^z! X i iCiO . HZ \OiO tn o io O" CO .* OSCOiO -****•# o tOCON CO tO CO ^^HCT> tr— OS ^ CO CO o in-^o NCOO OC kC-# — © -r* •^■^iCt- co : CO"#f- ^ ^ ^ X- CC »C 71 NOr 0~-CS OOt-CD icmo ic»c«o *o»o^ ^"^^ x^ * * l-DH i^ccas os *.- os ^--^io io-^co lO iC ^ ^ ^ •<# W3 0'* ^ ^ -^ CO s ea _ i ( n t*< -o [Boa cc as *o ^on coom co^ftoo co 01 — hjios co c; co co CO -<*< 2 ^S5<^ "So SSS SSlo Sain loioo io»oio >Oio^ w-*-* -o.-*.* U9 01 IB a. O.CCOJ 5>C!0 COCOIO -X-CJCO CO £5 CO SjrfT U22 25 ^ S tn — 2 333 ■*-**•* •■*< 10 co trd co co cooifl 10 -* «o cocdio ictc^r -* *o -* io^p"^ 1 ^ ■* -* CO in" «o ■ coa-.oico a>.r>co —coo -*coo; >S:2>3 S!Sffi JS22 22:22 S2S 5:33! CO "* id lO "* i£5 SO CO =D L— CO^CtO iC^lO CO CO lO »C "* -* -* »C *•# tf? -* ■** -* ^ -* CO IO OS a . M CO CO iC CO CC CO ^ "^ -*• -fli iO "* o * ^ a? ^ ^ 3? ^ ^ CO •■*< Ol CO O Ol CC -^ CO * 3? »n i-' co irs ir?^ o»c»o ift t£3 iO x S; ^ ^ CO — o o — — cococo iCtOlO io*0>0 ^-^-^ CO o CC — 'Wt- "^ ^tf ""^ "^^ CO O ^ w — ■ •*« -^tf O 'O ifliOiC: ^ ot-t- ^:ta -^ii^to io -^ ^ iO ic ^ "*f '* ^ co cc ^ ^f ^* O: cc I- OD51 ■<^ »n o io ^ -o ^ C2"*C5 COC-i-* co^ — -«^ •**! -* io m "^ T -^ ^ as — co :C' co io ^ ^ lOif^co ift ^ -^r ^ CO coco>i:m OCOCO OS ^CO CO fc-co cocc* "^ iC CO coo; -^ »o*racc ^ uO OC CO— "M COOJCO to-* CO CO "3" CO o a o" 5 CO -*r -*T *o u >> i O B Cc .^h — CO OOO is coco CC OS OS »o »rc to OCCi CO COO 1-1— CO ic -C i.: t-~-o o CO to qoca CO i— to lO co' U3 Ol r— t COCO *- cc — > o occ-* OOO -*oco o o o — OlO tot- to ■ — OS CO coco co CO wo cocoes o o o O OCO CC "^f CO CO CO 'CO CO CO t— cot- CO -* 00° IS OS t-OOOS O -#<^ lSl~ — COM OS MJOlO SOS CDCDO c.coco ooco ocoo coco CO IS IS CO cot- CO o CO CO COt-C5 COO-^ *rf»OCO OlO<— 1 IT! 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CONOCO COCO CO CD t-t-t- so coo ooooso o-oo SO I- SO COCOIO SO t-CO co— 'in t-t-t- OSQ>0 so so so o>c«o t— so so t->cco CO t-t- lOCOCO cot- so t- * *. ^* CO CO ^ OS co" CO s & * ^ * COO-" ©* CT. CO Oi <— i OS Oi IN OS CDL»t* fc- CO L- CD C~ CO CD I- CD £ CO * 00 oi * t-oso so SO t— **: ^^ CO **0i, CO CD t-t-CO CO uO CO CO t~- t- CO CD CO CD CD CD t- * <>*— 'CO CO t— CO ^ CO COL- CD ococo t- 1- t- ^fcOO O v* CO SO SO SO t- SO CO o s oS a ■a o a. Q — I CM CO ■* Iff SO t- OOOSO — CM CO -* uO SO t- 00 OS a OS CD 9G REPORT OF THE CHEMIST OF d © u m o • M& a u & a > l» K a "3 B3 a *3 K > CO w > eS ai H Vi CM —._- — _ -M-Min mi -* -* -*NC4 OTMCO -*mm m ■* -^ •tiffin eot-t- o rococo co CO CO CO ^* CO CD £ t- CT. CO— 1 oocs ccoot- CO00O1 CO CO § fc «»«et* cccot- CD CO t- CO CD CD CD CD CD CO cc t- CO I- CO CO CO CO i— CC t— . in QO«HN m-*CM CO 03 CM m m m oot-o oor; a co oj CM00O t— com o t- t— CO «— fc- t» t-fc-fc- COI-t- t-l- CO CO CO CO CD cot- t- 1— t- coi-t- t-CC t- X? »— i cc>co v*co m mcO in-*'* CO in CM ■**CO CD ©coco oo-* CMCC -* -J.OCM omoo CM t- CD fc-fc-fc- t-«-t- cot-t- l-t-CO coco CO l-CC t- I— t-t- t- 1 - 1- i-l-t- . co a; u COCOm OCm t- cocot- CO COOS coooo OO— i 01 COM -+C0CO omco CO © rt tO SO CD CO t-«— CD cocom- CO t-CO co co m CD COt- CC 1- t— CO t- t- t-oot- * co •*** -*#* m •** -* -*-m ---*in m-*-* CClOJ « ■4 COOOOl NOC t- •—*©". CO 0J m t- I- CO t- I- t- 1- 1- CO t-00 oot— co cct-t- t-t-aa t—t-t- I- 1- 1— t-t-t- oot-t— c . o > CDS K as s-. ? o CD ^ .3 2 ^. COMM CO CO CO * * *I CO t-co CO CO CO * * *. cu * U5 cm co CO 3 o.- O ! CO :o to eococo ^ ^ ^v\X ^! Ol'O^i Irt lO CO io ic itd moin a? o * co co ».o — * eoiC"# oo-^ t- <— t os l— ; CO CO CO CO t~ CO t— OS O O ifl^'l' ON 1 * COCJfc^ CO"-*-* 10:00 CM t-» t— CO CO'-OM CM-^-m iCtOt— t~ CO f— CO CO CD CO -* -^ O •**< CO GO *rt GO t- t— • CQ •C CD CO CO^C cO CD CO CO CO CO cO CO CO ifliffiO iflOiO iC>U!fi OO^ tO »*5 i£3 o CO CO CO— 35 COCO CO C0i-~>0 *>•»-- O CO(^£- COCOCO OiO<>1 ^- CO ,35 t* 1 ?!^ CO t- CO t-t^-CO CO CD CO CO CO CO _ CO CO t-- CO CO CO *fliOW i£3 iO lO lOOO iT2 lO "** Tfi iO O 00 © CO CO OZ<-*—< *M ~ CO HWO O^N WOO »CiCO »COm CO ^H ^* t- ^ Oi ^^1^-CO tr-t-t- t- CO CO CO t- t— fc- 6- 1— t~t— fc- *C *C O ifliiSin *0 CO CO iO iO -* iCiflifl o CO CO CO co — < co co re co co co co -# t- oo co uo «.o iomo ocouo -** t— co comos moco t- 1— t- t— cot— t-t-»t— t- c— t— t- 1- 1- oioin ooiq co co t- mic^ 1 *o co *o f— 1 CO CO a ^ to --O CO CO coco CO CO ^** "4* lO uO CO CO CD CD CD CD HO »» *C WOO 05 lO t- COCOCO X CO CO *OiC»C * £« tHOOO -#■•*• co o -** ■** ooo »co-^ CO »0 CD CO CO CO CDCOt- iC*** t* iC "* o3 p 01 CD o a a CD Q i— I CM CO •*< O CO t- 00 CO © ^ CM CO -* liO COt— 00 CO © — < CM CO ~H lOCON 00 CO O i-Hrir-i HrlH Hr-H i-H CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CO CD ,0 a. - ; j - - - - - - « - - - !JS CD * * * * * "• * * * * " • • « ---. a CD CO 13 t-aoco cococo cnco-H cocor* co co co C5COCO co«#-^ oscoic cc-^in cococo CDCOX CO CO CD COCOCO COCOCO COCOCO iO>CO lOiRifl -«*"iOiC UOiTJUO ■^•^O 1—1 o CO C7S ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^^* ^ ^ ^* CDi>-00 t-ifflCO C-ICOCO IOCOCD CDt^i-- »jO-*-^ i— 1 CO 05 OiCO^ CO^CO ^CO-h COCOCO COCO»0 COCOCO cOCOCD COCOCO iO^Oin iOiO^ ^ifliO lOiO-^ -^^40 co co' W3 CD t*-#00 COCOlO COOO^J -*COt- t-- CO , * -^*^ -rit ^j* ■* ^i CM t-H NCOO «ff*iO • * 00 CO CO ** •* co co * CO** *** Iff CO* CO CO CO — CMOS *coco osoos co*co Cfi 03 OS CJ5 CO CO CO CO CO CO * OS eMt-os iff** t-t-N -3co * CO CO CO CO CM CO CO CO CON— 1 O — t- -*coco c; c en CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO COCO CO CO oi * CO OJCO* Iff** ffliSOO * * CO CO 00 CO co co * CO iff t- t-ooo *co* i— tuOCO 0--05 **co OS S3 CO CO CO Z. ~ T. CO CO CO iff iff coco CO CO CO CO OS * CO CM COO! Iff ** lff>ff t- **co CO CO CM coco* **lff *** a? Iff Iff t— *coco a? CO **CD CO ^^ t-ot- co*co t-o* CO CO CO Oi t— on CO CO 00 Iff Iff CO 00 CO COCO CO CO os' CO a . o ooco «ff * iff **C0 t-i— * COt-lff Iff iff O CM 00 * — t-OS i— OS Iff OSCD* COCMOO **CO COCO* CO** *CO* CO-J-CO *CON CM — • CO COCOCO COCM** CO V o a HN« * i u e o O CO c THE EXPERIMENT STATION. 99 COMPARATIVE SUMMARY OF SOIL TEMPERATURES OF 1888 AND 1889 AT AGRICULT- URAL COLLEGE, FOR THE MONTHS OF MAY TO SEPTEMBER, INCLUSIVE. Depth in 1 inches.- j 3. a 5 6. 9. 12. 24. Months, etc. CO CO CO 1-1 CO UO CO 1— i CO CO CO 1— 1 OS CO CO u a V u a s 00 CO CO OJ CO CO 1^ o a 9 & fa 5 CO CO CO .— 1 OS CO CO 1—1 a u 1 s CO CO CO CO CO 1-t o a D 5 May: 7 A.M... 50°.4 54°.5 -4M 51°.3 55°.4 -4°.l 52°.l 56\6 -4°.5 52°.2 56°.9 -4°.7 50°.2 55°.3 -5°.l 1 P. M... 60 .2 64 .4 -4 .2 55 .8 60 .4 -4 .6 53 .4 57 .7 -4 .3 52 .2 56 .6 -4 .4 50 .4 55 .4 -5 .0 7 P.M... 57 .7 61 .0 -3 .3 57 .3 61 .0 58°.9 -3 .7 55 .5 59 .6 -4 .1 53 .8 57 .9 -4 .1 50 .4 55 .5 -5 .1 Mean* 56M 60°.0 -3°.9 54°.8 -4U 53°.7 58°.0 -4°.3 52°.7 57°.l -4°.4 50°.3 55°.4 -5°.l June: 7 A.M... 64°.7 59°.0 5°.7 65°.2 59°. 7 5°.5 65°.9 60°.2 5°.7 65°.7 60°. 1 5°.6 62°. 7 58°.3 4°.4 1 P.M... 77 .6 67 .4 10 .2 71 .4 63 .7 7 .7 68 .0 61 .4 6 .6 65 .8 60 .1 5 .7 62.8 58 .4 4 .4 7 P. M... 74 .3 64 .3 10 .0 71 .6 64 .1 7 .5 70 .0 63 .0 7 .0 67 .7 61 .4 60°.5 6 .3 62 .7 58 .4 4 .3 Means 71°.5 63°.6 7°.9 69°.4 62°.5 6°.9 68'.0 61°.5 6\5 66°.4 5°.9 62°.7 58°.4 4°.4 July: 7 A. M... 68°.6 68. "3 0°.3 69°. 9 69°.4 0°.5 70°.8 70°. 6 0°.2 70°.7 70°.8 -0°.l 68M 68°.8 -0°.7 1 P.M... 80 .7 79 .3 1 .4 75 .3 74 .7 .6 72 .4 72 .0 .4 70 .5 70 .7 - .2 68 .1 68 .8 - .7 7 P. M... 76 .7 75 .5 1 .2 75 .9 75 .3 .6 74 .3 74 .0 .3 72 .0 72 .0 .0 67 .6 68 .6 -1 .0 Means 75°.3 74°.4 0°.9 73\7 73°.l 0°.6 72°.5 72°.2 0°.3 71M 71°.2 -0°.l 67°.9 68°. 7 -0°.8 August: 7 A. M... 67°.4 66°.8 0°.6 68°.6 68°.2 0°.4 70°.0 69°.7 0°.3 70°.4 70M 0°.3 68°.5 68°.2 0°.3 1 P.M... 77 .6 75 .8 1 .8 74 .3 73 .3 1 .0 71 .6 70 .6 1 .0 70 .3 69 .8 .5 68 5 68 .4 .1 7 P.M... 74 .8 74 .9 - .1 74 .6 74 .6 .0 72 .7 72 .7 .0 71 .3 70 .8 .5 68 .4 68 .1 .3 Means 73°.3 72°.5 0°.8 72°.5 72°.0 0°.5 71°.4 71°.0 0°.4 70°.7 70°.2 0°.5 68°.5 68°.2 0°.3 Sept.: 1 » 7 A.M... 58°.5 60°.3 -r.8 60°.9 62°.5 -1°.6 62°.5 64°.4 -1°.9 63°.9 65°.6 -1°.7 64°.l 65°.6 -1°.5 1 P. M... 66 .2 68 .0 -1 .8 63 .6 65 .3 -1 .7 63 .1 64.6 -1 .5 63 .3 65 .2 -1 .9 64 .2 65 .7 -1 .5 7 P. M... 65 .2 66 .2 -1 .0 65 .4 66 .4 -1 .0 64 .7 66 .0 -1 .3 64 .0 65 .9 -1 .9 64 .1 65 .3 -1 .2 Means 63° .3 64°.8 -1°.5 63°.3 64°.7 -1°.4 63°. 4 65°.0 -1°.6 63°.7 65".6 -1°.9 64U 65°.5 -1°.4 * DifTerences with a minus sign (-) before them indicate the excess of the monthly mean tem- perature of 1889 over the corresponding mean temperature of 1888. Those without the minus sign, indicate the reverse. 100 EEPORT OF THE CHEMIST OF COMPARATIVE SUMMARY OF SOIL TEMPERATURES OF 1888 AND 1889 AT GRAYLING FOR THE MONTHS OF JUNE TO SEPTEMBER, INCLUSIVE. Depth in i_ inches .. f 3. 6. 9. 12. 24. Months, etc. 00 00 00 05 OO 00 Difference.* OO OO 00 i—t 02 OO 00 1— < 6 c; a CO | 5 OO 00 OO 1— < OS OO OO o a V 1 5 00 OO OO. OS CO a b. s 5 CO OO CO i— 1 OS ao OO a! a a> 3 June: 7 A.M... 6l°.3 54°.8 6°.5 62°.9 55°.5 7°.4 63°.7 56°,0 7".? 63°. 5 56°.l 7°.4 61°.0 55°.5 5°.5 1 P.M... 70 .7 66 .0 4 .7 67 .9 65 .2 2 .7 65 .2 58 .8 6 A 63 .5 56 .9 6 .6 61 .3 55 .2 G .1 7 P. M... 72 .8 58 .3 14 .5 71 .0 61 .3 9 .7 68 .5 60 .0 8 .5 65 .3 58 .4 6 .9 61 .0 56 .5 4 .5 Means 68°.3 59°.7 8°.6 67°.3 60°.7 6°.6 65°.8 58°.3 7°.5 64U 57U 7°.0 6L°.l 55°.7 6°.3 July: - 7 A. M... 63°.9 65°.9 -2°.0 66°.5 67°.3 -0°.8 68°.3 68°.0 0°.3 68°.3 68°.0 0°.3 66°.8 67°.l 4J°.3 1 P. M... 75 .5 78 .1 -2 .6 71 .1 73 .5 -2 .4 69 .0 70 .1 -1 .1 68 .0 68 .9 - .9 66 .8 67 .3 - .5 7 P. M... 75 .5 71 .4 4 .1 74 .1 69 .8 4 .3 71 .8 69 .3 2 .5 69 .7 69 .6 .J 66 .6 67 .1 - .5 Means 71».6 71°.8 -0°.2 70°.6 70°.2 0°.4 69°.7 69M 0°.6 68°.7 68°.8 -0°.l 66°.7 67°.] -0°.4 August : 7A.M... 63°.0 61M 1°.9 63°.9 62°.5 1°.4 65°.3 64°.3 1°.0 65°.8 65°.l 0°.7 65°.3 64°.4 0°.9 1 P.M... 73 .8 75 .2 -1 .4 68 .5 69 .7 -1 .2 66 .5 67 .1 - .6 G5 .6 65 .1 .5 65 .0 61 .3 .7 7 P.M... 71 .5 72 .1 - .6 70 .8 70 .5 .3 69 .2 68 .0 1 .2 67 .4 66 A 1 .0 64 .5 64,.2 .3 Means 69°.4 69°.4 o°.o 67°.7 67°.5 0°.2 67°.0 66°.5 0°.5 66°.2 65°.5 0°.7 65°.0 64°.3 0°.7 Sept.: 7A.M... 56°.6 55°.5 l°.l 56°.4 56°.8 -0°.4 57°.2 58°.3 -l°.l 58°. 1 60°. 1 -2°.0 59°.4 60°. 7 -1°.3 1 P.M... 61 .4 66 .1 -4 .7 60 .2 63 .0 -2 .8 59 .0 60 .8 -1 .8 58 -9 60 .4 -1 .5 59 .3 60 .8 -1 .5 7 P.M... 60 .1 63 .7 -3 .6 57 .7 62 .5 -4 .8 58 .3 61 .1 -2 .8 58 .3 60 .5 -2 .2 59 .3 60 .7 -1 .4 Means 59°.4 61°.8 -2°.4 58°. 1 60°.8 -2°.7 58°.2 60°. I -1°.9 5£°.4 60°.3 -1°.9 59°.3 60°.7 -1°.4 * Differences with a minus sign /-) before them indicate the excess of the monthly mean tem- perature of 1888 ever the corresponding mean temperature of 1889. Those without the miuus sign indicate the reverse. THE EXPERIMENT STATION. 101 COMPARATIVE SUMMARY OF SOIL TEMPERATURES AT AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE AND AT GRAYLING, FOR THE MONTHS OF APRIL TO OCTOBER INCLUSIVE, 1889. Depth in | inches.. 1 3. 6. 9. 12. 24. Months, etc. o bo eo a 42°.6 46 .4 45 .0 o a oj 5 oj Ml oj o %■ till bi a ">, 03 o O a a> 9) 5 «5 bfl o o bll < bi a ~>> OS O OJ o a a) a "5 a H a a 3 o 3 > a i— i U "3 a H a a 3 o C3 > a t— t c "53 a M a a 3 I* a U a h- 1 a 3 3 >■ 3 □ a 3 a '3 i 1 87 84 126 129 135 138 138 134 148 142 136 134 78 132 77 108 142 147 133 129 89 114 123 132 94 131 77 121 55 69 77 55 52 75 81 85 89 93 93 95 96 85 87 66 87 67 76 96 99 82 78 56 71 70 80 72 81 58 68 44 40 56 62 57 86 90 95 102 102 115 107 107 99 94 66 95 67 82 106 109 92 90 76 76 81 90 76 88 62 77 46 54 57 60 55 80 88 88 92 99 96 101 9t> 90 90 70 93 70 78 102 104 83 82 64 72 73 84 69 85 60 72 51 48 61 20 36 24 34 36 51 58 63 60 48 39 45 47 42 52 63 66 57 47 39 34 28 42 27 28 49 28 32 32 37 80 87 92 129 134 134 72 77 137 98 135 139 137 134 140 130 144 137 143 129 134 91 115 106 134 123 146 146 146 152 58 53 66 70 79 86 64 59 86 68 82 87 91 94 92 78 95 89 93 89 74 63 78 79 92 93 100 98 101 104 61 63 67 80 9( 93 67 63 97 72 94 98 100 99 101 93 101 97 103 94 86 73 82 85 97 98 105 105 107 110 40 2 42 3 . 35 4 35 5 46 6 36 7 55 8 58 9 50 10.. 48 11 . 50 12 48 13 115 118 127 129 130 128 130 142 128 118 113 113 88 126 86 108 85 80 63 66 74 74 84 82 80 84 70 68 74 71 50 73 54 64 52 51 71 75 80 84 90 90 87 92 82 79 86 81 52 82 55 70 57 57 6S 72 77 83 93 87 82 91 41 7? 73 76 54 82 53 67 54 64 39 25 24 27 41 58 40 41 22 34 39 37 35 36 44 35 32 54 14 53 15 62 16 58 17 62 18 52 19 66 20 50 21 63 22 50 23 36 24 41 25 43 26 53 27 57 28 59 29 30 57 63 31 82.2 Means 114.6 68.5 76.1 73.7 34.6 114.8 75.3 84.4 79 3 42.1 123.3 89.4 50.7 104 REPORT OF THE CHEMIST OF SUNSHINE TEMPERATURES. RECORD OF MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM THERMOMETERS AT AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, MICHIGAN, 1880. Jul y. August. September. October. Maximum. B 3 a .H Maximum. a 3 a "S s 49 64 53 45 50 41 41 51 64 45 35 37 54 62 48 45 40 44 00 62 68 47 44 48 50 53 52 48 46 54 51 50 1 Maximum. a' 3 a "5 58 54 66 64 68 42 39 40 45 58 50 46 40 59 64 42 35 36 36 52 32 18 37 38 61 31 24 33 33 53 45.3 Maximum. Days of Month. Black bulb. "3 m a CO 3 * > 2 a Black bulb. 3 s a C3 3 "Sag 5 > .2 a Black bulb. a sa *§ fcCo . a 3 5-' Black bulb. a 3 a o 08 > a U '3 a i— i 103 107 93 89 101 97, 97 100 106 99 101 1C0 73 94 94 96 99 97 94 100 96 95 91 96 93 98 94 81 a 3 3 o > a a '3 a 103 100 98 97 7:i 97 98 97 99 102 102 99 97 97 84 77 75 57 81 78 71 80 90 97 66 67 66 84 72 64 85.8 a 3 3 C3 > a *-< "3 a 74 77 82 77 69 62 65 70 75 74 79 65 69 71 77 77 76 70 76 58 97 43 63 55 57 59 42 60 46 45 47 66.4 a 3 a '3 i 1 145 149 149 147 143 141 139 149 152 144 143 146 80 141 137 142 142 133 134 149 140 148 135 143 135 141 138 122 108 110 98 99 96 104 105 no 113 107 106 108 78 100 100 101 102 94 104 109 104 97 102 99 108 99 89 59 60 68 51 48 53 51 60 62 62 55 62 50 52 44 46 66 67 61 51 54 48 41 42 50 56 54 54 53 47 54 3 138 140 138 142 142 137 138 109 129 143 133 138 111 129 136 140 .140 130 138 137 138 138 144 138 135 120 145 141 144 141 138 99 100 99 102 100 99 100 87 96 100 93 100 85 92 94 97 100 98 1C6 105 99 104 108 136 108 97 109 106 101 109 107 144 143 142 143 116 139 142 133 140 146 140 139 131 143 112 108 111 70 132 105 119 128 142 137 106 117 116 130 84 75 109 107 106 104 84 102 103 100 105 109 107 105 101 107 90 80 * 101 2 120 122 130 129 118 105 116 124 119 117 110 91 128 123 123 125 117 118 123 96 57 55 113 89 88 87 52 93 58 52 56 101.8 53 g 42 3 83 4 29 5 4?, 6 33 7 24 8 15 9 25 10 ?A 11 39 12 35 13 37 14 25 15 18 16 M) 17 37 18 ?0 19 an 20 36 21 16 22 ?fi 23 9 24 9 25 40 26 41 27 34 28 ?8 29 19 30 145 96 103 V 31 40 139 8 95 .9 Means... 101 9 135.8 101 3 124.6 29.2 * Thermometer broken. THE EXPERIMENT STATION. 105 RECORD OF MAXIMUM BLACK BULB AND MINIMUM THERMOMETERS IN OPEN AIR AT GRAYLING, APRIL TO OCTOBER INCLUSIVE, 1889. Day Maximum— Black Bulb. Minimum. of Month. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. 94 93 94 96 88 87 92 93 96 99 101 103 102 98 97 86 85 84 86 84 63 82 83 86 80 64 64 74 84 60 Oct. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. 1 60 63 65 85 56 83 64 74 76 86 78 62 60 G8 72 88 90 94 96 87 90 95 94 89 89 78 73 80 91 84 90 93 1U6 110 Ill 106 80 82 94 98 102 111 112 102 112 110 no 98 95 92 96 100 88 95 98 91 94 96 92 98 89 88 88 83 84 90 88 86 93 94 98 64 83 93 90 90 95 74 80 90 92 88 93 100 98 88 94 93 94 102 93 103 96 99 96 98 66 53 64 60 54 66 68 75 73 74 74 68 56 68 65 66 63 60 64 54 58 50 52 50 48 48 50 51 48 46 46 30 30 30 20 10 20 12 32 42 55 30 43 45 33 50 49 33 30 31 32 28 28 33 30 28 55 59 69 35 57 59 37 36 39 39 39 40 55 55 55 59 44 33 39 31 20 24 50 30 20 33 31 39 40 41 41 42 31 50 49 42 46 49 48 60 69 69 58 51 44 65 41 60 50 31 31 30 50 59 55 51 59 60 60 55 43 43 56 61 60 68 60 61 49 50 60 52 38 40 65 76 54 43 48 43 48 44 39 42 43 42 61 61 42 61 48 40 34 32 39 55 65 45 30 35 50 60 40 45 39 49 65 69 69 42 62 42 58 58 58 50 51 62 39 39 42 62 61 55 39 53 50 42 64 54 46 45 49 63 29 42 45 34 45 34 22 46 40 55 39 32 23 28 52 50 2 3 32 42 4 29 5 39 6 30 7 30 8 93 94 96 95 95 93 83 68 86 92 99 98 92 89 80 78 70 76 78 76 74 65 59 56 20 9 35 10 22 11 34 12 35 13 19 14.. 12 15 65 67 86 88 78 82 72 76 68 72 76 82 74 55 58 55 19 16 20 17 18 38 14 19 12 20 26 21 21 22 25 23 10 24 15 25 32 26 20 27 34 28 18 29 25 30 12 3L 33 Means 72.1 80.6 83.1 96.9 93 87 3 59.3 35.3 40.7 48.4 50.6 49.5 44.3 25.9 V. — SUNSHINE RECORD. Eecords of the sunshine have been kept, Pickering's Sunshine Recorders being used for this purpose. The value of such records as furnishing one of the physical data for studying the conditions of agriculture in a given 106 REPORT OF THE CHEMIST OF region, will be obvious to any thoughtful mind. The more nearly agricult- ure is brought down to an absolute and determined physical basis, the more certainly we shall come to a knowledge of all the laws governing its compli- cated processes. As a contribution to this end the following record of the hours of sunshine by months for the season of 1889, is presented: HOURS OF SUNSHINE DAILY AT AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, FROM APRIL TO OCTOBER, FOR 188S AND 1889. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.. 6.. 7.. 8.. 9.. 10.. 11.. 12.. 13.. 14.. 15.. 16.. 17.. 18.. 19.. 20.. 2i.. 22.. 23.. 24.. 25.. 26.. 27.. 28.. 29.. 30.. 31.. Day of Month. April. 1888. 1889 4 7 6 11 3 12 12 11 6 7 13 3 6 h 13 8 4 3 1 10 13 13 8 13 13 10 2 3 12 12 4 3 12 6 13 13 13 10 5 6 13 13 13 4 2 10 xMay. 1888. : *% 11 5 10 10 Ya 1 7 7 4 5 13 4 7 14 14 14 5 8 9 3 X 12 12 4 4>s> 13 11 13 12 13 12^ 8 8 9 10 9 2 6 10 7 9 1% 3% 7 8 4 10 13 June. July. 1888. I 1889. 7 8 12 14 12 8 9 12 4 5 12 10 4 8 14 14 12 10 14 14 10 14 5 14 2 6 5 10 m 2 9 14 5 11 12 11 12 5 3 4 4 9 5 3 6 6 5 10 10 10 13 1888. 1889. 13 13 13 12 13 5 10 3% 9 11 3 12 2 10 8 7 8 8 12 4 9 11 11 9 5 12 7 8 10 3 11 8 13 12 11 9 5 6 13 10 9 13 7 2 1 2 8 8 11 10 10 2 8 4 5 9 August. 1888. 1889 13 y. 3 7 9 4 4 8 8 9 7 3% 12 10 12 13 13 13 10 5 13 13 13 13 9 9 8 7 9 5 9 12^ 13 9 13 10# 2 3 8 13 13 2 6 6 8 11 10 10 5 9 9 4 6 6 11 13 13 13 12 September. 1888. 1889 10 12 12 10 12 12 8 11 12 5 10 8 12 12 7 8 2 9 7 10 8 5 12 4 4 3 12 10 8 5 6 1 12 12 11 7 10 12 12 6 4 5 4 3 10 2 10 8 12 2 7 8 12 3 Totals. 210 169 185 204 269 168 252 220 258 265 237 202 THE EXPERIMENT STATION. 107 SUMMARY OF METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS AT THE MICHIGAN AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, FOR THE YEAR 1888. IN CONTINUATION OF THE SAME SERIES OF OBSERVATIONS RECORDED FOR THE MICHIGAN AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE SINCE 1863. BY R. C. KEDZIE, PROFESSOR OF CHEMISTRY AND CHEMIST OF THE STATION. [Latitude 42° 43' 56", longitude 7° 25' 59.61", height above the &ea 834 feet.] a 03 3 a +-3 03 to o to tffi GO* GO to a •a CO "to CO a CO tO 3 = 1 I 2 ■3 3 •d 3 GO 00 p. S O o3 S ><* O ao la o3 O 5 «H O CO on CO M CO •" 0} cS.3 O 3 3 •a 3 3 a EH O c0 to a o. a ■- <0 3 £.2 ao 3 CO 3 « 3 5 E* C3 O o « 'J. hi M O d 2 E* g to J3 S3" t. 3 "5 S "« •» April 44 .03 53 .65 67 .89 70 .53 67 .55 57 .76 61 68 72 71 71 71 29.202 29.023 29.032 29.119 29.103 29.128 49 64 44 43 42 45 1.15 3.66 2.51 2.40 1.87 1.89 >4 1 May 1 SJ July a August 1 September October 45 .70 76 29.027 70 3.00 3 November 38 .50 82 29.167 62 3.12 3# 1 December 30 .39 83 29.070 72 1.20 2> 4 X Year 45°.03 76 29.108 58 26.56 26% 11 108 REPORT OF THE-OHEMTST OF METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS FOR THE MONTH OF Thermometer Open Air. ia Relative Humid- ity, or Per Cent of Saturation. Pressure of Vapor in Inches. Barometer, Reduced to Freezing Point. Day of Month. a s *J X S >> £ » g a g S § £ a o t~ THE EXPERIMENT STATION. JANUARY, 1888, AT AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, MICHIGAN. 109 Clouds. 7. A. M. 9 P. M. w- ^ o •^ ♦a z ■ a • XI ~ oi 'O SI a ?g •a a £<-> 3 £CJ a 100 St. 90 St. 100 St. 90 St. 15 St. ■ 100 St, 100 St. 100 St. 100 St. 100 St. 100 Nim. 100 Fog. 100 St. 100 St. 100 Nim. 60 Cu. 100 St. 100 St. 70 Cu. St. 100 Nim. 10 St. 80 Cu.St. 10 St. 100 St. 100 Nim. 100 Nim. 90 St. 90 St. 60 St. 20 Cu. 90 St. 30 St. 100 Nim. 100 Nim. 100 Nim. 100 Nim. 100 Cir. St. 100 Nim. 100 St. 90 St. 10 St. 00 00 00 100 St. 100 Nim. 10 St. 80 St. 100 Nim. 100 Nim. 10 St. 10 St. 100 St. 00 00 5 St. 100 jSt. 100 St. 100 St, 10C St. 100 St. 100 St. 73 9 P. M. 0JO 100 100 100 100 100 100 10CI 100 100 40 IOC 100 100 100 00 100 20 10 1C0 100 30 100 100 50 50 100 10 90 100 100 100 •o a St. St. St, St. Nim. Nim. Nim. St. St. St. St, Nim. St. Nim. St. St. St. St, St. St. St.- St. St. St. Nim. St. St. St. St. St. 81 Winds. Registering Thermom- eter. 7 A.M. s w s w s w se n se s w n w n s w n w se 8 w 28 s 4 w 12 n w 1 n e 3 w 4 s w 8 aw 77 18 8 1 6 6 2 3 6 o 16 4 9 2 P. M. s w s w s w e \v e s e se w n e n w se n w nw 8 w 8 w w se w e n w s w w w s 8 n w 1 16 2 8 3 7 2 11 12 16 12 12 9 P. M. s w s w s w n e e e . . i s w s w w se 26 w 4 se 1 4 2 8 12 1 1 1 8 s w se w w n w w se 8 n w w e w s w nw n w a w s w n 6 n w 1 1 1 1 8 9 3 7 4 2 4 6 5 16 12 2 2 4 3 8 6 t 4 12 16 1 5 1 1 B a B H 03 S 22 12 24 31 32 35 36 32 24 17 10 36 36 32 12 14 16 19 14 14 11 18 22 17 26 25 26 19 26 29 29 23.10 a 3 a .5 S3 8 3 3 24 26 32 26 16 16 1 3 -1 2 -11 -5 6 3 -16 -15 -6 -11 -9 8 8 -14 -1 19 26 26 5.39 Rain and Snow. a '3 as a fe ll In night 6 p. m. 6 p. m. 8 a.m. 4 p. m. 7 p. m. 7 a. m. '■3 2 a 11 p.m. 8 a. m 7 p. m 3 p.m. 12 p. m c I* S3 a3 .05 .15 .10 4 p. m. 1 a.m. 6 p. m. .40 .20 .10 .30 9 a 00 3-2 X IX 2.18 12* 110 REPORT OF THE CHEMIST OF METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS FOR THE MONTH OF Thermometer Open Air. in Relative Humid- ity, or Per Cent of Saturation. Pressure of Vapor in Inches. Barometer, Reduced to Freezing Point. Day of Month. a a o a >> a a a a S a a a a a a a a o a < & Cm" ■ l-H e3 < Ph Cm < Cm Ch < Cm Cm £r- N 05 Q K- (N o t- IN oj tr- n 03 1 29 32 30 30% 89 89 78 .142 .155 .130 29.351 29.391 29.441 29.394 2 26 32 21 26% 100 79 100 .141 .143 .113 29.431 29.363 29.371 29.388 3 22 33 31 28% 100 89 89 .118 .162 .155 29.345 29.306 29.245 29.299 4 27 35 31 31 100 79 100 .147 .155 .174 28.872 28.715 28.732 28.773 5 22 26 17 21% 100 75 83 .118 .100 .078 28.985 29.014 29.045 29.015 6 13 22 23 19% 100 72 86 .078 .084 .106 29.128 29.120 28.861 29.036 7 28 31 27 29% 88 89 76 .135 .155 .111 28.768 28.547 28.705 28.673 8 6 7 1 4% 100 77 100 .057 .045 .046 28.783 28.787 28.898 28.823 9 -16 2 -16 -10 100 72 100 .022 .034 .022 29.187 29.255 29.203 29.215 10 -2 12 13 7% 67 61 81 .027 .045 .063 29.128 29.002 29.045 29.058 11 -7 19 2 4% 100 69 100 .032 .071 .048 29.105 29.092 29.098 29.098 12 -2 30 27 18% 100 78 76 .040. .130 .111 29.090 28.992 29.085 29.059 13 26 45 40 37 75 61 73 .105 .235 .182 29.095 29.042 28.992 29.043 14 35 21 rv 1 21 100 100 77 .204 .113 .045 29.067 29.280 29.545 29.297 15 -10 4 -1 -2% 100 100 100 .028 .050 .042 29.869 29.878 29.783 29.843 16 6 33 33 24 75 61 70 .041 .113 .131 29.479 29.185 29.092 29.252 17 23 38 33 31% 100 72 79 .123 .165 .150 29.115 29.025 28.912 29.017 18 27 41 30 32% 100 49 89 .147 .126 .148 29.032 29.125 29.157 29.105 19 30 38 39 35% 89 81 100 .148 .186 .238 29.032 28.787 28.677 28.832 20 35 24 23 27% 80 87 86 .162 .111 .106 28.599 28.743 28.870 28.734 21 21 28 23 24 100 76 100 .113 .111 .123 29.175 29.196 29.288 29.220 22 18 40 35 31 100 46 70 .098 .110 .142 29.458 29.361 29.279 29.366 23 33 44 30 35% 89 60 89 .168 .173 .148 29.214 29.193 29.228 29.212 24 27 45 37 36% 100 68 100 .147 .196 .221 29.138 28.907 28.522 28.856 25 42 33 17 30% 90 89 83 .235 .162 .078 28.25? 28.399 28.577 28.412 26 10 10 4 8 100 100 100 .068 .068 .052 28.743 28.843 28.968 28.851 27 3 8 4 5 100 78 74 .050 .048 .038 29.000 29.115 29.305 29.140 28 5 23 16 14% 75 47 83 .041 .056 .074 29.352 29.162 29.122 29.212 29 26 40 35 33% 75 56 80 .117 .139 .162 29.092 29.209 29.241 29.181 Means 21.95 93 74 87 .105 .119 .112 29.069 Averj iere 85 Y~ .112 * THE EXPERIMENT STATION. Ill FEBRUARY, 1888, AT AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, MICHIGAN. Clouds. Winds. Registering Thermom- eter. Rain and Snow. 7 A.M. 2 P. M. 9 P. M. 7 A. M. 2 P.M. 9 P. M. J S S 3 S S3 a "3 Oh" 9 * o§ u o a "3 03 so . a fe 3§ 1" U o **' a) o - a <*- 0Q en v 0) *j ^ 4J a ^ o a o 4S SI Oh 13 a 5 o "21 100 60 100 100 30 100 100 90 00 100 10 75 70 100 00 00 100 00 100 100 90 20 20 60 100 60 60 80 60 •a a 5 «*- o "i On 100 00 100 100 00 100 ion 100 00 100 00 100 40 00 00 00 100 00 100 100 00 30 00 100 100 10 00 30 100 •a B d .2 o 0> u 5 n se e n s w s w s w o a M O fa 1 4 2 5 2 12 12 1 8 4 12 2 6 20 12 1 2 5 20 16 6 6 c o o S s e e Q w s w s w 8 W 8 W S W 8 W S S w n 8 s w 3 W se w 8 W S nw e 8 W 8 W n w s 8 a) u o &< 4 6 3 8 8 4 16 4 2 1 5 16 6 2 20 8 8 28 8 6 3 8 28 24 12 12 3 a .2 33 a> u s e w n w s w s w 3 W s w n 8 W W e s w s e s w w nw s a> M O fa 6 5 2 12 12 16 4 20 8 16 12 3 7 16 6 12 24 8 5 5 03 inn -t. St. Fog. St. St. St. St. Cu. St. it. Cir. St. St. Nim. Cir.Cu. St. Cir.Cu. St. St. St. Cir.Cu. St. Cir.Cu. Nim. Nim. Cu.St. St. St. St. St. St. St. Cu. St. Nim. St. St. St. St. Cir. St. St. St. Nim. St. Cu.St. Cu. Cu. Cu. St. Nim. Cu. St. Cu. St. St. Cu. St. St. St. Nim, St. St. St. 32 32 32 35 28 28 31 10 2 13 24 30 45 35 6 33 38 41 42 35 30 40 45 45 42 12 11 26 41 26 13 22 22 8 13 6 -17 -19 -10 -7 -2 24 -11 -10 6 23 26 30 21 15 18 27 27 10 2 -1 5 25 inn inn •r inn inn 4 p.m. 10 p. m. tf ion 100 50 10 a. m. 6 p.m. .20 2 20 ion St. ---- 30 40 St. St. s s 00 100 5 a. m. 6 p.m. .10 » no St. Haze. Nim. St. St. Nim. Nim. St. St. St. n 8 W se s w w w s e 8 W S W s w s w 30 100 30 100 100 2 p.m. L2m. .65 100 60 70 30 100 100 5 p.m. 10 p. m. .75 X 80 100 100 1.70 4 74 65 54 29.79 10.07 64 112 REPORT OF THE CHEMIST OF METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS FOR THE MONTH OF Thermometer in Open Air. Day of Month. I 30 2 39 3 15 4 7 5 5 6 6 7 12 8 17 9 27 10 36 11 22 12 9 13 6 14 9 15 24 16 34 17 20 18 21 19 42 20 50 21 30 22 6 23 6 24 8 25... 14 26 34 27 32 28 26 29 28 30 32 31 32 Sums.. Means . 8 Ph 27 42 23 17 17 29 36 40 40 40 28 21 22 31 46 40 30 42 68 35 32 13 22 24 25 38 34 34 43 52 48 Ph OS 30 26 10 13 12 20 25 27 36 41 19 17 13 23 38 30 20 34 52 31 18 6 19 15 23 36 30 31 31 32 35 a 03 Q 29 35% 16 12% iik 24% 28 34% 39 23 15% 13% 21 36 34% 23% 32% 54 38% 26% 8% 15% 15% 20% 36 32 30% 35 38% 38% 27.03 Average. Relative Humid- ity, or Per Cent of Saturation. < 89 100 82 77 100 100 100 100 76 100 100 100 100 90 70 86 74 93 89 100 76 100 64 90 89 100 88 89 89 89 Oh 100 83 86 67 83 56 45 31 39 82 66 70 71 100 40 56 68 50 38 100 59 62 45 60 75 100 79 70 67 60 49 66 Oh OS 100 88 79 81 100 70 87 88 61 100 85 67 100 100 38 68 85 70 79 79 84 52 85 82 86 90 89 69 79 100 70 81 Pressure of Vapor in Inches. .148 .238 .070 .045 .055 .055 .075 .090 .111 .191 .084 .065 .057 .065 .129 .175 .075 .096 .199 .335 .148 .057 .043 .062 .051 .175 .162 .141 .135 .162 .162 .118 Ph IN .141 .222 .106 .074 .078 .087 .096 .077 .097 .203 .099 .075 .080 .174 .125 .139 .111 .134 .261 .204 .106 .048 .053 .073 .100 .229 .155 .138 .186 .232 .165 .131 .123 Ph cs .167 .123 .054 .063 .075 .075 .117 .129 .129 .257 .087 .063 .078 .123 .091 .111 .091 .138 .308 .136 .082 .029 .087 .070 .106 .191 .148 .118 .155 .181 .142 .120 Barometer, Reduced to Freezing Point. 29.231 28.958 29.516 29.529 29.191 29.138 29.154 29.342 29.496 29.186 29.132 29.519 29.473 29.426 29.385 29.118 29.112 29.081 28.830 28.479 28.607 29.043 29.347 29.392 29.412 28.847 29.075 29.042 29.108 29.166 29.257 Ph' 29.221 28.962 29.495 29.435 29.122 29.087 29.103 29.376 29.416 29.020 29.185 29.533 29.365 29.428 29.275 29.125 29.102 29.005 28.655 28.587 28.720 29.145 29.293 29.428 29.310 28.700 29.092 28.997 29.052 28.982 29.245 Ph OS 29.183 29.253 29 533 29.375 29.140 29.151 29.231 29.430 20.331 28.930 29.310 29.491 29.335 29.413 29.118 29.145 29.153 28.960 28.617 28.710 28.837 29.293 29.305 29.456 29.087 28.932 29.057 29.055 29.156 29.176 29.243 a x> 29.212 29.058 29.515 29.446 29.151 29.125 29.163 29.383 29.414 29.045 29.219 29.524 29.391 29.422 29.359 29.129 29.122 29.015 28.701 28.592 28.721 29.160 29.315 29.425 29.236 28.826 29.075 29.031 29.105 29.108 29.248 29.154 THE EXPERIMENT STATION. 113 MARCH, 1888, AT AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, MICHIGAN. Clouds. 7 A. M. 2 P. M. 9 P. M. *-i o O •a a - a • D-— 4> *0 ^§ a SI a £° M 4>0 a. W — a . 4)T3 i !« 31 ■a a 5 100, Nim. 100 Nim. 90 Cu.St. 100 1 St. 30 St. 00 00 00 90 100 80 00 00'—. 50 Cu lOSt St. Nim. Cu. St. 100 100 100 100 40 100 Nim. Nim. Cu. Cu. St. 100 Nim. lOOJSt. 001 70jCu. St. 50|Cu. 20jCu. ooi 100 |Cu. St. lOOjNim. 40UU. 50|Cu. 00 St. St. lOOJSt. 100, St. 1.00 j Nim. 90JCu. St. 50|Cu. 30 Cir.Cu. 00 so 70 80 30 St. 100 00 00 00 00 St. "Winds. 7 A. M. 2 P.M. 100 St. I 100: Nim. lOOJSt. 00 00 , 00 I e s s w' n e a e n w w w se se n w 7 ] e 5 I w 12 nw 4 8 6 4 2 8 1 20 n e n s w 8 W W se s w 7 24 8 s 8 12 8 9 P.M. n Wi 5 .nw ioo;st. Cu. St. j 50|St. jnw Cu.St. ! 00! in e n e w n e w w fq 8 8 jse i 2 js w Registering Thermom- eter. Cir.Cu.! IGOSt. lOOJSt. 100;Cu.St. 60!cu. 60 ; Cu.St. 5 9*3 100 100 100 70 100 100 67 St. St. Nim. St. Nim. St. St. St. 90 80 Ou.St. Cir. St. 100 Nim. 100 Nim. 100. Nim. i lOOiSt. 60iCa. 30jCu. 60 St. lost. 100 i Nim. 100 St. 100! St. 50 60 50 30 64 Cu. St. Cu.St. Cu. St. Cir. St. 100 100 30 20 00 51 St. St. St. St. 62 s 8 8 W w w e e e w n s w se w 12 |n w 12 jn e 8 is w 8 jnw 8 I e i 7 ! s ! 12 j s 16 ! w I 12 ! w i 8 i w 12 4 2 2 8 4 6 s w e e s i 20 12 16 5 16 12 5 8 20 16 I 20! i 16 j w 5 e \v n n w s w n n s s w w w s w w s w w w 6 12 12 4 8 16 16 8 e e s w In w 3 20 6 4 4 8 2 2 12 8 12 1 12 12 3 16 24 8 16 8 6 6 I 12 8 4 8 12 3 39 47 23 17 19 29 36 41 41 41 29 22 21 31 46 40 32 42 69 50 32 15 22 24 34 42 34 36 43 54 48 35.45 26 15 4 5 4 6 15 17 27 22 8 5 6 9 24 20 18 21 42 29 5 2 6 8 14 31 26 24 28 29 29 16.84 Rain and Snow. « to . .2 & .5 5 6 a. m a so . a fe 2 p.m. W a X3 % .35 •S-a 5 a. m, lip. m .50 .03 6 p. m, 2 p. m 5 a. m 11 a. m. .15 .05 3 p.m. 10 a. m. .10 1.88 % H IX W 15 114 REPORT OF THE- CHEMIST OF METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS FOR THE MONTH OF Thermometer in Relati ve Humid- Pressure of Barometer, Reduced to Open Air. of Saturation. Vapor in Inches. Freezing Point. Day of Month. c CO a* 2 *3 2 >> 2 2 2 2 2 2 2" a' a a < 0- o, "3 o Ch Ph •4 Ch Cm < 04 Sh OP t- 4> +-> o a o 21 •a a 5 o H ii •3 a s 3 ?! go i 50 no 100 60 20 no 00 60 100 100 40 00 30 00 100 00 100 00 70 10 100 100 00 CO 30 40 00 00 50 100 a 5 a o o s e w ne s w w nw se se s w w n w s n w s ne e w w nw nw e n n s s s w o & 8 13 5 16 12 8 8 12 8 12 12 12 8 16 5 10 16 8 12 2 2 12 6 8 12 8 4 8 a .2 43 o a> 5 se nw s w e s w w n e e 3 w w n w w n w se ne s s w n w n w w e n w n w s s w s w s w ne n o y u o 6 16 8 8 12 28 12 6 12 16 8 12 18 12 12 5 12 20 8 12 8 6 12 4 12 16 8 12 16 8 a _o *j a> 5 n n w e s w w n se e n w w n w w ne ne w w n w w ne n s s ne n o h O fc. 7 6 n 12 13 10 4 8 12 16 6 6 16 n 8 6 16 8 2 4 8 4 8 8 10 4 OQ 4-i ° IB inn St. St. Nim. St. St. Cir.Cu. Nim. St. St. Cu. St. Cu. St. St. Nim. Cu. St. Hazy. Cu. Cir.Cu. Cu. St. Cir.Cu. St. Cir.Cu. Nim. 30 1 Cir. Cir. St. St. Cu. St. St. Nim. St. St. Nim. St. Cu. St. Cu. St. St. St. Cir. St. Cir. St. 55 44 41 55 68 51 48 48 57 54 58 45 52 50 42 52 48 48 47 44 52 48 51 51 60 75 81 81 79 37 29 22 25 31 35 35 21 30 38 34 27 27 37 36 i 32 34 33 30 28 25 31 32 25 31 40 48 52 47 36 39 no 90 Cu. St. 100 St. 60 Cir. St. in no 100 no 60 00 00 Cu. St. 2 a. m. 9 a. m. .20 m 10 40iCir. lOOlSt. 70 6 p. m. 100 80 100 100 oo 100 80 Cu. St. Cu. St. Cir.Cu. Cu. 6 p. m. .35 00 100 100 9 p. m. 11 p. m. .18 100 lOOJSt. 10 Co. oo'cu. St. 9o!cu. St. 70!Cu. 10 - 100 5 7 a. m. 11 a. m. .05 100 5 70 100 100 60 10 10 SO 20 00 70 100 Cu. Cu. St. Cu. St. Cu. Cu. St. OirCu. Cu. Cu. St. Nim. 70 100 50 no 00 If) no no 40 St. Nim. s w n e 100 5 a. m. 10 p.m. .37 H 1.15 % 46 59 42 54.07 32.50 49 116 REPORT OF THE CHEMIST OF METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS FOR THE MONTH OF Day of Month. Sums.. Means. Thermometer in Open Air. 1 33 2 35 3 43 4 55 5 46 6 57 7 45 8 45 9 57 10 54 11 66 12 48 13 35 14 36 15 39 16 41 17 47 18 44 19 40 20 48 21 53 22 57 23 57 24 60 25 58 26. 58 27 61 28 63 29 56 30 49 31 50 Oh OS 43 33 55 45 64 53 52 44 58 46 70 55 48 45 51 54 62 55 64 64 77 64 43 38 39 39 41 37 54 43 53 43 60 44 48 45 52 43 66 53 71 58 80 62 78 61 71 61 63 59 71 61 70 65 65 58 68 60 65 53 61 47 Relative Humid- ity, or Per Cent of Saturation. ■a "3 o 36% 45 53% 50% 50 60% 46 51 58 60% 69 43 37? 38 45% 45 50% 45% 45 55% 60% 66% 65% 64 60 63% 65% 62 61% 55% 52% 89 61 59 74 62 69 61 92 87 80 59 78 70 80 82 51 48 84 91 77 60 58 69 77 94 94 82 89 87 57 93 Oh 59 32 43 72 47 43 56 93 67 100 46 59 64 57 38 40 29 93 59 39 28 34 29 58 89 57 75 94 60 52 55 Oh 89 46 54 84 84 39 76 100 81 68 83 72 73 81 ■51 51 84 92 84 61 42 46 50 77 100 82 89 94 82 67 77 Pressure of Vapor in Inches. t- .168 .127 .164 .321 .192 .322 .182 .275 .407 .405 .376 .260 .142 .170 .195 .142 .156 .241 .225 .249 .232 .268 .322 .396 .452 .452 .442 .510 .391 .199 .335 .164 .133 .257 .270 .216 .306 .189 .390 .370 .596 .422 .164 .152 .147 .157 .149 .152 .322 .221 .230 .206 .349 .278 .436 .510 .523 .551 .583 .411 .299 .297 Oh 05 .168 .138 .219 .241 .262 .168 .228 .418 .349 .403 .497 .165 .173 .178 .142 .142 .241 .275 .231 .244 .203 .256 .269 .413 .500 .442 .549 .452 .426 .269 .249 Barometer, Reduced to Freezing Point. 29.087 29.301 29.158 28.818 29.083 29.328 29.469 29.100 28.913 28.903 28.863 28.728 28.998 29.000 29.038 29.076 29.197 28.956 29.161 29.379 29.272 29.145 29.068 29.098 28.875 28.972 28.875 28.-722 28.938 29.164 28.941 Oh 29.146 29.228 29.010 28,898 29.143 29.316 29.410 29.028 28.930 28.918 28.812 28.905 29.013 29.025 28.955 29.070 29.156 28.830 29.263 29.306 29.168 29.090 29.005 29.047 28.862 28.992 28.742 28.632 28.922 29.098 28.891 Oh 29.185 29.241 28.895 28.942 29.243 29.338 29.315 28.970 28.940 28.823 28.760 28.973 29.042 29.082 28.998 29.123 29.120 28.952 29.293 29.283 29.146 29.082 28.992 28.940 28.890 28.942 28.742 28.765 28.938 29.013 28.911 29.139 29.257 29.021 28.883 29.156 29.327 29.431 29.033 28.928 28.881 28.812 28.869 29.018 29.036 28.997 29.090 29.154 28.913 29.239 29.323 29.195 29.039 29.020 29.028 28.876 28.969 28.786 28.706 28.933 29.092 28.914 53.65 75 57 73 Average.. 68 281 .348 .287 .305 29.055 THE EXPERIMENT STATION. 117 MAY, 1888, AT AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, MICHIGAN. Clouds. Winds. Registering Thermom- eter. Rain and Snow. 7 A.M. 2 P. M. 9 P. M. 7 A. M. 2 P.M. 9 P. M. S 3 B n g a 3 a S a "5 1 M be . s * II CQ u a a '3 .2 fc P f ** _ to cn oj i, -^ a a Is o o I- — •a a 5 o 60 30 30 100 5 20 100 100 100 80 70 100 100 100 100 70 90 100 50 10 20 00 80 90 100 40 100 100 90 40 40 3 o 49 21 £° oc 10C 30 10C 10 00 100 100 80 00 100 100 100 50 00 00 100 100 00 5 10 20 70 10 100 100 100 100 50 10 70 ■a □ 5 a* o ^^ o 01 5 n e e se w w e e w w s s w w w se n w s e w w s se se e w e e a w e e o 4 6 8 8 12 8 12 4 2 10 10 12 12 8 8 8 8 4 12 13 4 4 4 4 5 8 5 7 8 8 a" o "*9 C3 9 s n e e se s w w n e e w s w s w w w w w w s se n w se e e e e e a w s e 3 w e w u o En 4 8 12 16 12 8 8 4 8 8 8 12 16 12 12 20 16 8 1 8 4 8 4 8 6 4 4 8 8 12 4 a o o m u 5 se se s w n n e e s w w w n w n w e w se e w s w 3 W e w t~i o fa 1 12 16 6 6 2 1 5 8 4 4 4 5 4 3 4 4 12 7 1 2 IOC Cu. St. St. St. Cu. St. Cu. Cu. St. Nim. Nim. Cu. Cu. St. Cu. St. Nim. St. Cir.Cu. Cu. St. Nim. Nim. St. St. St. St. Cir.Cu. Cu. St. St.. Cu. St. Nim. St. Cu. St. Cu. Cir.Cu. Cir. St. Cu. St. Cu. Cu. Nim. Nim. Cu. St. Cir.Cu. Cu. Cu. St. Cu. St. St. Cu. St. Cu. Cu. St. Nim. Cu. Cir. St. Cir. St. Cu. St. Nim. Cu. Cu. St. Nim. Cu. St. Cu. Cu. St. Cu. St. Nim. St. Nim. Nim. Cir.Cu. Cu. St. Cu. St. St. St. C'l. St. Nim. St. Cir. Cir. St. Cir. Nim. Cu. St. Nim. Nim. Cu. St. Cu. Cu. 46 55 66 62 59 71 48 57 64 68 80 52 40 40 56 56 61 49 55 66 71 80 78 74 64 71 73 67 70 64 61 25 35 43 41 40 43 42 44 46 54 47 34 34 33 29 29 40 .40 33 40 47 49 49 54 56 53 61 50 43 45 ' 39 If 100 100 20 9 a. m. 3 p. m .09 10 100 100 11 a. m. 100 80 9 a. m. .70 30 100 100 1 a. m. 5 a. m. 1.00 100 40 00 80 100 100 5 p. m. 5 p. m. .04 .45 10 10 10 90 80 100 100 11 a. m. 10 p.m. .18 100 3 a. m. 100 00 lOp. m. 1.00 10 100 1 a. m. 10 p. m. .20 3.66 67 68 57 62.06 43.52 64 118 REPORT OF THE CHEMIST OF METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS FOR THE MONTH OF Thermometer in Open Air. Day of Month. Sums.. Means . •0 59 50 53 54 61 70 47 54 67 71 51 59 63' 67 73 68 71 76 74 70 72 73 69 68 64 56 54 57 56 61 63 60 65 70 80 64 65 75 80 66 66 73 75 79 86 87 92 91 88 90 87 85 84 82 72 70 67 65 68 82 a 50 47 53 60 69 53 54 68 71 51 57 65 64 71 71 70 75 75 77 79 72 74 73 66 63 65 60 62 60 71 a a o O d "3 M a fe 1* to O oo aj M o O ■a s o Og |3 70 70 40 00 20 80 10 00 100 80 10 60 30 70 10 20 10 50 10 50 20 10 50 20 90 20 100 100 60 20 ■a a 3 o +? ?S go 00 00 00 00 00 00 60 00 100 100 00 100 100 100 00 10 30 40 30 100 70 100 100 10 10 30 100 100 00 00 ■a 5 a _o 53 o o S 8 8 8 16 8 1 1 1 8 12 8 8 8 3 3 3 8 6 2 4 2 3 2 2 3 6 a O o u Q n n w s w s w n w e s 8 W W s w w se 8 8 W W e n e n w u o 4 1 1 8 1 !l2 2 4 8 3 16 8 6 8 3 4 4 4 1 3 4 5 4 ■11 00 30 Cu. Cir. Cir. St. Cu. St. St. Cir.Cu. Cu. Cu. St. Cu. Cu. St. Cu. St. Cir.Cu. Cir.Cu. Cir. Cir. St. Cir. Nim. Cu. Cu. St. Cu. St. Cu. St. Nim. Cu. St. Cu. Cu. Cu. Cir. Cu. St. St. Cu. St. Cu. St. St. Cir. St. Cu. Cu. St. Cu. Cir. Cir.Cu. Cir.Cu. Cu. Cir. St. Cu. Cir. St. Cu. St. Cu. Cu. St. Cu. Nim. Cu. St. Cu. Cir. 65 60 68 70 80 70 65 76 81 73 68 74 76 79 86 87 92 91 91 92 89 86 86 84 75 70 70 67 70 83 43 36 40 53 61 42 47 54 64 46 50 57 59 68 58 63 67 66 62 66 68 68 65 62 56 50 54 54 56 59 2 p. m. 5 p. m. .18 00 on St. Cu. St. Cu. St. St. Cu. St. St. Cir. Cir. Cir. Cir. St. St. St. Nim. St. St. St. Nim. Cu. St. s w n e 86 s w s w n w s w s s w w w w e s s w w w n e ne ne s w so 70 inn 80 40 30 90 3 p. m. 3 p. m. .30 60 100 30 8 a. m. 10 p. m. .85 10 00 30 50 40 10 '20 5 3 a. m. 4 a. m. .45 100 10 4 a. m. 10 p.m. .15 100 100 8 a. m. 3 p. m. .33 100 100 2 p. m. 10 p. m. .25 100 00 * 2.51 46 43 43 77.47 56.40 Y "■" ' 44 120 REPORT OF THE CHEMIST OF METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS FOR THE MONTH OF Thermometer Open Air. in Relative Humid- ity, or Per'Cent of Saturation. Pressure of Vapor in Inches. Barometer Reduced to Freezing Point. Day of Month. a 03 a a" g S >> S a a a a a a a a c OS "3 Q OS < CM a, a. OS s 1 68 76 64 69% 60 38 73 .411 .336 .433 29.195 29.208 29.205 29.203 2 62 79 67 69% 77 47 74 .429 .465 .489 29.233 29.155 29.148 29.245 3 71 87 77 78% 66 55 77 .503 .705 .717 29.151 29.031 29.079 29.087 4 75 86 76 79 77 61 73 .666 .762 .652 29.058 29 069 29.037 29.055 5 72 88 72 77% 76 39 71 .595 .504 .559 29 092 29.117 29.134 29.114 6 67 76 73 72 84 73 90 .556 .652 .732 29.175 29.105 29.092 29.124 7 72 83 68 74% 90 43 79 .706 .483 .543 29.135 29.107 29.125 29.122 8 58 70 66 64% 100 85 95 483 .599 .604 29.185 29.077 29.037 29.100 9 63 66 60 63 94 79 94 .543 .502 .487 29.072 29.095 29.045 29.071 10 61 79 67 69 88 51 79 473 .501 .522 29.080 29.062 29.047 29.063 11 72 87 79 79% 80 49 74 .631 .623 .731 28.997 28.906 28.959 28.954 12 62 54 55 57 67 87 93 .370 .362 .405 28.925 28.938 29.050 28.971 13 53 70 55 59% 86 52 93 .348 .367 .405 29.125 29.238 29.228 29.197 14 56 75 65 65% 87 43 73 .391 .363 .451 29.274 29.245 29.268 29.262 15 63 76 63 67% 62 33 78 .356 .287 .446 29.296 29.265 29.243 29.268 16 58 82 67 69 82 33 50 .394 .355 .333 29.256 29.220 29.185 29.220 17 63 81 74 72% 78 52 63 .446 .547 .532 29.153 29.052 29.047 29.084 18 68 83 65 72 90 37 89 .612 .410 .549 29.035 29.012 29.042 29.030 19 64 75 62 67 78 52 72 .464 .449 .367 29.092 29.102 29.175 29.123 20 60 78 64 67% 82 46 78 .426 .443 .464 29.241 29.240 29.241 29.241 21 65 83 72 73% 78 37 71 .483 .410 .559 29.233 29.159 29.148 29 J 80 22 68 77 65 70 84 69 94 .577' .639 .583 29.105 29.100 29.125 29.110 23 66 87 67 73% 95 31 74 .604 .393 .489 29.132 29.087 29.138 29.119 24 62 82 65 69% 83 30 68 .460 .322 .420 29.221 29.172 29.203 29.199 25 60 83 68 70% 77 37 79 .396 .410 .543 29.251 29.192 29.168 29.204 26 64 69 67 66% 100 95 100 .576 .671 .662 29.140 29.090 29.075 29.102 27. 65 74 63 67% 100 72 89 .618 .604 .510 29.135 29.180 29.203 29.173 28 60 81 69 73% 94 45 70 .487 .474 .496 29.251 29.220 29.223 29.231 29 73 86 73 74 63 45 72 .510 .557 .581 29.203 29.179 29.172 29.185 30 70 89 74 74% 75 41 81 .551 .556 .680 29.160 29.076 29.037 29.091 31 73 83 78 78 76 67 69 .617 .759 .664 29.052 29.002 29.029 29.028 * 70.53 82 52 i 79 .505 .500 .536 29.119 Aver. 71 .514 THE EXPERIMENT STATION. 121 JULY, 1888, AT AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, MICHIGAN. Clouds. Winds. Registering Thermom- eter. Rain and Snow. 7 A. M. 2 P. M. 9 P. M. 7A . M. 2 P. M. 9P . M. s 3 a a 3 a '3 a "8 M a 2 u o .H bo ■ c fe «(« ft o a £ .-3 O °^ ■flU si Be o a O 49 Oh •a □ V-i O 21 ft 30 10 10 50 10 100 10 inn inn sn in 100 40 50 00 00 70 70 80 20 80 90 2n 20 30 100 50 80 30 60 20 •a a 3 o »j S_J O 3 u£ 90 00 00 80 00 00 10 100 00 10 90 00 00 100 00 30 100 10 00 00 100 00 20 00 ion 100 00 10 100 20 100 •a a 5 a _o o *- ■a S, o □ © S3 cu •a a 3 o 49 ?o £° 100 70 sn 2n ion ino 20 10 90 90 ion 20 in 100 50 30 20 30 10 100 00 10 00 00 20 00 00 70 30 100 ■a a 3 O «a O-J ?! 00 100 100 00 80 80 ion nn 00 100 100 on no 100 .2 St. St. St. Cu. St. St. St. Nim. a .2 fa s n n s w s w i n 8 W W s W W w n e n o fa a &. 4 1 8 4 2 2 2 8 8 4 1 3 8 6 1 1 2 3 1 1 4 4 8 8 12 8 1 6 1 8 a _o *j u cu fa 3 n n s w w n s w w w s w n e n n w 8 W 8 W 8 W W nw 8 w se n n w w s w w n n e w n w n a> o fa O &* 3 12 12 4 2 12 6 12 12 2 4 3 4 8 4 1 1 4 3 4 3 6 12 6 12 16 6 1 2 8 3 _o 5 n se 8 w n e w se w w n e n e n 8 w s w nw n e w w w n e n w w n p O 1 6 4 2 4 4 8 2 4 1 4 1 1 1 2 2 8 4 2 2 1 1 1 1 03 10 Cir. Cu. St. Cu. St. Cu. Cir.Cu. Cir. Cu. St. Cir.Cu. Cu. St. Cu. St. St. Cu. St. Cu. St. Cu. St. Cir.Cu. Cir. St. Cir. St. Cir.Cu. St. Fog. Cir.Cu. Fog. Fog. Cir. Nim. Cu. St. Cu. Cu. Nim. Nim. Cu. Cu. Cu. St. Cu. St. Cu. St. Cu. Cir. CuSt. Cu. Cu. Cir.Cu. Cu. Cir. St. Cir. St. Cir. Cir. Cir.Cu. Cu. Cu. 78 72 86 84 82 82 80 77 71 71 70 65 75 79 78 87 88 79 84 80 80 70 76 80 87 90 73 77 84 86 66 53 61 69 57 64 60 61 46 42 51 54 42 48 54 65 68 62 54 63 65 56 38 50 54 59 56 36 43 52 50 34 90 100 50 8 a. m. 12 m. 9 p. m. 1 p. m. .60 .22 00 30 30 ion 10 a. m. 1 p. m. 4 p. m. 4 p. m. .25 .05 on 20 90 inn 9 p. m. 5 a.m. .70 i on 10 100 Nim. w s w s w 8 W n w s w se se n n 3 W S W S W n e n 8 W W n 7 p. m. 9 p. m. .05 70 30 50 00 90 80 90 00 00 00 on in 00 on no 00 00 Cu. Cir. St. Cir. St. Cir. St. Cir. St. Cir. 30 30 no 50 90 no in no on on ion 100 30 100 100 1.87 .262 .263 .28 2 .323 .389 .398 .376 .350 .359 .336 .532 .282 .267 .232 .245 .235 .179 .218 .363 .474 .478 .543 .283 .327 .416 .243 .322 .283 .270 .290 .327 .344 .484 .322 .234 .236 .228 .203 .249 .181 .181 .242 .321 .349 .510 .518 .460 .420 .362 .356 .433 .336 .365 .418 .362 .313 .361 .300 .393 .420 .310 .385 .322 .323 .411 .391 .375 .393 .394 .300 .331 .376 .300 .491 .433 .289 .334 .310 .260 .232 .254 .199 .225 .225 .208 .210 .216 .202 .272 .298 .318 .324 .340 .327 Barometer, Reduced to Freezing Point. 29.138 29.177 29.261 29.058 29.359 29.439 29.339 29.033 29.075 29.181 29.156 29.092 29.256 29.282 29.045 28.762 28.953 29.065 29.159 29.206 29.259 29.338 29.454 29.386 29.005 28.831 28.778 29.217 29.330 29.038 Of 29.120 29.245 29.192 29.087 29.369 29.414 29 221 29.002 29.067 29.183 29.150 29.092 29.194 29.206 28.945 28.712 28.985 29.095 29.135 29.181 29.120 29.316 29.421 29 271 28.898 28.673 29.003 29.254 29.284 28.940 OS 29.141 29.243 29.122 29.246 29.418 29.101 29.141 2S.067 29.100 29.171 29.047 29.196 29.251 29.133 28.912 28.885 29.083 '29.133 29.178 29.208 29.201 29.348 29.386 29.236 28.878 28.691 29.156 29.301 29.258 28.728 29.133 29.222 29.192 29.127 29.382 29.418 29.234 29.034 29.081 29.178 29.118 29.127 29.234 29.207 28.967 28.786 28.990 29.098 29.154 29.198 29.227 29.331 29.420 29.298 28.927 28.732 28.976 29.257 29.291 28.902 29.128 THE EXPERIMENT STATION. 125 SEPTEMBER, 1888, AT AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, MICHIGAN. Clouds. "Winds. Registering Thermom- eter. Rain and Snow 7 A.M. 2 P. M. 9 P. M. 7A . M. 2 P.M. 9P . M. S 3 | a a 3 '3 g a (A to . .3 & a 2 u a "3 a il u O QQ -. •§■»> o a— • ■a a 2 O ■+J H 00 80 40 70 00 00 20 10 10 10 20 60 00 00 70 90 100 100 50 70 50 30 30 00 100 100 100 1 100 80 100 ■a* a 5 <*- © SI go 00 00 00 00 00 00 100 00 00 60 80 20 00 00 100 90 100 80 00 50 100 00 00 00 100 30 40 100 30 100 T3 C 3 a _o a V b s ne w e se n ne se s w w w s w w n w o u a fci 2 3 O 4 4 3 7 8 6 2 6 12 1 1 6 8 6 2 1 2 6 12 1 2 1 a o 33 o a> s W nw se w e e se w w 8 W W n w w s se w se s w w n w ne ne ne se s s w n w w n w s *w 0) M O &, 6 5 4 6 5 6 12 12 12 5 12 8 6 6 12 12 8' 8 8 4 3 3 3 5 3 12 8 3 o 2 a V h s W 8 ne ne e s w w s w n se w 8 s W 8 W n w e ne n se n e s w w w w s w p 5 fa 1 4 5 1 1 8 1 8 8 1 5 2 5 4 4 1 1 2 1 1 5 6 1 2 1 3 as 90 Cu. St. Cir. St. Cu. St. Fog. Cu. St. Cu. Cu. Cu. St. Fog. St. Fog. Cu. St. Fog. Cir. St. Cu. St. St. St. St. Cu. Cu. Cu. St. OirCu. Cu. Cu. Cu. St. Cu. Cu. Cu. St. Cu. Cu. St. Cu. St. Cu. Cu. Cir.Cu. Cu. Cu. Nim. Nim. Cu. St. Cu. St. Cu. St. Nim. St. St. Cu. St. St. 62 80 85 76 68 72 82 81 76 82 88 72 70 74 80 62 67 58 64 70 71 68 67 75 72 57 52 50 52 56 42 45 51 33 35 41 54 47 49 53 55 34 32 32 54 50 53 50 42 44 42 47 44 43 42 44 32 35 38 46 00 00 00 00 11 a. m. 12 m. .10 00 60 00 In ni ght. .11 OU 00 80 00 00 100 00 Cu. Cu. Nim. Cu. St. St. St. n w 8 8 W S n w e ne 6 p. m. 7 p. m. 3 p. m. 100 10 50 90 7 p. m. 10 p.m. 8 p. m. .96 .10 .20 ...... 100 30 100 100 100 00 Nim. Cu. St. St. St. St. Nim. w n w n w w 9 W 1 p. m. 40 90 7 p. m. .30 100 in 100 1 p. m. 10 p.m. .12 1.89 45 50 39 69.97 43.63 i 45 126 REPORT OF THE CHEMIST OF METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS FOR THE MONTH OF Thermometer Open Air. in Relative Humid- ity, or Per Cent of Saturation. Pressure of Vapor in Inches. Barometer, Reduced to Freezing Point. Day of Month. a >> a* a § 3 S § § a a a S a a < Ph OS •*4 03 Q < t- On 09 < Ph Ph OS < Oh IN P* OS 3 a 1 53 63 47 54% 80 52 77 .363 .455 .249 28.494 28.534 28.702 28.577 2 39 42 36 39 82 50 61 .195 .134 .129 28.931 29.068 29.133 29.041 3 36 40 38 38 61 65 72 .129 .160 .165 29.175 29.177 29.100 29.151 4 42 64 53 53 66 39 67 .177 .177 .269 29.025 28.892 28.918 28.945 5 49 49 43 47 85 100 100 .297 .297 .278 29.008 29.047 29.082 29.046 6 41 57 44 47% 91 58 92 .235 .268 .265 29.055 29.008 29.004 29.022 7 47 58 48 bl 92 58 93 .298 .282 .310 28.898 28.825 28.912 28.878 8 47 53 36 45% 85 54 90 .273 .219 .191 29.025 29.038 29.125 29.063 9 28 51 36 38% 100 65 80 .153 .245 .170 29.153 29.141 29.135 29.143 10 28 61 38 42% 100 31 81 .153 .164 .186 29.186 29.156 29.128 29.153 11 34 52 45 43% 90 47 68 .1751 .183 .204 29.103 29.040 28.940 29.028 12 42 45 41 42% 100 100 100 .267 .300 .257 28.763 28.685 28.715 28.721 13 43 49 46 46 100 93 92 .278 .332 .286 28.757 28.837 28.997 28.864 14 43 58 48 49% 100 48 78 *.278 .229 .260 29.150 29.138 29.130 29.139 15 45 48 45 46 92 100 100 .275 .335 .300 29.042 28.938 28.885 28.955 16 45 55 45 48% 84 50 68 .251 .218 .204 28.825 28.858 28.907 28.863 17 37 48 45 43% 90 70 76 .199 .236 .228 29.110 29.201 29.258 29.190 18 38 48 45 43% 91 70 84 .208 .225 .278 29.338 29.185 29.181 29.235 19 50 48 41 46% 86 49 57 .309 .165 .147 28.842 28.868 28.920 28.877 20 35 41 36 37% 90 57 53 .183 .147 .115 28.990 29.128 29.263 29.127 21 32 38 35 35 69 54 70 .125 .123 .142 29.447 29.431 29.383 29.420 22 35 43 41 39% 100 92 91 .204 .254 .235 29.339 29.163 29.087 29.196 23 41 43 40 41% 100 92 82 .257 .254 .203 28.992 28.938 28.968 28.966 24 3S 56 49 47% 81 57 71 .186 .255 .247 29.088 29.078 29.090 29.085 25 41 65 50 52 74 44 93 .190 .272 .335 29.156 29.098 29.083 29.109 26 51 55 53 53 93 93 100 .348 .405 .403 29.045 28.998 28.925 28.989 27 52 62 48 54 100 61 70 .388 .310 .236 28.842 28.875 28.945 28.887 28 41 46 40 42% 82 54 73 .212 .169 .182 29.025 29.100 29.163 29.096 29 40 56 36 44 82 40 80 .203 .179 .170 29.025 29.012 29.256 29.098 30 30 52 45 42% 100 35 61 .167 .136 .182 29.376 29.284 29.172 29.277 31 53 73 62 62% 54 81 46 .219 .655 .256 29.078 29.072 29.112 29.087 Means 45.70 87 63 78 .232 .252 .229 29.027 Aver age . 76 1- .238 THE EXPERIMENT STATION. OCTOBER, 1888, AT AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, MICHIGAN. 127 Clouds. 7 A. M. 21 ■3 a S 2 P. M. a) ~ "I ft* 9 P. M. Winds. 7 A. M. o 5 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 00 00 100 100 100 100 100 70 50 100 St. Cu. St. St. Cu.St. Cu. St. Cu. St. Cu. St. Cu. St. St. Nim. Nim. St. Cu. St Cu. Cir.Cu Cu. St 100 Cu. St 00 100 100 190 70 10 90 100 60 80 70 60 Cu. St, Nim. Nim. Cu. St St. St. Nim. Cu. St. St. Cir.Cu. Cu. St. 80 90 100 70 100 30 100 80 00 00 100 100 100 70 100 Cu. St. Cu. St. St. Cu. St. Nim. Cir.Cu. Cu. St. Cu. St. Nim. Nim. Cu. Nim. 40 Cu. 100 100 Cu. St. Cu. St. 3 100 Cu. St. 100 St. St. St. Nim. 20;Cu. 100 100 100 100 60 00 100 80 90 20 10 10 Cu. St. Cu. St. Nim. Nim. Cir.Cu. Cu. St. Cu. St. Cu. St. Cu. Cir.Cu Cir. St, 20 50 100 00 00 20 S 00 10 100 100 90 100 100 00 90 100 100 100 100 loo St. St. Nim. St. Cu. St. Nim. Cu. Cu. Cu. St, Cu. St, St. Cu. St 100 Cu. St. 00 00 100 Nim. 70|Cu. St, 50 St. 00 20 100 62 St. St. s w n n s w n e n e s w n n n n u n se s w w n w w n e w s w s se w s w w s w 70 5 4 1 2 2 5 4 2 3 1 3 3 I 4 8 5 2 16 8 1 6 4 8 5 7 4 5 8 12 2 P.M. 9 P.M. w n s w s w n e n n w n nw w n e ii e u w se s w w se w u w n se s w s w se se s w w nw s s w 16 4 3 12 2 4 5 5 6 2 2 4 3 4 3 20 12 8 20 12 5 2 7 20 9 6 4 7 12 8 16 Registering Thermom- eter. Rain and Snow. ii n s w s w n e n n e w n n e D s w w n w se w n n e e s w s w se s w n w n s w s w 12 3 4 5 3 2 1 1 3 2 2 7 3 1 12 12 2 4 1 2 12 8 2 3 4 8 8 8 a 3 a ce 65 42 42 63 49 58 58 58 51 61 53 45 49 58 48 56 48 50 50 41 38 43 43 56 65 55 62 47 58 53 73 52.81 3 « so . 2 * "3§ to u B3 39 28 34 42 41 41 44 26 27 28 34 41 43 42 43 36 37 38 34 30 32 35 36 37 41 51 36 38 ao 30 53 37.00 I p.m. 4 p.m. a « to . a & ^ a o 03 C 0.3 go a> a> ■*- 7 a.m. 8 a.m. 12 p.m. 6 p.m. .40 .10 J3j 3 p.m. 10 p. m. 5 p.m. a a. m. 7 a. m. 4 p. m. 7 p. m. 8 p. m. .30 .20 1.34 .11 .55 3.00 128 REPORT OF THE CHEMIST OF METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS FOR THE MONTH OF Thermometer in Open Air. Relative Humid- ity, or Per Cent of Saturation. Pressure of Vapor in Inches. Barometer, Reduced to Freezing Point. Day of Montb. o a 0. 3 a £ a a a a g a a a a < Oh Oh eg < Ph Oh < Ph Oh < Oh Ph ea a C- N C5 Q *~ 91 oj *~ CI OS t- S3 o 1 56 74 65 65 63 36 54 .282 .300 .330 29.186 29.143 29.052 29.127 2 64 61 59 61% 78 88 88 .464 .473 .439 28.892 28.852 28.982 28.909 3 36 56 39 43% 100 40 91 .212 .179 .216 29.102 29.150 29.203 29.152 4 45 62 49 52 76 36 85 .228 .202 .297 29.083 29.075 29.052 29.070 5 49 65 63 59 78 63 100 .272 .389 .576 29.055 28.948 28.850 28.951 6 45 43 38 42 84 75 81 .251 .209 .186 28.952 29.020 29.117 29.030 7 27 46 40 37% 88 54 82 .129 .169 .203 29.252 29.243 29.251 29.249 8 38 43 40 40% 100 100 100 .229 .278 .267 29.061 28.998 28.992 29.017 9 41 42 41 41% 91 91 91 .235 .244 .235 28.911 28.950 28.798 28.886 10 42 43 35 40 74 75 80 .199 .209 .162 28.698 28.612 28.863 28.724 11 35 45 35 38% 70 53 80 .142 .160 .162 29.156 29.135 29.171 29.154 12 31 52 37 40 100 41 81 .174 .159 .178 29.239 29.286 29.321 29.282 13 34 56 43 44% 79 39 59 .155 .168 .164 29.415 29.344 29.303 29.354 14 43 61 45 49% 75 50 84 .209 .269 .251 29.276 29.169 29.133 29.193 15 44 56 38 46 100 75 91 .289 .336 .208 29.005 28.858 28.960 28.941 16 25 36 30 30% 100 71 78 .135 .149 .130 29.140 29.106 29.135 29.127 17 22 27 20 23 86 100 100 .101 .147 .108 29.449 29.483 29.548 29.493 18 26 32 32 30 100 100 100 .141 .181 .181 29.442 29.304 29.226 29.324 19 31 40 31 34 100 73 69 .174 .173 .118 29.323 29.391 29.511' 29.408 20 16 30 18 21% 100 78 100 .090 .130 .098 29.631 29.661 29.648 29.647 21 1 17 34 20 23% 100 70 100 .094 .138 .108 29.592 29.514 29.518 29.541 22 15 38 31 28 100 72 89 .086 .165 .155 29.537 29.561 29.558 29.552 23 25 42 32 33 100 42 79 .135 .113 .143 29.500 29.434 29.418 29.451 24 26 39 35 33% 100 64 70 .141 .152 .142 29.400 29.433 29.485 29.439 25 31 41 30 34 89 49 89 .155 .126 .148 29.511 29.448 29.341 29.433 26 30 35 33 32% 78 61 89 .130 .127 .168 29.234 29.117 29.057 29.136 27 28 32 30 30 100 79 100 .153 .143 .167 28.985 28.925 28.942 28.951 28 28 35 33 32 100 100 100 .153 .204 .188 28.978 28.922 28.960 28.963 29 33 37 36 35% 100 90 100 .188 .199 .212 28.961 28.905 28.933 28.933 30 31 36 35 30 33% 100 70 78 .212 .142 .130 28.953 28.958 29.016 28.976 Means... 38.50 90 69 86 .185 .201 .202 29.167 Average 82 .196 THE EXPERIMENT STATION. 129 NOVEMBER, 1888, AT AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, MICHIGAN. Clouds. Winds. Registering Thermom- eter. Rain and Snow 7 A.M. 2 P. M. 9 P.M. 7A . M. 2P . M. 9P M. S 3 a a a 3 a is a °3 M em . 3 * p.9 ." as .8 s o J3 « a St P u o i£ a tn a> Es o a "S a ■ go a 5 O ?! go a 3 i-i o a ■ O 3 i£ ■a (3 3 A* o a u s S W S W n w s w s w n w e n e s w w s w s w n w n w e n e n a" u y o 7 16 5 8 6 8 5 1 8 12 6 4 4 5 2 1 2 1 1 I 2 1 1 1 2 2 a o a> u 5 s w s w w s w s w w e n e n e s w 8 W s w 8 W 8 W 8 W W w n e n w n n e n e 8 n e e n n n n w n w o 16 12 12 12 4 16 8 8 8 16 12 6 12 12 8 16 1 5 4 4 1 2 I 5 4 4 4 2 6 7 a S E» a a> u s 8 W W W 8 W 8 W W n e n e n w 8 w 8 W 8 W S W w 8 W w n n e n e 8 n e n e n n n w n w a* o I*. 24 12 2 8 3 1 6 12 7 20 8 2 8 3 16 12 1 2 3 3 2 3 2 3 1 3 5 O J 90 St. Nim. St. St. Cu. St. Ou.St. Nim. Nim. Cu. St. St. St. St. St. St. St. Cu. St. St. St. St. St. Cu. St. St. St. St. Nim. 90 100 00 90 100 100 91) 100 100 100 30 10 10 30 90 30 30 ion 00 00 10 20 00 100 30 80 100 100 100 100 Cir. St. Nim. St. Nim. Cu. St. Cu. St. Nim. Cu. St. Nim. Cu. St. St. St. Cu. St. Cu. St. Cu. St. Cu. St. Cu. St. Cu. Cu. St. St. St. St. St. 100 100 10 100 100 00 100 100 100 100 00 15 20 50 100 100 50 100 00 00 00 100 10 100 10 100 100 100 100 100 St.' St. St. St. Nim. Cu. St. Nim. St. Cu. St. St. St. St. St. Cu. St. Hazy. Cu. 72 64 56 62 65 43 46 43 42 43 45 52 56 61 58 36 29 32 41 30 36 39 42 43 42 35 32 35 40 39 56 36 32 45 45 26 27 39 40 35 30 31 34 40 25 20 19 26 15 14 13 15 25 26 25 27 28 28 33 28 100 on 7 a.m. 5 p.m. .15 80 90 100 2 p. m. 12 p. m. .40 40 100 100 100 50 1 a.m. Inni 11 a. m. 10 p.m. ght. 5 p.m. 1.70 .35 .10 mmmmmm 00 10 50 70 70 40 In ni ght. .05 X 70 11 a. m. In ni 00 no ght. .25 2% 80 in Cu. St. St. St. St. St. Nim. St. Nim. St. n e s n n n w n n w n w no in in 90 ion inn 3 p. m. 10 p. m. .06 y* 100 6 p. m. 100 10 a. m. .06 3% 59 61 66 45.30 29.43 62 1? 130 REPORT OF THE CHEMIST OF METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS FOR THE MONTH OF Thermometer in Open Air. Day of Month. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Sums .. Means . 29 31 32 26 33 29 32 34 32 32 30 23 9 14 29 40 30 16 13 25 19 15 31 39 46 35 27 25 25 28 35 0* IN 39 30 34 40 33 34 43 38 38 41 35 27 25 29 37 43 26 21 22 30 23 28 50 41 38 50 33 29 28 36 31 OS 29 30 30 32 30 29 32 35 33 32 25 26 16 26 41 44 20 17 20 30 13 27 42 45 35 38 28 23 21 34 27 p eS Q Relative Humid- ity, or Per Cent of Saturation. 32% 303* 32 32% 32 30% 35% 35% 34% 35 30 25% 16% 23 35% 42% 25% 18 18% 28% 18% 23% 41 «% 37% 41 29# 25% 24% 32% 31 30.39 Average . < 89 79 100 100 89 89 89 79 89 89 78 86 100 100 100 100 100 83 100 75 69 82 89 64 92 90 76 75 87 77 90 87 Oh IN 64 89 79 82 89 79 59 81 72 74 61 64 75 89 81 100 100 71 86 68 60 66 58 91 91 79 79 67 77 61 69 76 83 CM OS Pressure of Vapor in Inches. 89 89 78 100 89 100 89 90 89 79 87 75 100 100 49 100 100 83 85 68 81 76 66 84 90 81 77 86 100 79 100 86 .142 .136 .181 .141 .168 .142 .162 .155 .162 .162 .130 .106 .065 .082 .160 .248 .167 .074 .078 .100 .071 .070 .155 .152 .286 .196 .111 .100 .117 .117 .183 .139 On .152 .148 .155 .203 .168 .155 .164 .186 .165 .190 .127 .093 .100 .142 .178 .278 .141 .080 .101 .111 .073 .099 .210 .235 .208 .283 .150 .105 .117 .129 .118 .154 .145 OS Barometer, Reduced to Freezing Point. < .142 .148 .130 .181 .148 .160 .162 .183 .168 .143 .117 .105 .090- .141 .126 .289 .108 .078 .091 .111 .063 .111 .177 .251 .196 .186 .117 .106 .113 .155 .147 .143 29.083 29.143 29.087 29.007 28.672 29.240 29.017 29.065 29.133 28.998 28.962 29.085 29.223 29.498 29.138 28.745 28.752 28.874 29.145 29.265 29.148 29.446 29.212 29.151 29.050 28.974 28.655 29.138 29.396 29.396 29.178 Oh IN 29.151 29.146 29.038 28.713 28.752 29.193 28.998 29.042 29.074 28.915 28.989 29.102 26.350 29.450 29.021 28.662 28.777 28.930 29.312 29.011 29.333 29.362 29.151 29.105 29.150 28.602 28.733 29.181 29.401 29.306 29.211 OS 29.175 29.151 29.077 28.682 29.127 29.156 29.057 29.045 29.075 28.952 29.115 29.087 29.310 29.374 28.958 28.634 28.845 29.037 29.325 28.951 29.445 29.148 29.169 29.095 29. 048 28.565 28.988 29.232 29.421 29.201 29.251 a 4> 2 29.136 29.147 29.067 28.801 28.850 29.196 29.024 29.051 29.094 28.955 29.089 29.071 29.294 29.441 29.039 28.680 28.791 28.947 29.261 29.142 29.309 29.319 29.177 29.117 29.083 28.714 28.792 29.184 29.406 29.301 29.213 29.070 THE EXPERIMENT STATION. 131 DECEMBER, 1888, AT AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, MICHIGAN. Clouds. Winds. Registering Thermom- eter. Rain and Snow. 7. A. M. 3 P. M. 9 P. M. 7 A.M. 2 P.M. 9 P.M. a 9 a n a a* 3 a "3 a "3 05 ll Ban Si o (B u o a ■3 a £ c 03 fl «- r/j BO rtl o» M feT a O y 13 a 2 q Sim fl 10 100 100 90 100 100 70 100 100 70 30 100 10 20 100 100 100 90 50 70 10 60 40 100 100 100 100 30 90 ion 100 ■a a 3 o a) 'o 10 100 100 00 100 00 70 100 00 40 9C 100 00 100 100 100 100 70 80 100 00 00 00 100 100 100 80 100 00 100 100 •a 5 a o o 0) u 5 W S W s w s w w n s w n e s n w nw n n w s s n e XL n s w n s s w s w s w e s w w s w s w w o &. 2 8 2 6 1 4 12 2 6 6 3 2 12 8 8 8 6 4 12 12 8 12 12 8 4 24 12 5 2 2 a _o '■•3 o a> t- s W 8 W s w 8 W n w 8 W W se s 8 W n w n w n w s s w 8 W n n w n 8 W n 8 W 8 W s W w se w w s w 8 W n w u u o fa 6 6 12 20 8 8 8 2 5 12 5 8 8 8 16 8 8 5 3 16 8 15 12 16 5 12 20 12 6 4 4 a* o *^ a> u s 8 W 8 W 8 W W n e s w w 8 8 W W n w n w n s 8 8 W n n w n s w s w s 8 W e 8 W w w 8 W W o 6 2 8 8 8 8 1 4 5 5 5 6 5 4 12 7 7 4 1 20 12 16 12 1 24 8 8 2 2 GQ 00 95 St. St. St. St. St. St. St. St. St. St, St. St. St. St. St. Nim. Nim. Nim. St. St. Cu. St. St. St. Nim. Nim. Nim. St. St. Cir. St. Nim. Cu. St. St. St. Nim. St. Cir. St. St. St. Cir.Cu. Cu. St. Cu. St. Nim. Nim. Nim. Cu.St. Cu. St. St. Cu. St. Cir.Cu. Nim. St. Nim. Nim. Cir. St. Cu. St. Cu. St. Cu.St. St. St. St. Nim. St. St. Cir.Cu. St. St. St, Nim. Nim. Nim. St. St. St. Nim. Nim. St. St. St. St. St. 40 35 34 40 33 34 44 38 40 41 37 27 25 29 40 44 30 21 25 32 24 31 52 47 46 50 33 29 28 36 35 28 30 25 26 28 28 30 32 30 30 21 9 9 14 29 30 15 12 13 19 11 15 32 39 33 27 24 22 21 28 22 inn inn 30 100 inn 8 a.m. 9 p. m. .10 ^ 30 inn inn inn in 100 in Id night .05 3iT in qn 1 p. m. inn .50 .10 inn 100 so 11 a. m. 1 inn 40 80 10 an 1 p. m. ion .20 .25 100 inn 5 p. m. H inn inn «n inn 1.20 IK 76 75 66 35.48 23.61 72 132 REPORT OF THE CHEMIST OF VI. TILE DRAINING IN RELATION TO FLOOD AND DROUGHT. The soil supply of water for crops is so intimately related to plant growth that any cause capable of seriously disturbing the supply of soil water through the growing season should be regarded with concern. The condi- tion of the water in the soil has an important bearing on the subject. Water held by capillarity in the soil is better suited to supply the plant than free water, which will flow under the action of gravity. Drainage may have for its object the removal of surface water of ponds and marshes (ditches), or the removal of excess of water in the soil (tile draining). The removal of stagnant surface water from marshes and bogs by ditching is sanctioned by the great mass of intelligent farmers ; to replace a foul swamp by a rich meadow meets with just approval. Not only is the useful area of the farm increased, but the general health is promoted. By the government surveys about one-ninth of the lower peninsula of Michigan was returned as swamp land. By a system of county and town drainage pro- vided by State law, and by appropriations of swamp lands for extended systems of drainage, these swamp lands have been reclaimed in large por- tions of our State, and with such manifest benefit to the public health that three-fourths of the malarial diseases that prevailed in our State prior to such swamp drainage have been driven from our borders. The benefit, both to the farmer and the people at large, is so pronounced that a proposition to return these rich meadows to reeking swamps, with the attendant fevers and suffering, would receive small encouragement from any class. Our people prefer the harvest gathered by a Buckeye reaper, rather than that of the skeleton reaper with his invisible scythe. Yet the gain from this system of surface drainage is not an unmixed good. Every deviation from nature's plan seems to bring in its train retribution in some form. The ready and rapid flow of surface water by open ditches augments the flood at times of thaw or heavy rains ; and, by diminishing the area of evaporation, makes the air more arid in times of drought. These results are inseparable from free drainage by open ditches. So far as I have observed the open ditches make the floods more severe, they come more sud- denly, rise higher and subside quicker than in the olden time before the swamps were drained, and while the face of the country was mostly covered with forests. These alternations of flood and drought are the joint results of ditching and deforesting. Yet the good secured so far overbalances the incident evil that no return to the primeval condition is to be expected in our State. We simply accept the fugitive evil as the price for the perma- nent good. Some writers in the agricultural press aver that tile draining increases the evils of open-ditch drainage, that " the 95,000 miles of tile drains in Illinois, and perhaps a third as much in length of open ditches, together with a pro- portionate measure of both in Iowa and Indiana, have reduced these States to the natural condition of Kansas by removal of all surplus surface water, * * * affording creeks dry beds six months in the year, lowering the well water level twenty feet in twenty-five years, partially suppressing the origin of summer thunderstorms, and, in short, changing the climate and surface aspect of the country in course of settlement dating back not more than 50 years quite as much as 500 years of similarjexcesses have done for the middle and south of Europe." THE EXPERIMENT STATION. 133 This is not a cheerful picture. How far tile draining has'contributed to such results demands thoughtful consideration. I cannot speak from per- sonal knowledge of the conditions relating to soil water in the States named, but an intimate acquaintance with the country around the Michigan State Agricultural College for twenty-five years, during which time a large amount of tile drains have been laid and many swamps ditched, enables me to say that no such depression of the well water level has taken place in my neigh- borhood, and that the well water level has remained essentially the same during the whole period. I have not been able to learn of any such marked lowering of the water table in other portions of our State. Ex-Governor Porter, of Indiana, in addressing the American Public Health Association in 1882, said: "It gives me pleasure also to say that the prac- tice of underdraining the soil has in this State been found so greatly to increase its productiveness that, in proportion to the area of the State, it is said we have more underdrained soil than any of the States. Under- drainage has everywhere been followed by a great lessening of sickness; and intermittent fever, once so common, has become so rare that it is a good deal less prevalent than in some of the oldest States." The general proposition that tile draining increases flood and aggravates drought, demands careful consideration. Flood. The common time of special danger from flood in the level States at the north is when the accumulated snows of winter rapidly thaw, especially with warm rain, and while the ground is still frozen and thus impervious to the accumulating water. The depth of frozen soil varies widely in the same neighborhood. On the 18th of February, 1888, when the ground was, for the most part, covered with snow which was rapidly melting, I explored the soil by boring with a long-shanked auger to determine how deeply the soil remained frozen. The passage from frozen to free soil was almost as marked as when boring through a plank. In a porous sandy soil which had been covered with snow all winter, and was still covered with two inches of snow, the ground was frozen 19 inches; in a clay soil nearby, which had been blown bare of snow repeatedly and was still uncovered, the frozen soil was 24 inches deep; in a sheltered garden where 10 inches of snow still remained, the frozen soil was 8 inches ; in a forest where snow was not drifted by the wind, and the covering of snow and forest leaves remained undisturbed, the frost line averaged 2 inches, while in an open field in the lee of the forest the frost line extended 15 inches. These measurements were all taken the same day. When the surface soil is impervious to water it is manifestly a matter of indifference, so far as water is concerned, whether the subsoil is tiled or not. The surface water cannot reach the tile drain, and no flood flow of water can come from such tile drains. Yet we find our worst floods with a frozen sur- face soil. The water can only flow over the surface, and with a deforested country there is little to obstruct such flow, and the danger of flood is great. But in the warmer seasons of the year we occasionally have very heavy rainfalls and disastrous floods as the result. Do. tile drains increase these floods ? 134 REPORT OF THE CHEMIST OF The action of a tile drain may be continuous or intermittent ; when con- tinuous it is usually the discharge of some spring; when intermittent it is the usual action of a drain in carrying off the excess of rainfall beyond what the soil can hold as capillary water, or else the redundant accumula- tion of soil-water by the indirect action of frost. How long will it take water to percolate through three feet of soil to reach an ordinary tile drain? The time required will depend upon the kind and porosity of the soil, and upon the amount of water already in the soil. If the soil is saturated with water, the addition of water at the top will cause almost immediate flow at the bottom, but none will tiow till the soil contains all the water it can hold by capillary action. Not having at hand the desired data in regard to the passage of water through soil, I made some investigations on this subject, and was fortunate to have the means at hand to verify certain points by means of a large bal- ance made for the Experiment Station by Becker Brothers, of New York. By actual trial, I find that when this balance is loaded with 5,000 grammes in each scale-pan, the balance will turn with one-tenth of a milligramme. A balance that will turn with one fifty-millionth of its load is sufficiently delicate for such investigations. A number of tin tubes 2 inches in diameter and 20 inches long, part of them closed water-tight at one end, and others closed at one end by perfo- rated tin, were used for the experiment. The tubes were carefully weighed and marked ; then filled with sifted air-dry soil, and again weighed ; then placed in a vertical position and water added till water began to flow from the perforated end of the tube, when the time was noted that was required for percolation, and when the flood ceased the tubes were again weighed. This gave data for the weight of dry soil, the time for percolation of water through 18 inches of dry soil, and the weight of water taken up by dry soil and held by capillary attraction. The tubes with closed ends gave similar data, except that the time of percolation could not be so accurately deter- mined. Two kinds of soil were used, a garden soil of sandy loam, and road dust, with considerable clay. The tubes were used in duplicate with both kinds of soil. The weight of the dry garden soil as compared with water, volume for volume, was 148 to 100; that of the road dust was 173 to 100. In the perforated tubes with garden soil (air dry), the vertical column of water required to thoroughly wet 36 inches of soil was 12£ inches, and the time required was 20 hours, and the water retained in the capillary condition was 23.47 per cent of the weight of the soil. With the road dust the time required to thoroughly wet the road dust was 24 hours, and the water held by capillary action' was 18.25 per cent of dry soil. It was difficult to determine the exact time when the water reached the bottom of the closed tubes, but as far as could be discovered the time was about two hours longer than in the perforated tube, the air enclosed in the tube escaping only by bubbling up through the water, while in the perforated tube it had free escape at the bottom. That this soil in closed tubes held free water soon after it had all sunk away from the surface was shown by the fact that the percentage of water was increased from 23.47 per cent to 26 per cent. THE EXPERIMENT STATION. 135 Percolation in Damp Soils. The time required for water to flow through air-dry soil, and the quantity required to wet them is hardly a fair test, because we never find 35 inches depth of such dry soils in lands used for farming in this climate. After the soil in these tubes had been thoroughly wet, the tubes were left freely exposed to the air in a room, well ventilated, for 33 days of hot and drying weather. Evaporation could, only take place at the top of the closed tubes, representing a soil where only surface evaporation is possible, while evapora- tion could freely take place in the perforated tubes from both top and bottom, representing in an exaggerated degree a tiled field. At the close of this " drought " of 33 days the tubes were again weighed to determine the loss of water by evaporation and the amount still retained in the soil. The following table exhibits the results : Loss by Evaporation from Drained and Undrained Soils. Air Dry Soil in Open tubes... Closed tubes. Average Weight of Water Re- tained by Soil. At Beginning of 33 Days' Drought. ' Grammes. 323.43 358.15 At End of 33 Days' Drought. Grammes. 223.76 288.80 Evaporation. Grammes. 99.67 69.35 On drenching these soils it was found that the moist garden soils in per- forated tubes required 4.45 inches in vertical column of water to saturate them, and the average time for water to percolate through 36 inches of this moist soil was 9£ hours ; while the soils in the closed tubes required for satura- tion a vertical column of 2.35 inches, and 11 hours time. It will be noted that soils in the closed tubes required only about half as much water to wet them down as the soils in the perforated tubes, though it required a longer time. The rapidity with which a drained soil takes up the rain when it falls after a dry spell is not to be overlooked in discussing tile-draining. This singular fact came out in these experiments that at the second wetting of these soils after 33 days of dry weather as regards the soil in the tubes, the drained soils absorbed and retained by capillary action an average of 34.47 grammes (or .67 inch vertical column) more water than at the first wetting of the air-dry soil, while the soils in the closed tubes could not take up as much water by capillary action as at the first wetting, the loss of capillary power being 8.57 grammes (.17 inch vertical column of water). It thus appears in this experiment that the underdrained soil has an increase of 12.6 per cent of capillary power over the soil destitute of drainage. The draining and the non-draining of the soils in these experimental tubes are both in exaggerated form. But even if we estimate this increase of absorp- tive power in a tile-drained field at only one-third of the amount found in these tube experiments, this will enable the tiled field to take up and retain after a dry spell, one-fifth of an inch of rainfall more than the field destitute of drainage, in case of copious rainfall that comes in a short 136 REPORT OF THE CHEMIST OF period. Any of you who have measured rainfalls will know that .22 inch of rain is a very respectable shower. This increased water-holding power of tile- drained soils is of great importance, and is not to be overlooked in dis- cussing the effects of tile-draining. The influence of draining is often regarded simply as removing water ; but the secondary influence upon the soil, even if the tile is dry for half the year, is of equal importance with water removal. The conservative influence of underdraining by this increased capacity to hold water when it suddenly comes and is in danger of running off by surface flow, is one of the benefits to be considered. Some have attempted to. explain the fact that a tile-drained field will endure drought better than one not drained, by claiming that the air circu- lating through the tiles gives up moisture to the soil, but I think a better explanation is the increased power of the drained soil to hold water in capillary form, and perhaps also from its greater power to draw up water from the deeper soil by capillary action. Time of Flow of Field Drains. Such observations as I have been able to make on the time of beginning of the flow of water in tile drains after the commencement of a storm con- forms in some degree to the results of experiments already given. Except when the ground is fully saturated with water, as in the thaw of spring, when the water accumulated by the action of frost is rapidly set free, there is a sensible interval of time after the rain begins to fall before the tile-flow sets in. In many rains the tiles do not discharge at all in summer because the increased capacity to hold water enables the soil to absorb all the rain. In the majority of cases when the tiles give a flow it is only after 12 to 24 hours — in most cases about 16 — after the storm has begun. By the time the tiles begin to discharge the storm usually begins to break away, and the action of the tile is to prevent flood, instead of augmenting it. Where a flood is caused by excessive rainfall or a " cloud-burst," the flood is caused by the water flowing over the ground and not through it. The great floods that have devastated portions of our country have occurred in regions where tile-draining is almost unknown. Take the floods in West Virginia and around Pittsburg as examples. Some of you may recall the dreadful flood that swept Alleghany City in July, 1874. I visited the scene a few days after and while the marks of the destroyer were not effaced. A sudden and very heavy rain had fallen on the neighboring hills, the water by converging valleys was poured upon the city, the nine foot sewer became obstructed, and the water rose 25 feet in the streets in as many minutes, and the destruction of life and property was awful. Yet in all the track of that storm there were not two miles of tile drains, and if there had. been a hundred miles the flood would not have increased in violence thereby. I think the opponents of tile draining will find some difficulty in pointing out regions where tile draining has been extensively carried on, where destructive floods are especially injurious, and to find other localities similarly situated, except in the matter of tile draining, where floods are never known. THE EXPERIMENT STATION. 137 Conclusions. From these investigations I arrive at these conclusions: 1. Surface ditching in conjunction with deforesting may increase floods and contribute to droughts. 2. Tile draining may increase flood at the " break-up" in spring when the water accumulated in the surface soil by the joint action of frost and soil capillarity during the winter, and the surface accumulations in the form of snow are suddenly set free by a rapid thaw. 3. During the warm months tile draining tends to mitigate flood by taking up the excessive rainfall and holding it in a capillary form, keeping back the sudden flow that would pass over the surface of the soil if not absorbed by it, and escape by flood; and mitigating summer drought by increased capacity of the soil to hold water in capillary form, and to draw upon the subsoil water supply by reason of the increased capillary power of such soil produced by tile draining. VII. ENSILAGE. The subject of ensilage has assumed such importance both with the farmer and the stock-grower, that anything connected with it will command their attention. So much Indian corn is raised for this purpose that it is a matter of interest to know at what period of growth to cut the corn so as to get the best results in the silo, and also to find the relative composition and food value of the stalks cut at any given time, and the ensilage made from the same. An investigation bearing on this subject was undertaken in 1888, and the results, as far as anything decisive was reached, were given in Bulletin No. 49. But this work was not satisfactory, mainly because the untimely frost put a stop to the work before the field of corn assigned for the experi- ment had reached such maturity as the investigation contemplated, viz. : from tasseling of the corn to complete ripeness of the grain. It was there- fore decided to repeat the experiment in 1889, following essentially the same plan as in 1888. The experiment began on the 10th day of August, the corn on a measured plat of ground being cut, weighed carefully, a portion being reserved to determine the amount of solid matter per acre, and for analysis, and the rest placed in a small silo. This was repeated at periods of about 3ix days till the corn stalks were fully ripe, seven speci- mens of fodder and ensilage having been secured in this way. When the ensilage is ripe, the material will be analyzed and the results of both sets of analysis — of the corn stalks and of the ensilage — will be given in a future bulletin. The excessive drought of this season will disturb the investiga- tion to some degree, but it is hoped the results will yet be of real value to the farmer and stock feeder. VIII. MISCELLANEOUS ANALYSES. A variety of materials come to this department for analysis, and the results of such investigations are often of interest, and sometimes of profit to our people. 138 REPORT OF THE CHEMIST OF Marsh Grass. Persons in different parts of the State have requested information in regard to the fodder value of the " marsh grasses " that grow so abundantly in some parts of our State. A very good specimen of this marsh hay was obtained for analysis. The grass was cut in good season and before the development of a strong silicious covering, or dense woody fibre. Hon. A. 0. Glidden, who furnished the hay, says that it was relished by sheep, who kept in good condition with the marsh hay as principal food. The marsh hay, as received, gave the following results on analysis : Water, per cent 7.86 Ash 4.20 Crude fibre (woody) 27.55 Albuminoids (crude protein) 7.00 Ether extract (fat, etc.) 3.60 Carbohydrates (nitrogen free extract) 49. 79 100. These analytical results of marsh hay compare very favorably with those of timothy hay. There is little doubt but that many kinds of the so-called swamp grasses, if cut at the proper season and properly cured, will furnish very valuable fodder. The proportion of digestible matter is larger than commonly supposed. Reindeer Moss. As a mere curiosity to our people, the analysis of reindeer moss is here presented. The moss grows in only a few localities in our State, and is probably not used by any animals in our State. The specimen analyzed was found at Port Sandfield, in the Muskoka region of Canada. Its appear- ance was so unpromising as a fodder that some of it was brought home for analysis, which gave the following surprising results : Moisture (driven off at boiling heat) 14.25 Dry matter 85. 75 100. The dry matter gave the following : Crude fibre (woody matter) per cent 17.95 Ash 1.29 Crude protein (albuminoids) 4.10 Ether extract (fat, etc.) 2.11 Carbohydrates (nitrogen free extract) 74. 55 100. The proportion of albuminoids is small, but the digestible carbohydrates belonging to the starch and gum class are relatively large. THE EXPERIMENT STATION. 139 Wheat Screenings. The value of immature grains, screenings, etc., does not seem to be prop- erly recognized. Shrunken and imperfect grains that give little promise of valuable results in milling, are usually regarded as equally valueless for cat- tle food. The nitrogenous portions of food are the most costly and most valu- able in animal food. Their most valuable quality, aside from direct food value, is the fact that they enable the animal to digest and assimilate a larger amount of the coarser carbonaceous foods that would fail to be appropriated by the animal in the absence of a sufficient supply of nitrogenous food or albuminoids. In an extended investigation into the composition of wheat cut at differ- ent periods of ripening, made in this laboratory in 1880, published in the report of the State Board of Agriculture in 1881 and in volume IX. of the census of the United States for 1880, it was shown that the relative propor- tion of nitrogenous materials in wheat was much larger in the early period of growth of the kernel, and rapidly fell off as the period of complete ripen- ing came forward. A part of this nitrogenous material was in the form of amides, the food value of which is not well settled, though all writers con- cede that they are valuable ; still the value of a given weight of such imma- ture grain as compared with the same weight of the same grain at complete ripening was much larger. Mr. Gr. S. Pearson, of Kalamazoo, sent two samples of wheat screenings to be analyzed in order to determine their value for stock food. The screenings consisted largely of shrunken and immature grains of wheat, some broken kernels, chess, seeds of weeds, chaff, etc. Analysis of Wheat Screenings. No. 1. No. 2. 7.80 3.80 4.95 12.53 2.25 2.65 66.02 8.40 Ash. 3.76 Crude fibre (woody matter) 6.10 Albuminoids 13.38 Amides 1.68 Ether extract (fat, etc.) 3.03 Carbohydrates (starch, gum, sugar, etc.) 63.65 100.00 100.00 Wheat Bran, Etc. Specimens of feeding stuff were received from Geo. L. Sheldon, of Climax, for analysis. No. 1 was described as " a sample of bran, or rather it is the germ of the wheat separated from the rest, and reground." No. 2 is wheat bran. Mr. Sheldon says No. 1 is " generally run into coarse middlings, and sold as such. Almost any roller mill can separate it out. I can buy it for 140 EEPORT OF THE CHEMIST OF $11 a ton, bran the same, and fine middlings at $14." The analysis is given as affording information concerning the coarse products of roller mills: Water Dry matter . Composition of Dry Matter : Ash Crude fibre (woody matter) Albuminoids. Ether extract (fat, etc.) Carbohydrates (starch, sugar, etc.). No. 1. 12.76 8.96 89.24 91.04 100.00 100.00 6.74 6.83 8.94 8.51 17.55 17.30 4.80 5.16 6J.97 62.20 100.00 100.00 No. 2. These materials, in the dry form, agree closely in composition. Sugar Beets. The project of raising sugar beets on the " stump lands " from which the pine timber has been removed, has often been brought to our attention, but no one has made trial on a sufficient scale till this year. A short time ago the following letter was received relating to this subject: Tawas City, Oct. 14, 1889. Prof. Kedzie: Dear Sir — Some of my countrymen have been experimenting with German sugar beets and have requested me to ask you if you would analyze the beets and find the percentage of sugar they contain. They believe that this northern country is well adapted to growing sugar beets, and if so it would be a great benefit to the farmers here. The specimens grown are very good, especially for the season past, and if you could analyze them and be reasonably sure that it would pay, more would be planted and efforts made towards starting a sugar factory. Hoping that you will take interest in the matter as you always have in anything that would be a benefit to the public, I remain • Yours respectfully, Geo. C. Anschuetz. A reply was immediately sent back that the analysis would be made, since the Experiment Station was established for such work, and asking for full information in regard to the kind of soil, method of cultivating, and the product to the acre. A parcel of beets and the following letter soon came to hand : Tawas City, Oct. 23, 1889. R. O. Kedzie, Chemist of Experiment Station : Dear Sir — Yours of the 16th inst. at hand, and in reply will say that we will send by express a package of one lot of German sugar beets — seed THE EXPERIMENT STATION. 141 imported from Germany — and one lot of American sugar beets, each lot properly labeled. In answer to how they were grown and on what kind of soil, I would say that the American sugar beet was grown on red clay, planted on pine stump land that had never been cultivated or manured. Before the seed was planted the ground was hoed, and after the beets came up they were hoed to keep the weeds down ; that was all the cultivation they received. The German sugar beet was grown on sand with clay subsoil two feet below the surface. The ground had been plowed four times — once in each season; no manure used, nor had it been manured previously. The selection sent is of medium size ; larger and smaller specimens were grown on the same soil. The smallest would contain more sugar than mediums or larger : that is why mediums were chosen. I also give you an outline of how they are grown in Germany and on what principles a sugar plant is run. 1. The ground on which sugar beets are grown in Germany is sandy, or high clay land. Low land is not used for growing the beet. It is claimed that on low land the beets grow larger, but contain less sugar. The year before the beets are grown the land is heavily manured with stable manure and a crop of barley or other grain taken off. The ground is then very deeply plowed and seeds sown in drills 14 inches apart, and plants thinned to 14 inches in a row, and hoed about three times during the season. If the beets tend to grow out of the ground they are covered to the leaves. (You will find the specimens sent are trimmed of all that grew above the ground. All the portion trimmed off is of no use to the sugar manufacturer, and is fed to cattle by the grower.) 2. The sugar plant in Germany is mostly owned by the farmers and run on the same principle as a bank or other organization, each stockholder agreeing to grow a certain amount of beets, delivering them in the fall to the factory and receiving so much a ton for his beets. All the refuse of his beets is returned to him and used for fertilizers, and no other fertilizers are allowed. Any stockholder using fertilizers or freshly manured ground is subject to a fine of $50, and for a second offense he is expelled from the organization. Beets are grown every three years on the same ground, and an acre will average about ten tons. This information is from parties that have grown the beet in Germany and worked in the plant. They believe that the beet can be successfully grown here, and if so, it would be a great benefit to this part of Michigan. We have a good harbor and railroads, and plaster which is used in cleaning the sugar. * * * * Any farther information as far as I can obtain it will be cheerfully given. Kespectfully yours, Geo. C. Anschuetz. The roots, as received, were well developed and fair in appearance. _ A quantity of each kind was cut into very thin slices, weighed and then dried to constant weight in an air-bath at 212° F., and the weight of original substance, the loss by drying and the weight of dry residue, the per cent of dry matter and of water was determined. Each kind of beet was grated to a fine pulp, and the juice extracted by a filter press; the specific gravity of the juice taken, the quantity of sugar in the juice estimated by the saccha- 142 REPORT OF THE CHEMIST OF rometer to give the apparent sugar present, and then the clarified juice tested for glucose by Fehling's test, and finally the sugar in the juice esti- mated by polarized light. The following table gives the results of such examination. Average weight of beets, in ounces Total solids on evaporation, per cent "Water, loss by evaporation, per cent Specific gravity of the juice Apparent per cent of sugar by saccharometer Glucose, by Fehling's test Cane sugar in juice by polarization Cane sugar in whole beet, per cent 91 CO rtj 9 bo < => 00 21 16 19.00 22.7 81.00 77.3 107.26 108.24 15.10 18.20 traces traces 14.14 15.22 12.78 13.40 Beets that contain 12 to 13 per cent of crystalizable sugar are worthy of consideration and compare favorably with German and French sugar beets. While sugar beets require a soil of good quality for full development, it may be found that much of the land from which the pine has been removed for lum- ber will afford good crops of beets. The sandy soil would probably furnish roots rich in sugar. The ease with which such crop could be raised on this sandy soil, and the ability of the beet to withstand frost and drought make this crop an interesting if not a promising one for many districts in our State. There is no question about the value of these beets for feeding stock. ANALYSIS OF SUGAR BEETS FROM OTHER LOCALITIES. Five specimens of sugar beets grown the past season were sent to me for analysis by Hon. E. W. Cottrell — three from the farm of Hon. T. W. Palmer. The results of analyses are presented to show the capacity of beets grown in this State to produce sugar and that the climate is suited to the formation of sugar. No. 1 — Seed imported from Germany, a cross of vilurorin and imperial beets, per cent sugar, 14.58. No. 2 — Sugar beets, grown without manure, per cent sugar, 11.40. No. 3 — Manured with 200 pounds superphosphates and 200 pounds nitrate of soda per acre, per cent sugar, 11.40. No. 4 — Beets raised by Mr. Klein of Oakland county, per cent sugar, 12.12. No. 5 — Beets raised in Livingston county, per cent sugar, 7.86. . All of these beets except No. 5 contain sugar in quantity that would pay for manufacturing purposes. A beautiful specimen of sugar was made from No. 2 of this series, and can be seen in the Museum of the Chemical Laboratory. THE EXPERIMENT STATION. 143 In carrying out these analyses, and in the laboratory work in this depart- ment, I am under great obligations to my faithful assistant, Mr. Geo. L.Teller. Eespectfully submitted, E. C. KEDZIE, Chemist of Experiment Station. REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL DEPART- MENT. President 0. Clute, Director Experiment Station : Dear Sir — I submit the following report of the work done in the Entomological and Apiarian Departments of the Experiment Station for the year ending June 30, 1889: At the beginning of the season I submitted the following scheme of work for the year, which was accepted by the "advisory board " of the station: " In the Entomological Department, experiments with the arsenites in hopes to find what substance is least injurious to foliage, and what may be the influence of date of application and atmospheric conditions on the amount of injury wrought; to continue the experiments with the arsenites and carbolized plaster as remedies for the plum curculio; to carefully inves- tigate the matter of pasturing or feeding grass growing under trees at the time they are sprayed with the arsenites, London purple or Paris green, that we may know positively the danger incurred in such practices ; to investigate the ravages of the several flea beetles ; Haltica Ohalybea 111., Crepidodera Cucumeris Harr., and Phyllotreta vittata Fab., and if possible find a satis- factory remedy for each and all; to investigate the matter of growing potatoes, to determine what relation there may be between insect attack and scab ; and to give attention to such other insects as may from their numbers or ravages give cause for anxiety or alarm. " In the apiarian division of our work it was proposed to experiment with the following honey plants: Eocky Mountain bee plant (Cleome integrifolia) Chapman honey plant (Echinops sphcerocephalus), and a species of Melissa ; to determine the wisdom or unwisdom of special planting of all or any of these plants solely for bees; to again sow the Japanese buckwheat, to further study its prolificness, its value as a honey plant, and its power to resist drought, and to mature a good quality of seed even though sown early or late ; to continue our careful cross-breeding of bees ; to arrange for analyses of various kinds of honey ; and to investigate and observe such matters of practical manipulation and management as may be suggested during the season." EXPERIMENTS WITH THE ARSENITES. Quite elaborate experiments were performed with London purple, Paris green and common white arsenic. The details of these experiments, together with the results, were embodied in a paper read before the " Society for the THE EXPERIMENT STATION. 145 Promotion of Agricultural Science" at the Toronto meeting, and printed and distributed as Bulletin 53 of this Station. So important are the con- clusions deduced from these experiments that I will briefly state them here : First-*-Early spraying seems less harmful to foliage than does later. Spraying in May rarely does harm, while the same in June or July, even with a more dilute application, is often a serious damage. Second — There seems to be no essential difference as to the time of day. Spraying early in the morning, at noontide, or towards night-fall, each seemed about as the others, as to injury produced on the foliage. Third — A rain soon after spraying increases the damage to the foliage, especially if we use London purple or white arsenic. Fourth — London purple is more injurious to tender or susceptible foliage than is Paris green, while white arsenic is more injurious than is London purple. Fifth — White arsenic should never be used in such warfare. London purple may be used on all trees, except the peach, early in the season, in May, but never stronger than one pound to two hundred gallons of water. If used on shade trees or on plum trees in June and July the proportions should be one pound to three hundred gallons of water. For peach trees, Paris green only should be used, and this not stronger than one pound to two hundred, and possibly three hundred gallons of water. And for all trees late in the season, June and July, it is much safer to use Paris green than to use London purple. Probably it is the soluble arsenic that does the mischief, and this is likely to be present in considerable quantities in London purple, while it is nearly absent in Paris green. Sixth — There seems no danger in turning stock into an orchard imme- diately after it has been sprayed with the arsenites. If properly sprayed — that is, sprayed with a dilute mixture as suggested above — the amount of poison which falls to the grass below, and which would be eaten, even if all the herbage was cropped by the stock, would be far too slight to do any harm. Chemical analysis, as well as direct experiment with horses, sheep and hogs, determines this question beyond any chance of error. FIGHTING THE CUECULIO. This year, as last, we sprayed our plum trees with London purple, and dusted them with carbolized plaster. We used one pound of London purple to two hundred gallons of water, and mixed one pint of strong, crude car- bolic acid with fifty pounds of common land plaster. As last year, so this, we repeated each application twice, making three times in all. The results this year were very different from those of last year. Trees treated, like those untreated, lost every plum. This year we had hard rains almost every day. These doubtless so washed off the poison or plaster that they were no preventive of the work of the beetles. My experiments last year, together with those of Prof. C. M. Weed, of the Ohio station, in 1888 and 1889, and those of Prof. S. A. Forbes, of Illinois, show quite conclusively that the arsenites will prevent in great part the work of the curculio if we can keep the poison on the leaves and fruit. The same is true of carbolized plaster. But my experiments this season prove that in very rainy seasons the old jarring method is not only cheaper, but the only effective method yet known. 19 146 REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGIST OF As suggested last year, the curculio prefers plums to apples ; but in the absence of the plums they will attack most ruinously the apples. Apples seriously stung by the curculio become so gnarled and deformed as to be wholly worthless. Thus it becomes imperative to the best success that plum trees be set among the trees of the apple orchard. Then we have to spray the apple trees but once to subdue the codling moth, the several leaf-rollers, the canker worm and tent caterpillars, while we can jar the plum trees, or treat them two or three times with the arsenites or carbolized plaster, as circumstances seem to recommend. The plums will save the apples, and with pains to repel the curculio, may give as good returns as any product of the farm. I believe the same course may be profitably pursued in the cherry orchard. I believe the presence of abundant plum trees will save the cherry trees from the attack of the curculio, and so we shall get cherries — if we have enough to more than supply the birds — with no effort to repel inju- rious insects from the cherries themselves. THE FLEA BEETLES. In 1888 portions of New Jersey, New York and adjacent States were seriously injured by the depredations of the cucumber flea beetle, Crepidodera cucumeris Harr. These insects attacked the potatoes. This year we resolved to investigate all the flea beetles in our vicinity in hopes to find good practical remedies for some or all of them. We were well supplied with material, as the grape flea beetle, Haltica chalybea Illig., the striped flea beetle, Phyllotreta vitata Fab., no less than the cucumber flea beetle, Crepidodera cucumeris, were each and all abundant in our region. The first worked only on the grape, which it injures seriously, both while in the larval and mature stage. As larvge they feed on the foliage, as imago, or mature beetles, they work early in the spring, eating the buds. The striped flea beetles work on several plants, but worst on radishes and cab- bages, while the third works on many plants, but most on potatoes, tomatoes and cucumbers. We tried many remedies, such as carbolized plaster, kero- sene and soap mixture, dilute carbolic acid, gas lime, tobacco decoction, buhach, hellebore, ashes, lime, tobacco dust, London purple, ashes and London purple, turpentine and plaster, etc., etc. Few of all these sub- stances seemed to work with any satisfaction. London purple and water, one pound of the poison to two hundred gallons of water, is quick death to the grape flea beetles, and is a cheap and satisfactory remedy for the mature beetles that attack the buds of the grape in early May. The same remedy, and also the kerosene and soap mixture, are both sure destruction to the larva of this insect which later in the season eats the grape foliage. I find the following to be the best compound to use in this warfare : One quart soft soap or one-fourth pound hard soap, two quarts of hot soft water and one pint kerosene oil. Stir this thoroughly till all mix permanently, then add water till the kerosene forms only one-fifteenth part of the whole. The best way to stir is to use a force pump and pump the liquid back into the the vessel containing it. This soon mixes it so that the oil will not rise to the top upon standing. For the other two insects we only found two remedies that seemed at all satisfactory. Ashes dusted onto the affected plants seemed to repel the insects and save the plants. Yet success in this case required that the plants THE EXPERIMENT STATION. 147 be entirely covered with the ashes. This not infrequently injured or appeared to injure the plants. Thus, while ashes will repel these flea beetles, they are not a desirable remedy. The other specific in this case was a strong tobacco decoction. I used tobacco dust, which I got very cheaply at a large tobacco factory in Detroit. I would take two large hand- fuls of this dust, pour boiling water on it, then use the water or decoction to sprinkle the affected plants. I used about one pound to two gallons of water. This was used on several plants for both the cucumber and striped beetles, and seemed in every case to bring immediate relief. While this seemed either to kill or drive off these beetles, it in no wise injured the plants. We shall try this again very thoroughly another year ; but we feel already warranted in recommending it to any who have occasion to fight these very destructive little hopping beetles. It seems to be just what is wanted. If as effective to rid the grape-vines of the grape flea beetle in the «arly spring, it might be substituted for the London purple in that warfare. INSECTS AND POTATO SCAB. I planted potatoes in a field where very scabby potatoes were raised last year, and also some in boxes in the laboratory, in earth in which there was no insects. Those in the field were examined often. It was very rare that any insects were found near the potatoes, and never was there found a single myriapod. The scab began to appear while the potatoes were yet very small. This is but a repetition of similar experiments tried in previous years. I much doubt if insects have anything to do with scab on potatoes. I am very positive that the millipeds, or thousand legged worms, so-called, do not cause the scab on our Michigan potatoes. I expected to get positive results in the potatoes planted in boxes and kept in the laboratory. In these boxes there were no insects, and if we had succeeded in growing scabby potatoes we should have known that scab was independent of the work of insects. Unfortunately, however, while we had a very fine growth of vines, we raised no potatoes. Thus this effort was wholly fruitless. We shall repeat this trial another year, in hopes of better success. INSECTS OF THE YEAR. This has been quite a remarkable year for insects. Early in the season there was a general invasion of the corn fields of the State by the cut-worms. The season was very late at best. Much corn was not planted till in June, and even then it made a very slow growth. Following this was the attack by the cut-worms. Thus in many parts of the State the corn was largely a failure. The only remedy that is practical in defending against this pest is that of baiting by bunches of poisoned herbage. I have tried this only on a small scale, but have been so successful that I feel free to recommend the method to others. The best method to pursue is as follows : While the grass or clover is still standing in some meadow, spray it thoroughly with London purple ; then carefully cut with a scythe, and draw it to the infested field and pitch small forkfuls among the corn plants, so that they may be quite close together, at least not farther separated than one or two rods. Some bind the herbage in small bundles, that it may remain fresh longer. The objection to this remedy is the expense, and the binding into bundles 148 REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGIST OF • makes it more laborious and expensive, while I do not believe it materially adds to its effectiveness. Some who have tried this are not satisfied that i-t is effective. They say that they find no dead caterpillars. The poisoned cut-worms are apt to bury slightly in the earth before they die. That they are really killed is beyond question. The time to distribute the poisoned herbage in the garden where tomatoes and cabbages are to be set is just before the plants are to be transplanted. In the corn field, in case we find by close examination that the newly plowed sward is full of the hungry caterpillars, the poisoned grass or clover may be distributed just before or soon after the corn is up. If neglected till the insects commence cutting the plants it will yet pay to try this remedy, perhaps in a small way at first, and then, if found, as will probably be the case, that it works well it may wisely be tried more extensively. That this will surely pay in garden culture is beyond question ; that it may prove valuable in general field culture I think more than probable. THE GRAIN PLANT LOUSE. The most startling insect development during the year was that of the grain plant louse, Aphis (Siphonophora) avgena L. This was remarkable, not only in showing how an insect may develop and increase to an enormous extent under favorable circumstances, but also as vividly showing how the insect enemies of any insect may in a remarkably short space of time so increase as to overwhelm their victims, even though the latter exist in countless myriads. The leading practical facts concerning this plant louse were given in Bulletins No. 50 and 51. I will add that I experimented to learn if we could destroy the lice by use of artificial remedies, and if such remedies would prove practicable. I tried several remedies. The kerosene and soap mixture is effective if the application is thorough enough. We used a hand pump, and sprayed the wheat very thoroughly, but we found that owing to the protection which the insects received from the kernels many were not touched and so remained uninjured. As we were much more thorough than would be possible in treating a whole field, I am led to the conclusion that any such remedy would never give satisfaction. We may well rejoice that we have such efficient aids in our insect f-riends that we shall never need to fight these grain plant lice with artificial remedies. Not only are the artificial remedies impracticable, because of necessary lack of thorough- ness, but they are also undesirable, because of the large damage that is done to the grain in their use. We cannot drive through a grain field without causing serious destruction to the crop. A NEW CLOTHES BEETLE. During the past summer I have received from (x. D. Perrigo, Portland, Michigan, many specimens of a minute beetle and the grubs or larvae of the same, of which I wrote the following, which was presented before the American Entomological Club at the late meeting in Toronto, Canada. One of the most interesting studies of the scientific entomologist — more interesting because of its economic importance — relates to variation in the habits of insects consequent upon change in their environment. The carpet beetle, Anthrenus Scrophularise Linn., feeds on flowers in its native Europe. THE EXPERIMENT STATION. 149 In the new atmosphere of America it feeds and thrives upon carpets, shawls and other woolen goods. The apple maggot, Trypeta pomonella Walsh, feeds upon our wild haw and other wild fruits. Civilization exterminates its old-time aliment and it betakes itself to our autumn apples, and this year I have found it on both cherries and plums. The curculio, apple-tree borers, bark lice, etc., are other illustrations of the same truth. I have discovered the past season another illustration in the Lasioderma serricorne Fab. This insect belongs to the family Ptinidae, a small family of very small insects. Very few of the insects of this family are noxious; the two best known of which are the apple-twig borer, Amphicerug bicaudatus Say, which in the mature state bores in the twigs of the apple tree, and Sinoxylon basilare Say, which attacks the hickory and grape. The insect in question, Losioderma serricorne Fab., has been found to attack plush furni- ture. The larvae in this case do the mischief; they perforate the plush, making it like a sieve. Several pieces of valuable furniture were ruined by these minute larvae. The beetle (Fig. 1) is light brown in color. The color of the entire beetle is uniform, except that the eyes and tips of the elytra are black. The wing covers appear a little lighter in color, because of a covering of light hairs, which are more „ dense on the elytra than on the thorax and head. The thorax abends down so as we look from above we cannot see the head. 'Fig. 1. Beetle. The serrate antennae, which give name to the beetle, are also bent under the head so that they likewise rarely show. The beetles are very small, hardly more than two mm. long. The elytra are non-striated. The first two joints of the antennae are small. The following joints increase to the sixth, and then decrease to the end. The tenth or last joint is rounded. The grubs (Fig. 2) are short, curled and hairy. They are two mm. long and one thick. The color is white, as is also the hairs, though the latter have a slightly yellowish tinge. The six thoracic legs are tipped with black. The upper part of the head is marked with four yellowish-brown lines ; the upper ones are narrow, while the latter ones are abbreviated behind. The front of the head is brown; the jaws and other mouth-parts nearly black. Larva. As these beetles are cosmopolites, and feed on various articles of com- merce, even tobacco and cigars, we may well hope that this new habit will ever remain exceptional. Like all insects, these beetles, both as grubs and mature beetles, are very susceptible to both gasoline and bisulphide of carbon. Either of these used, freely were quickly fatal to the insects. Of course whenever either of these substances are used great care must be exercised that no fire be brought near till these inflammable liquids are evaporated, which, however, soon takes place. Like the carpet beetle, Anthrenus scrophulariae Linn., so these insects infest upholstered furniture between the folds, especially where the back joins the seat. It is easy to drench such parts of a chair or sofa with gasoline and destroy the larvae of moth or beetle. Nearly every year brings examples of such change of habits as described above. Such incursions, present and prospective, emphasize the impor- tance of a thoroughly trained entomologist in every State of our country. 150 REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGIST OF THE WEE GRAIN" BEETLE. Not infrequently during the past few years have I found in rice and other culinary articles, specimens of a small, slender, brown beetle, which, though probably a native of the orient, has become, from its habits, scat- tered throughout the habitable globe. This little beetle is known to science as Silvanus surinamensis Linn. In 1881 I received this beetle from Breeds- ville, Michigan, where it was found seriously injuring the wheat and other grains. In 1882 a leading merchant of Detroit sent for me to come at once to his house, .as a worse than the locust plague was inflicted upon him and his household. I hastened to Detroit and found his house fairly swarming with these same wee grain beetles. The elegant house of this gentleman was, through the rear rooms, connected with the nearly as elegant barn or stables. Upon examination I found that meal and other grains were kept perpetually in these stables. Further search discovered that these beetles were breeding in this meal, and that they existed in the barn in countless thousands. As they are very small and flat they could press between casings and windows, and under windows and doors, and so had taken, all uninvited, entire possession of the house, greatly to the horror and disgust of the family. This present season Mr. D. S. Hall, of Tecumseh, Michigan, has discovered the same pest in his whent. To show in what fabulous num- bers these gather upon the fated grain, I have only to say that Mr. Hall writes that he could easily collect one-fourth bushel of these minute beetles. He actually did collect one peck in cleaning 600 bushels of grain. This explains the emigration and wide spread dispersion at Detroit. This beetle is referred to in the Government Agricultural Eeport for 1870, p. 66, in a brief illustrated article. It is stated that it feeds on various grain, apple seeds, and even leaf tobacco. A brief illustrated note occurs also in the American Entomologist, vol. 2, p. 339. Here a brief description of the beetle is given. The specimens were from Pennsylvania and were reported as very destructive to wheat, rye and oats. It is also stated that it makes the grain damp and warm, which fact is always observed where these wee grain beetles are present in force. Curtis, in his Farm Insects, p. 329, gives an excellent account of this insect, which is accompanied with a fine colored figure. This beetle ( Fig. 3 ) is a narrow, flat brown insect. It belongs to the family Cucujidse. Most of the insects of this family are flat, and generally are found resting under bark, as this is also said to do. It is very small, hardly 3 mm. (.12 in.) long. The pro-thorax is a little darker than are the wing covers. The antennas are slightly enlarged at the end. The last three joints (See fig. 3) form this enlargement. There are on the upper sur- face of the pro-thorax three raised longitudinal lines, and six distinct teeth on each side. There are four similar lines' on each Fig. 3. wing cover. These ridges, however, are not so prominent as those Beetle, of the pro-thorax. Between the raised lines of the wing covers are double rows of pits or punctures. Smaller punctures also cover the thorax and head. The femora or thighs are all enlarged, and the tarsi are all five jointed. Fine, short, light-colored hairs cover sparingly nearly the whole of the insect. THE EXPERIMENT STATION. 151 The grub or larva is cream colored. The head is prominent, the jaws large, and three jointed thoracic feet are plainly visible. It is a little longer than the beetle, or about 4 mm. long. The pupa is a little shorter than the beetle. It is the same color as the larva, and has spinous projections on the sides of both the thorax and abdomen. REMEDIES. When these beetles are in a close box or bin, nothing is more effective to destroy them than is bisulphide of carbon. This very volatile liquid soon evaporates, and the deadly fumes are so penetrating that few beetles, even in a bin of grain, escape alive. In a bin or barrel the liquid can be applied at the bottom as follows: A piece of gas pipe, with a close fitting rod in it r is pushed into the grain. The rod is then withdrawn and the liquid poured into the pipe ; after which the latter is quickly drawn out. A piece of oil cloth or a carriage robe spread over the bin or barrel to confine the vapors, aids the work. This remedy is excellent in all cases of insects that infest stored grain. There is only one objection — the danger of fire. This vapor is highly inflammable and explosive. A burning match or a lighted cigar might cause a disastrous explosion. It is to be said, however, that the vapors are soon dispersed, so that open doors and windows soon remove all danger. We see, then, that caution and a brief guarding of the premises are all that is required to remove all danger. At my suggestion one of the largest flour manufacturers of Michigan has entirely cleared one of his mills of insects, though the mill was terribly infested, by this remedy. His mill is in the very center of one of our largest cities; yet he was cautious and no danger was incurred. He buys his bisulphide of carbon by the barrel of the manufacturer at Cleveland, Ohio. Of course no one should breathe the poisonous vapors. In the case at Detroit we found that paper spread with lard or other grease would attract the beetles in prodigious numbers, when they could be easily and quickly destroyed. In this case they were so widely distributed that the bisulphide of carbon was not a practical remedy. SQUASH BUG PARASITE. Few of our noxious insects are more destructive or harder to combat than is the large dark colored squash bug, Anasa (Coreus) tristis De Geer. The method of trapping under chips, and of shaking into shallow vessels con- taining kerosene, though the best known remedies, are not very satisfactory. Thus I am happy to report that I have raised a dipterous parasite from this insect. This fact is doubly interesting, not only from the destructiveness of the bug, and the difficulty in combating it, but it gives a page in the life history of the fly which was before unknown. TRICHOPODA PENNIPES FABR. This fly has long been known as a common insect about gardens, but its habits or life history have not been previously known so far as I can learn. Dr. S. W. Williston writes me that he has this insect from all over the United States, from South America and St. Domingo. He further adds 152 EEPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGIST OF that he is not aware that the habits of this genus have been before known. He states that the nearly allied Phasia has been found parasite on Pentato mia, which is also a bug, and not greatly removed from the squash bug. Tow end Glover refers to this species in his manuscript notes, p. 57, and gives a rather poor colored drawing, plate IV., fig. 14 Say, edited by Le Conte, Vol. II., p. 364, describes the male. I have reared a male from the squash bug, Anasa tristis. Say gives an admirable description which I should copy were it not that it is too technical for my purpose. He describes the male, which is a little smaller than the female, and has the smoky, opaque color on the whole front of the wings. The insect (Fig. 4) is of a dark gray, almost black color, with golden yellow lines on the thorax and between the eyes. The abdo- men is yellow and brown. The front between the eyes has a shining, velvety black line, which is slightly concave on ^ the sides. At the lower outer angles of this line extend Trichopoda eI pennipes. black, curved, horn-like lines, which reach down to an imaginary line which would connect the base of the antennas with the lower margin of the eyes. The remainder of the front is creamy white with a satin- like luster. The eyes are large and purple; at the top they reach to the black line, upon which are three ocelli. The antennas are brownish, bordered with black in the male, and black in the female, except the base of the third joint, which is brown. The first joint is short, the second longer and the third still longer and oval. A simple bristle as long as the antenna extends from the outside, near the base, of the third joint. The beak is black, the palpi yellowish. The front part of the thorax is golden yellow, with four black lines extending lengthwise. The two central ones are narrowest — close together, so that they nearly touch in front, where thev reach the anterior border of the thorax. The lateral lines are broader, and are abbreviated in front, so they do not reach the anterior margin. The abdomen is golden at base, becoming brown towards the tip. Osten Sacken says that the abdomen of the female is entirely fer- ruginous. I find that there is often very little difference in the abdomens of the sexes, though usually the male only has the black tip. In some they are brown to the tip, while others are dark at the tip, irrespective of sex. The wings of the male are smoky opaque, except a narrow transparent posterior border. In the female there is a yellowish anterior area reaching from the base of the wing, which is about one-third the width of the wing and two-thirds the length. The poisers are honey yellow, while the base of all the legs, reach- ing beyond the middle of the thighs, is brownish yellow. The remainder of the legs are black, except the pulvilli, which are almost white. The posterior tibia are fringed with scale-like hairs, broader in. the female, where there are about eighteen. There are only about twelve in the male. Thus the name pennipes. The whole insect is hairy. The hairs are either black or white. The male is 7 mm. (.3 in.) long, the female 10 mm. (.4 in.). These flies are quite common. If all have the same habit as the ones I raised from the squash bug, we may well wish them even more abundant. THE APPLE MAGGOT. — TftYPETA POMONELLA WALSH. For the past few years this insect has been a more or less troublesome pest in various portions of Michigan. In 1884 I gave in the Eeport of the State THE EXPERIMENT STATION. 153 Horticultural Society, page 200, an illustrated article on the insect. The remedy there recommended — feeding all apples on affected trees to swine, cattle or sheep, in early fall before the fruit fall to the ground, or at least before the insects leave the fruit — has been tried repeatedly in our State and with marked success. This year I have received plums and late cherries from northern Michigan attacked by this same insect. So far as I know, this insect^has not been previously reported as infesting either of these fruits. EXPERIMENTS IN THE APIARY. According to the plans adopted two years ago, the experiments in the Apiary are along four lines: Testing honey plants to determine whether any will pay for planting and growing exclusively for honey; breeding bees by crossing in hopes to secure a superior race ; analyzing various kinds of honey to ascertain if any test for honey is possible and can be relied upon ; and various points in manipulation, etc., which will come out with the year. HONEY PLANTS. The plants experimented with for the past season were Eocky Mountain bee plant (Cleome integrifolia), Chapman honey plant, Echinops sphero- cephalus, a mint, a species of Melissa, and Japanese buckwheat. ROCKY MOUNTAIN" BEE PLANT. In growing this plant in small plats, as I have for years, I have previously learned that it does not germinate when sowed in the spring. Indeed the point has been raised against this plant that it is reluctant to start. From my experiments in small plats, I had not thought this an objection when the plants were sowed in the fall. Last autumn I sowed eight acres with this seed, obtained fresh from Colorado. A portion of the seed was sown early, the remainder quite late. All was dragged after sowing. The soil was very light sand, and had been cropped continuously for some years. Thus it was very weedy, and early in the spring I dragged the whole ground once over. None of the seed came well. That sowed latest came much the best. I am now of the opinion that the dragging both in the fall and spring were unfavora- ble to the welfare of the plants, as it was observed that about stumps, where balks or places not dragged occurred, the seed came much better. This seems the more reasonable, as in nature the seed is dropped early in the fall and is not at all covered. The plants in places came up well, but for the most part they were very scattering. The first blossoms opened June 13 ; June 24 the flowers were fully out. The bloom continued all through August. There were a few scattering blossoms even till frost came, the middle of September. Very likely there might have been more of these late blossoms had there been any rain. The bees worked on the flowers more or less all the season. At some times they fairly swarmed on the plants. There was a wood-lot between the apiary, and the plants. Often the hum or roar of the bees was so loud in this wood-lot that persons walking through it were led to look for a bee tree. 154 REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGIST OF It will be observed that this plant is in bloom from July 15 to August 15, just the period whern there is almost no natural honey bloom — the period between basswood or linden and fall bloom. This season (1889) was very exceptionally dry, and it is difficult to say how that affected the plants. It is certainly true that our bees kept storing all through the usual dearth, and what I never knew before, swarmed enormously the last of July and first half of August. I could but wish that our whole eight acres had been a sea of bloom. Another feature commendatory to this plant is the long period that it is in bloom — from early June till the end of summer. The honey from the plant is very excellent, both as to flavor and color. The fact that this plant thrives and yields abundance of honey on the arid plains of Colorado may also give us hope that with a full stand we could secure a crop even in our dryest seasons. We only need to learn how to grow it with success to be able to decide these points. I shall try it thoroughly till I know whether it will pay for special planting. I am arranging to plant a large area again this year. This year I shall plant on clay and also on light sand. I know it does well on sand. Some transplanted plants on clay, the past season, did very poorly. We are now arranging to plant the seed on clay to see if it will do better. We now know that it will keep bees busy and give some honey. We have reason to hope, that if abundant enough, it will give a good paying harvest. CHAPMAN HONEY PLANT. Of this we have about an acre. It was planted in the spring of 1888. It does not bloom the first season. We planted it in drills and cultivated it the first summer. The second season it grew very vigorously and possessed the ground. I think we need never cultivate this after the first season. This plant commenced to bloom July 19, and a week later was in full bloom. The season lasted just about a month, as by August 20 the blossoms were nearly all wilted. The bees worked on this plant with great energy early in the day, but not so eagerly afterwards. We grew this on strong clay land. We could but wish that it was eight acres instead of one. Next year we shall plant a large acreage on sand. The vigorous habit of this plant, the time of bloom — just during the honey dearth of July and August — and the fact that when once started it will hold its own with no care, are greatly in its favor as a honey plant. I think there can be no doubt but that it fur- nishes much excellent honey, though I hope to demonstrate this with a larger area of the plants. The objections to this plant are its failure to bloom the first season after planting and the fact that the bees do not hang to it actively all the day through, as they do to linden and clover. It will be noticed that the period of bloom is much shorter than is that of the cleome. THE MELISSA HONEY PLANT. This beautiful, very sweet mint grows about a foot high, and bears a beautiful white blossom. It is very sweet, and well may be called bee-balm. It is an annual and grows readily on either clay or sand. It commences to bloom about two and one-half months after sowing, and fairly rings with bees till frost kills the flowers. By sowing or planting in early May it will THE EXPERIMENT STATION. 155 be in bloom by the time the honey dearth comes on. Though not so long in bloom as is the Eocky Mountain bee plant, yet it is a long bloomer, and covers the period of need. It should be planted as early as possible in the season. The points in favor of Melissa are, first, the ease with which it is cultivated, its long period of bloom and the abundant supply of beautiful honey which it affords. The points against it are that it must be planted each season unless it will come up from its own scattered seed, and I fear unless cultivated it would soon be run out by more vigorous and hardy plants. I am pleased with the results the past season, and shall continue to investigate till we know whether it will pay to plant specially for bees. If by planting eight or ten acres of some plant we can secure a crop, whereas without this we would secure no harvest ; or if, by special planting, we can in good seasons double our crop of honey, then such information will be most valuale. If we find, as may be true, that special planting is not profit- able, then all should know this fact, that the many may not waste money in fruitless experimentation. At the very least, these experiments will prove what plants are best adopted for special planting in waste places. I under- stand that already in places in Iowa and Wisconsin, cleome has secured a foothold and is much prized by bee-keepers. JAPAN" BUCKWHEAT. We have continued our experiments with this variety of buckwheat the present season. Last season we sowed it on clay soil, early and at the usual time of sowing, and secured a great crop, although the land was hard and unfertile and the season dry. This year I sowed it on light sand and on clay. I sowed it on June 15 and June 30. Although the season was very dry, both sowings on both soils gave a fair yield of very fine seed. It was in full bloom four weeks after sowing. That we might have data for com- parison, three equal plats were sown side by side on soil that was about the same. The middle plat was Japanese, the outside plats silver hull and common buckwheat, respectively. These plats were sown late, and the ground was very dry and parched. The outside plats gave no seed at all — just nothing — while the Japanese, though not great, gave considerable fine seed. I feel more than warranted in recommending all to sow this variety, if they wish to grow buckwheat. Now it can be purchased for from $0.75 to $1.00 per bushel for seed. It is far more productive than either the common or silver hull varieties. The seed is larger and finer, and it matures earlier. This last not only prevents destruction from early frost, but makes this variety more valuable for bee-keepers, as the earlier the bloom the better. Again, we find this variety proves as productive and reliable when sown the middle of June as when sown the first of July. If sown at this earlier date, the blossoms coming in full force, a month later, are just in time for the bees at the beginning of the honey dearth, from July 15 to August 15, between the harvests of basswood and fall flowers. Again, the plant will be out of bloom when the asters and golden rods, etc., commence to afford nectar, and so the inferior buckwheat honey will not be mixed with that from the fall flowers. Lastly it stands the drouth much better than the old varieties. 156 REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGIST OF EXPERIMENTS IN BREEDING BEES. Our second point — breeding a special race by crossing the best known races, and carefully selecting and breeding from the best of these hybrids — will only prove valuable after several years, if at all. Already we are pleased, however. We have crossed the Syrian and the Carniolans. Our bees have now, in some degree, the activity and prolificness of the Syrians and the amiability of the Carniolans. We wish still further to heighten their good qualities and to render fixed those already secured. We hope to continue this experiment for several years. TESTING HONEY. We are still making collections of different kinds of honey, or of honey from different known sources. Owing to the varied sources from which honey is derived, it seems very probable that its composition is very varied. It is also well known that honey is digested nectar. I have reason to believe that in case honey is produced very rapidly, as when bees are collect- ing nectar from linden, the digestion is somewhat imperfect, and so the honey will contain more cane sugar and less reducible sugar. On the other hand, when the honey is stored more slowly, as from the mints and clover, the digestion is more perfect. Thus we are securing honey from all sources ; that collected rapidly and that more slowly stored. We shall also feed cane sugar as rapidly as the bees can store it, and also slowly, to see if we can notice any difference in the degree of transformation from cane to reducible sugar. It is hoped that we shall have sufficient material to investigate this matter thoroughly the coming season, when I believe we shall show that neither the chemical test — reduction of the copper salts — or the polari- acopic test — deflection of the polarized ray — are reliable in testing honey. When we find that we need a better test, then we may expect that it will be forthcoming. EXPERIMENTS WITH CHLOROFORM. It is very desirable that the bee-keeper should be able to introduce easily, quickly and safely, any queen at any time, whether virgin or mated. We experimented quite extensively in this direction the past season. We often took virgin queens, three and four days from their so-called hatching — their emergence from the queen cells. We first removed the old queen ; then with a common bee smoker, in the fire tube of which were three sponges, the lower and upper tight fitting, and the middle wet with ether or chloroform, we forced the quieting fumes into the hive. This was done till the bees would fall freely to the bottom of the hive. The new queen, old or young, virgin or mated, was then allowed to enter. In no case do we know that the queen was destroyed. In nearly every case the queen was found upon subsequent examination, safe and busy in the hive. Iu a few cases where virgin queens were introduced, they had disappeared two days later. It is probable that these were lost in mating. We lost, a year ago, a much larger number that were not removed at all from the nuclei. In our new apiary we have no trees ; only hives on a smoothly kept lawn. In our old apiary, with an evergreen at each hive, we rarely lost a queen in mating. THE EXPERIMENT STATION. 157 Now it is not very uncommon. From our experiments this season, we are led to the belief that by use of chloroform, queens, old or young, virgin or mated, may be almost if not always safely introduced. We could see no harm to the bees from the use of the anassthetic. We also tried in a small way this same method to cure the swarming impulse. We destroyed all queens' cells and saw that the bees had plenty of room to work, while they were under the influence of the chloroform. In the few cases tried there was no further preparation for swarming, or attempt to swarm. We shall try both these plans another year very thoroughly, that we may advise positively as to the excellence of the methods. We are prepared now to recommend them tentatively. BEHOVING QUEENS DURING THE HARVEST. We tried the following experiments in hopes to find whether it were best to remove queens during the season of gathering, that in the lapse of breed- ing, more honey might be secured. The season was a very poor one. We tried to select colonies of about the same strength and vigor. Of two colonies worked for extracted honey, neither of which swarmed, the one with queen gave as during the clover and basswood season season fifty-one (51) lbs. ; the one without queen only twenty-six (26) lbs. This case seemed exceptional. We can offer no explanation or suggestion as to the cause. Six colonies worked for comb honey that made no attempt to swarm — the sections were on the hive at the very dawn of the harvest — gave respectively 31 lbs., 28 lbs., 21 lbs., 25 lbs., 23 lbs., and 24 lbs. This gives a total of 152 lbs., or an average per colony of 25^ lbs. Five colonies run for comb honey, whose queens were removed, made respectively 55 lbs., 35 lbs. — these two colonies were in restricted hives, in the lower section of a Heddon hive — 24 lbs., 32 lbs., and 32 lbs. Here the total was 178 lbs ; the average per colony 35f lbs. It would seem that restricting the brood cham- ber in this case was an aid. We should have weighed the hives before and after the experiment to see how much honey was stored in the body of the hive. This, however, we neglected to do. The results are only suggestive. Another year with a better harvest may give more decided results. The actual practice, in this case, would seem to support theory that in a colony with no queen, and so with no maturing brood, but contented, as they were not without means to rear a queen, would produce more honey than a colony with a queen, and where rapid brood-rearing was continually in progress. FEEDING BACK. At the close of the basswood season, a colony with partially filled sections was given a restricted brood-chamber so that it could not store except in the sections. The queen was removed, and it was fed thirty-seven pounds of good thick extracted honey. The sections increased thirty pounds, so we conclude that thirty pounds were stored. Another colony in one section Heddon hive were given unfinished sections weighing eighty pounds. They were fed twenty pounds of extracted honey, and the sections were filled and sealed and weighed one hundred pounds. It would seem that this colony must have gathered some honey, at the time, from the outside, though a colony on the scales seemed hardly more than to hold its own and the other 158 REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGIST OF colonies in the apiary did not seem to gain much, though all did gather enough to hold their weights. I believe in this matter of feeding back at the close of the season, we have a promising field for experimentation. We shall try to do much in that line another year. CUCKOO BEES. Cuckoo bees are such as enter the nests of other bees for the purpose of laying their eggs and having their brood fed and cared for by others. This name was doubtless applied to these bees from the similar habit of the English cuckoo. This bird, like the cow-bird in our own country, lays its eggs in the nests of other birds. Thus incubation, and the subsequent feed- ing and guarding, is performed by other than the parent bird. It has long been known that species of the genus Apathus — wild solitary bees — are wont to steal into the nests of bumble bees, where they lay their eggs. Thus the bumble bees feed and care for the larvas of these wild solitary bees, which are thus relieved from all trouble and care. In my Bee Keepers' Guide, page 29, I say : "A few of the Apidae — thieves by nature — cuckoo- like, steal unbidden into the nests of other bees and lay their eggs. As their young are fed and fostered by another, such bees gather no pollen, and so, like drone bees, need no organs for collecting pollen. These para- sites illustrate mimicry, already described, as they look so like the foster- mothers of their own young that unscientific eyes would fail to distinguish them. Probably the bees thusjmposed upon are no sharper, or they would refuse ingress to these merciless vagrants." I think I might have added : There is doubtless protective scent, for often the color mimicry is not so close ; and more, these same bees would repel an intruder of their own spe- cies of another colony without mercy. In the Bee Keepers' Guide, page §4, I say further: "Other bees — the numerous species of Nomada and Apathus, are the black sheep in the bee family. These tramps steal in upon the unwary, and, though all unbidden, lay their eggs — in this way appro- priating food and lodgings for their own yet unborn. Thus these insect vagabonds impose upon the unsuspecting foster-mothers in these violated homes, and these same foster-mothers show by their tender care of these merciless intruders that they are miserably fooled, for they carefully guard and feed infant bees which, with age, will in turn practice this same nefari- ous trickery. The Apathus species are parasite on the Bombus." So far as I know these bees have never been known to invade the sanctity of the hive before this year. This year they have been known in several cases, more especially in Indiana, to breed in the hive of the honey bee. In some cases hundreds have been found in a colony of bees. This is a matter of much scientific and practical interest. These bees are solitary. That is, they do not live in colonies as do ants, bumble bees and honey bees. The female mates, then hastens, not always to the nests of bumble bees, as we now know, but also to the populous hive of the honey bee. It is strange that they are permitted to enter; but they are, with no seeming opposition. Once in the eggs are laid in the cells, and the Apathus larvas cared for as though they were veritable honey bees. I have received several mutilated specimens of these bees. I am sure that they are Apathus ; but I am uncer- tain regarding the species. I shall be able to determine this point another season. Just how much harm these bees may do I cannot tell. If they THE EXPERIMENT STATION. 159 only reach a few score in each colony of bees, we need* not be anxious regarding them ; if they reach thousands then they would become a serious pest. It will be necessary to learn their entire life history before we can measure their possible damage. We can say more when we know how they pass the winter. In 1888, early in the season, my assistant was called to the experimental station of another State. This year the misfortune was repeated. Of course it is not possible to do the most satisfactory work unless we can keep our assistants. We must not only keep the men aiding us for the entire year, but we must be able to keep the same man a succession of years. In my opinion this is a matter worthy of serious consideration. I wish in this connection to express my hearty appreciation of the good work of my assist- ants the past season. Messrs. A. B. Cordley, C. B. Cook, F. H. Hillman and F. J. Niswander have all aided me, and each has done excellent, con- scientious work. Each has seemed deeply interested in the work. A. J. COOK. REPORT OF THE BOTANIST. To Oscar Clute, M. S., Director of the Experiment Station: Dear Sir — I herewith submit my second annual report for the year closing June 30, 1889 : I need not tell you nor any of our readers that this date is a most unfort- unate one for reporting the progress of any out-door experiments, as it necessitates the placing of two halves of a report of two different growing seasons. At the outset it becomes necessary for the reader to familiarize himself with the report for ] 888. Three visits have been made during the year to each of the northern stations. The work is done by hired help and is not always done well nor strictly in accordance with the directions given. EXPERIMENTS AT GRAYLING. The plats of grasses and other forage plants are on old land rented of Mr. Brink, and the reader may remember are each one rod square. The soil is typical jack-pine plains and has been previously cropped for several years with little or no manure of any kind. As everyone had reason to expect, a large number of the grass plats amounted to nothing. The seeds of some failed to germinate; others germinated, but the plants remained small and soon perished for one or more reasons ; others have established themselves and still retain life ; some have made a small growth ; others have done pretty well. In addition to what were sown when my last report was made, are the following, sown September 21. The seeds sown this spring came up better than those sown a year ago : Achillea Millefolium L. (Yarrow Milfoil.) Agropyrum caninum R. & S. (A Wild Grass.) Agropyrum dasystachium Vasey. (A Wild Grass.) Agropyrum divergent Nees. (A Wild Grass.) Agropyrum glaucum R. & S. (A Wild Grass.) Agropyrum tenerum Vasey. (A Wild Grass.) Agropyrum unilaterale Vasey & Scribner. (A Wild Grass.) Agrostis alia L. (Red Top.) Agrostis scabra Willd. (Hair Grass.) Agrostis stolonifera L. (Creeping Red Top.) Alopecurus pratensis L. (Meadow Foxtail.) THE EXPERIMENT STATION. 161 Ammophila longifolia Benth. (A Wild Grass.) A ndropogo n provin cia lis Lam . (Turkey Foot Grass.) Andropoqon scoparius Michx. (A Wild Grass.) Arrhenatherum avenaceum Beauv. (Tall Oat Grass.) Asprella hvstrix Willd. (Bottle Grass. A Wild Grass.) Avena flavescens L. (Yellow Oat Grass.) Avena nuda L. (Naked Oats.) Berckmannia erucceformis Host. var. uniflorus. (Scrib.) Bouteloua hirsuta Lag. (A Wild Grass.) Bouteloua racemosa Lag. (A Wild Grass.) Brachyelytrum cristatum Beauv. (A Wild Grass.) Briza maxima L. (Introduced.) Bromus ciliatus L. (Introduced.) Bromus imernis. (Introduced.) Bromus secalinus L. (Chess. Introduced.) Capparis herbacea. (From Russia.) Cenchrus catharticus. (From Eussia.) Cenchrus montanus. (From Eussia.) Chloris barbata. (Introduced.) Chrysopogon nutans Benth. (A Wild Grass.) Cinna arundinacea L. (A Wild Grass.) Cynosurus cristatus. (Crested Dogstail Grass. Intro- duced.) Dactylis glomerata L. (Orchard Grass.) Descliampsia. ? Beyeuxia Canadensis Beauv. (Blue Joint.) 21 Eatonia Pennsylvania Gray. (A Wild Grass.) Eleusine flagelliflora. (From Eussia.) Eleusine scindica. (From Eussia.) Elionurus hirsutus. (From Eussia.) Elymus arenarius. (From Eussia.) Elymus Canadensis L. (A Wild Grass.) Elymus Europeus. (A European Grass.) Elymus striatus Willd. (A Wild Grass.) Elymus Virginicus L. (A Wild Grass.) Eragrostis major Host. (Introduced.) Eragrostis viscosa. (From Eussia.) Festuca duriuscula L. (Hard Fescue.) Festuca elatior L. (Tall Fescue.) Festuca nutans Willd. (A Native Grass.) Festuca ovina L. (Sheep's Fescue.) Festuca ovina var. Festuca pratensis L. (Meadow Fescue.) Festuca rubra L. (Eed Fescue.) Festuca tenella Willd. (A Native Grass.) Glyceria arundinacea Kunth. (A Native Grass.) Glyceria Canadensis Trin. (A Native Grass.) Qlyceria Jluitans E. Br. (A Native Grass.) Glyceria nervata Trin. (A Native Grass.) Holcus lanatus L. (Velvet Grass.) Hordeum jubatum L. (Wild Barley.) Iseilema laxum. (From Eussia.) 162 REPORT OF THE BOTANIST OF Kceleria cristata Pers. (A Native Grass.) Leersia oryzoides Swz. (A Native Grass.) Lespedeza striata. Linum usitatissimum L. var. mac- rospermum. (Large Seeded Flax.) Lolium Italicum L. (Italian Eye Grass.) Lolium temulentum L. (Darnel.) Medicago sativa L. (Lucerne. Alfalfa.) Melilotus alba Lam. (White Melilotus.) Molinia ccerulea Mcench. (Introduced.) Muhhnbergia Mexicana Trin. (A Native Grass.) Onobrychis sativa Lam. (Sain-Foin.) Oryzopsis melanocarpa Muhl. (A Native Grass.) Panicum capillare L. (Witch Grass.) Panicum Crus-galli L. (Barnyard Grass.) Panicum glabrum Gand. (Introduced.) Panicum miliaceum L. (Millet.) Panicum sanguinale L. (Finger Grass.) Panicum virgatum L. (A Native Grass.) Pennisetum cenchroides Eich. (From Eussia.) The Niagara grape vine, presented by E. M. Eoffee, Clyde, N. Y., last year sent out two or three slender shoots, the longest of which was two feet long. They all winter-killed, or at least died back to the ground. This spring the first shoots were killed by the late frosts, and on June 30 there were several feeble shoots two or three inches long still growing below the surface of the soil. I never expect to see luscious Niagaras grown at Gray- ling in the open air. The Eussian trees, planted in the spring of 1888, still remain where first set. There were thirty-five species in all, some in the form of cuttings, only two to ten of each kind. The number of each was too small to warrant any conclusions at this time as to their value. Some have died, a few have done very well, and on the whole they seem to promise more for this soil and climate than most of our natives. Phalaris arundinacea L. var. picta. (Eeed Canary Grass.) Phleum pratense L. (Timothy.) Plantago lanceolata L. (Eib Grass.) Poa compressa L. (Flat-Stemmed Poa.) Poa Nevadensis Vasey. (From the West.) Poa serotina Ehrh. (Fowl Meadow Grass.) Poa trivialis L. (From Europe.) Raphanus sativus L. (From Eussia.) Setaria glauca Beauv. (Pigeon Grass.) Setaria viridis Beauv. (Pigeon Grass.) Soja hispida var. chlorosperma. (From Eussia.) Spartina cynosuroides Willd. (A Native Grass.) Sporobolus cryptandrus Gray. (A Native Grass.) Sporobolus heterolepis Gray. (A Native Grass.) Trifolium hybridum L. (Alsike Clover.) Trifolium medium L. (Mammoth Clover.) Trifolium pratense L. (Eed Clover.) Trifolium repens L. (White Clover.) THE EXPERIMENT STATION. 163 Of the forty-one species of native and European trees planted in the spring of 1888, a good many died, either during the summer or the succeed- ing winter. There may be a good deal in the unusual nature of the past year to cause the death of young trees. Some varieties were killed ; further trials will be made, and when there is anything definite to report, so that anyone can be warranted in drawing conclusions, the results will be given. Cuttings, six or eight inches long, of one year's growth, nearly all died. If cuttings are set in the open field, they should be much longer and rather larger. The trees planted on land simply harrowed, or not even harrowed, are not promising at present. This spring about an acre of ground ,was plowed for the first time and set to small trees of white pine, Norway pine, Norway spruce, box-elder and locust. Some seeds of pitch pine, Pinus rigida Mill., were sown in two or three places and many of them have come up. Chestnuts were also planted. WALTON. In this connection I can do no better than take notes from an article prepared for the Grand Traverse Herald, and published on April 11, 1889 : "The spring last year was very cold and backward, and the summer unusually dry. Everything had to be got ready, the land selected, prepared, and seed purchased and sown. We had nothing certain about money to use in this way till late in February, 1888. The seeds were put in on May 11. "The land was rented of Abram F. Philips, and is enclosed by a board fence. It joins the Traverse City branch on the north side of the railroad track, about one mile from the village of Walton, and may be seen as trains pass the spot. " The Experiment Station year closes on June 30 of each year, hence at that early day my first report, not long since printed in the report of the Board of Agriculture, could not contain much information on the experiments. " The land is divided into plats of about one-fourth of an acre each. It formerly contained a few small white oaks, scattering Norway pines, a few inferior white pines and numerous trees of jack pine. It had never been plowed until last spring. The roots of sweet ferns, brakes, huckleberries, bearberries, morning-glories, willows and numerous other species of small, woody and herbaceous plants are tough and numerous, and some of them very large and slow to decay. The land was plowed, harrowed, the seed sown broadcast, and then rolled. No fertilizers of any sort were used. There was one plat of Hungarian grass, one of German millet, one each of rye, meadow fescue, alfalfa or Lucerne, alsike clover, June grass, Timothy, Italian rye grass, spurry, perennial rye grass, meadow foxtail, field peas, mammoth clover, red clover, sweet clover, orchard grass, tall oat grass, one of a mixture of mammoth clover and orchard grass, one of a mixture of tall oat grass and orchard grass, and one with eight sorts sown on the same plat, viz. : Fowl meadow grass, orchard grass, Timothy, tall oat grass, perennial rye grass, meadow fox-tail, red clover, mammoth clover. "Adjoining these plats was another, where the land was picked up and simply scratched over with a spring-tooth harrow. On this seven sorts were sown. Adjoining that was another plat where no- preparations had been made — no cultivation. On this seven sorts were sown. The place was 164 REPORT OF THE BOTANIST OF visited three times after the seed was sown, the last of which was on Octo- ber 18. At that time there were no very nattering notes to be made. Some of them were as follows : Rye, thin, two and one-half feet high, better than that at Oscoda ; millet and Hungarian very thick, some of it eighteen inches high; alfalfa spindling, hardly thick enough; the roots are as large as pipe- stems and the plant is getting down to business so that it is difficult to pull it up. Where eight sorts were sown, the ground is evenly and thickly cov- ered and appears the most promising of any. June grass is hardly to be seen anywhere, and then very small. Alsike clover is too thin, but makes some show ; a few plants have seeded. Meadow fescue has some good patches. Spurry is about a foot high and very thick. Italian rye grass looks well, all things considered; Timothy .thin and poor ; peas a small, thin crop; meadow foxtail too thin, will need seeding over; perennial rye grass much ahead of Timothy; sweet clover very pale and thin with long, large roots; red cover a thin catch, a very little of it seeding ; mammoth clover thick and better; orchard grass makes a very good showing, beating Timothy by all odds ; tall oat grass thin and spotted, some three feet high. " There is quite a ' sprinkling ' of wild stuff still growing among the grasses. Huckleberries, sweet ferns, brakes, bearberries, asters, golden rod, dew- berries, and many other plants turned about after the land was plowed and soon came to light right end up, as though nothing had happened. In fact, they seemed to enjoy the little cultivation the land had received, as a good share had been killed, leaving a better chance for the survivors. " Hon. C. W. Garfield, a member of the State Board of Agriculture, and formerly secretary of the State Horticultural Society, was with me on the last visit, and enjoyed the examination of the specimens very much. "I have often been asked in person and by letter what I thought was the outlook for successful farming on these lands. I expect to promise nothing, but give results as fast as they are obtained. I am quite inclined to agree with the general verdict, that the lands are entitled to rank as poor, that most likely it will be natural for people to buy the best lands just when they are about to go into farming, at least while good lands are cheap and abun- dant, as they still are in northern Michigan. "We left the station on the evening of October 18, after hard frosts had killed all tender vegetation. Growth had ceased, and plants of all sorts had got ready for the long sleep of a six months' winter. " On April 9, 1889, as the snow banks had crept behind the fences or retreated to the dense forests, the ice melted away, the robins returned for nesting, the frogs revived, the pussy willows appeared, the elders began to lengthen their limbered catkins and shed their pollen, I was anxious again to see how things looked at the experiment stations. " The winter had been unusually open. Of course we all know that rye, millet, Hungarian grass and peas which seeded last year would die in autumn. Spurry is a chickweed-like plant, and is also an annual. It has been successfully used in some parts of Europe as a ' starter ' on poor, sandy land. It makes good food for live stock. Last autumn the crop of seed, was abundant and much of it had sprouted and rooted. These young plants are all dead. Whether there are yet enough seeds still living for another crop this year I cannot now tell. We will wait and see. " Italian rye grass in the old country is called an annual. It has always proved such during many years of experimenting at the Agricultural Col- THE EXPERIMENT STATION. 165 lege. To my surprise and gratification none of it died last winter in Trav- erse county. Perhaps the growth was so small it was not fit to die, and nature dealt gently with it. The other grasses and clovers all lived. I could not find a single plant that had suffered. The sweet clover is not thought to be of any use for pasture or hay, but it has been mentioned as a promising plant for plowing under to enrich the land. " The side buds are already pushing just at the suf ace of the ground. Every one is watching the alfalfa with much interest. It is now beginning to grow, but it is yet too soon to predict success for it on the sands of Michi- gan. Lucerne is the French name for the same plant. The young plants are rather slow to get well established ; it is not suitable for pasture any- where, but is a favorite in some regions for mowing. For good hay it should be cut before it blossoms or very soon after, and cured as we cure red clover. " On studying the ground over again this spring I think we are learning something. I have patched some plats by another seeding. I am trying a little rotted barn-yard manure on a small part of many of the plants, also gypsum, or plaster, on the clover and on spurry, but not on the grasses. I shall use a very little homestead superphosphate, sown two or three times on a small part of each plat. In this way, with many questions from all sources, and open eyes, and new grasses and clover from other sources, I still hope to be able in due time to arrive at conclusions which shall be inter- esting and valuable to all citizens of Michigan, and whichever way the question is decided in the end, the experiments will be worth a thousand- fold what they will cost." Among other things, on June 28 the following notes were made: Season very early and dry till near the end of May ; June usually wet and cool. The piece only harrowed (not plowed) and sown with seven sorts has made some progress, and begins to look as though it would finally make some headway. The sorts sowed on land neither harrowed nor plowed have made no start. Manure and superphosphate, the latter sown once, improve orchard grass and mammoth clover, in same plat together, to about the same extent. I cannot see that superphosphate improves orchard grass and tall oat grass sown together ; manure has helped both species. Superphosphate on orchard grass alone doesn't seem to have helped it, while barn-yard manure has produced a marked effect. The tall oat grass is thin, not as good as I had expected it would be. Sweet clover is also very scattering and spindling ; nearly all had been eaten to the ground by cut-worms, but was sprouting just below the surface of the ground. Eed clover does not seem so promising as mammoth clover. On a patch of mammoth clover the superphosphate seems to have done more good than the top dressing of barn-yard manure, but it must be remembered that the piece is small, that there may be some difference in the land, that I am unable to know for certain just how much manure was used or how much super- phosphate. The notes in regard to this rough experiment are given as indicating the nature of further and more extended experiments more care- fully made. Much of the spurry sprouted last fall and died. Some seed remained over winter, and patches of the plants are seen here and there. Timothy is very thin, some of it two feet high. 166 REPORT OF THE BOTANIST OF June grass sown last year is very thin and small, and that sown this spring is very slender, some of it an inch high. Alsike clover pleases all who see it; bees are working freely on the numer- ous blossoms. The plants are rather thin on the ground and each plant spreads, but I believe mammoth clover in August will cut the most in weight. Manure helps the alsike clover, but superphosphate seems to have helped it still more. The alfalfa is thin, slender, ten inches high, and probably is pining for more heat. Meadow fescue is two and one-half feet high and in flower. Plants are thin, but make quite a display; on the whole better than the Timothy. Strawberries are spreading quite freely and some are in fruit, or have been this season. They are common on the plains. Mr. R. Knaggs, in the village, has raised good strawberries year after year on the same ground without any manure. BALDWIN. The plats at this place nearly repeat those at Walton previously noticed. I give a few notes taken on June 29, of this year : Where nine species were sown on new land after it had merely been harrowed once, there is rarely a plant to be seen of the species sown. Mammoth clover covers two-thirds of the ground where it was sown last year after plowing, and is twenty inches high. Early red clover is thinner and shorter ; orchard grass patchy and very short ; alsike clover spreading, not so good as at Walton; Timothy one-half to two feet high; tall oat grass three to five feet high, but found in scattering bunches. But little was sown. The ground in this plat may be rather better than that of some others. No spurry was seen. Where nine sorts were sown together on cultivated ground the grasses are thickest and best of all the plats. There is a very good crop, the clovers predominating. Through some mismanagement no superphosphate was sown at Baldwin, and but very little manure could be obtained at the stables in the village. A little plaster was sown on a part of each of the plats and seems to have done a little good. HARRISON. The old land mentioned in my last report had been cropped six or more times in succession without the use of any fertilizers or without seeding to grass or clover. It was very thin. The land leased was part of a large field of an abandoned farm. The fence was very poor. The owner declined to keep it in repair for another year. This part of the work at Harrison has been abandoned. The experiments of a single season have helped to indicate that there is no use in cropping or seeding such land to anything without the use of fertilizers of some kind. The ten acres of new land given us by Messrs. Wilson will next be noticed. Half of it was plowed for the first time last fall. The south two acres were well " grubbed " before plowing; the three acres north of the south two acres were not " grubbed " before plowing. The five acres plowed last fall were rolled and harrowed well this spring and seeded as follows : A piece THE EXPERIMENT STATION. 167 of alfalfa, a piece of tall oat grass, one of orchard grass, one of perennial rye grass, one of alsike clover, one of mammoth clover, one of red clover, and one containing a mixture of red clover, mammoth clover, alsike clover, alfalfa, perennial rye grass, tall oat grass, orchard grass and Timothy. A piece in each case, about twenty feet square, had a liberal dressing after seeding of fairly well rotted barn-yard manure. The spring, soon after seeding, was wet and the seeds have all started nicely ; some of the tall oat grass was eighteen inches high when the place was examined. The man in charge of the work moved away, and hence did not sow the superphosphate according to the plan. OSCODA OR AU SABLE. In October of last year the notes regarding the grass plats may well be summarized by saying "plants thin, scattering and small." In April about twenty feet square on each plat was well top-dressed with fine manure, and near a stake put in the center of all plats of clovers, spurry, alfalfa and sweet clover, there was sown about two quarts of superphosphate to a rod. On July 5, 1889, I took notes and now report the following: The barn-yard manure has helped everything on which it was applied. Spurry, self-sown last fall, is thick enough on half of the ground ; eight inches high ; superphosphate seems to help it. Eed clover sown in the spring of 1888 ; a few patches are fair ; the rest of the ground is well covered with sorrel. Meadow fescue sown in the spring of 1888 is very thin, but quite evenly scattered ; two and a half feet high. Sweet clover sown in the spring of 1888 ; there is a little at the south end ; it is of no account. Timothy sown in the spring of 1888 is very thin, hardly as good as meadow fescue. Eed clover and mammoth clover sown this spring is coming up well. Alf af a is very thin and a foot high ; the manure and the superphosphate appear to have helped it about the same degree. Alsike clover sown in the spring of 1888 is now patchy, small, spreading and in flower. Meadow foxtail sown in the spring of 1888; there is but a very little and that is about two and a half feet high. Mammoth clover is as promising as anything. June grass sown last spring and again this spring makes a very poor showing. Italian rye grass and perennial rye grass sown in spring of 1888 are much alike ; thin, a foot high. Clover seeded this spring is helped by superphosphate as well as by manure. Trees were planted on about an acre of new land this spring. The land was plowed for the first time and then harrowed. The small groves and scattering trees of jack pine were left standing. The trees were in rows east and west, four feet apart. They have been hoed and will be hoed again and again. They were too small, being about six inches high. The species consisted of white pine, Norway pine, Norway spruce, box elder, locust and some seeds of pitch pine, pinus rigida. 168 REPORT OF THE, BOTANIST OF EXPERIMENTS AT THE COLLEGE. To fully understand what follows, the reader must first read the last report as found on pages 141 and 178 of Michigan Board of Agriculture for 1888. The sizes of the plats are mostly sixteen feet square. In case the plat is a prominent one, the plat is about thirty feet square or even larger. Full notes are made from time to time in regard to the success or failure of each species. At present we have no conclusive experiments or observations to report on this subject. It would be difficult to imagine a more unfavorable fall and spring than the last has been for the purpose of establishing anything like a complete set of grass plats. Many of the grasses are delicate and difficult to start at best, and even those in common cultivation have, in many cases, proved unequal to the task of forming a perfect seeding. About seventy-five sorts were sowed in the fall, beginning about the time of wheat-sowing. Some of the earliest sowed sprouted last fall, but more did not show above ground till spring, and at this writing (June 20) not a few are only just pricking through after nearly nine months in the ground. Time and season certainly are factors in the germination of many seeds, as well as are heat and moisture. Still others have not yet appeared above ground, and whether this is from poor seed or some other cause remains to be seen. One plat seeded to chess was a great success, and, though thinly seeded, it was the first to appear, has been the greenest spot in the field, and has been lodged from its heavy growth since June 1. Many passers-by refuse to believe it is from chess seeds, and in the spring offers were freely made to bet money that the plat was oats. Such is still the lingering prejudice regarding the origin of chess, happily fast disappearing, however, before better farming and more exact knowledge. About one hundred plats were seeded in the spring and are looking well, but their ultimate success will depend largely on the succeeding weather. One plat of about a half acre was seeded to a mixture of one hundred sorts of grasses and clovers, with the object of watching the battle for standing- room and nutriment. The seeding is somewhat thin and in a variety of soils. Certain features of a plant can be tested in no better way than by placing it where competition is sharp and where the struggle for existence is severe. Besides most of the common American native and cultivated grasses and clovers, there are started some twenty sorts of Kussian forage plants. An assortment of seeds from India arrived too late for spring planting, but will be planted this fall. We have not yet succeeded in securing seeds from eastern Asia or southern South America, but the plan is not abandoned, and it is more than likely that among the many sorts native there, some might be found of great value here. Four plats of the original sod, at least twenty years old, have been pre- served as permanent meadow or pasture to be compared with newer seeding. Appended is an alphabetical list of the varieties already planted, exclud- ing a few that have not yet appeared above ground and are not likely to come. Of many sorts there are duplicate plats of seeds from different localities. THE EXPERIMENT STATION. 169 Agropyrum caninum R. & S. " dasystachyum Vasey. " diver gens Nees. " glaucum R. & S. " repens Beauv. " tenerum Vasey. " unilaterale V. & S. Agrostis Abyssinica. " asperifolia Trin. " canina Linn. " dispar. " scabra Willd. " vulgaris With. " vulgaris var. alba (red top) (^4. alba Linn.) Agrostis vulgaris var. stolonifera. (A. Stolonifera Linn.) Alopecurus agrestis L. " geniculatus Linn. " geniculatus var. aristu- latus Munro. Alopecurus pratensis Linn. Amphicarpum Purshii Kth. Andropogon provincialis Lam. " scoparius Michx. Anthoxanthum odoratum Linn. Apera spica-venti Beauv. Arrhenatherwn avenaceum Beauv. (Tall Oat Grass; Evergreen Grass. ) Asprella hystrix Willd. (Bottle Grass.) Avena hirsuta. " nuda. Beckmannia erucmformis Host. Bouteloua hirsuta Lag. " oligoslachya Torr. " racemosa Lag. Brachyelytrum aristatum Beauv. Briza maxima. Bromus breviaristatus Thurb. brizarformis. ciliatus L. Kalmii Gray. mollis L. unioloides Willd. secalinus L. (Cheat, Chess.) Cenchrus catharticus. (From Russia.) Cenchrus montanus. (From Russia.) Cenchrus tribuloides L. Chloris berbata. (From Russia.) Chrysopogon nutans Benth. Cinna arundinacea L. Coix lachryma L. (Job's Tears.) Cynodon dactylon Pers. (Bermuda Grass.) Cynosurus cristatus L. (Crested Dog's Tail Grass.) Dactylis glomerata L. (Orchard Grass.) Danthonia spicata Beauv. Deschampsia cmspilosa Beauv. Deyeuxia Canadensis Beauv. (Blue Joint.) Eatonia Pennsylvania Gr. " obtusata Gr. Eleusine fiagellifera. " Indica Gaert. . Elymus arenarius L. " Canadensis Linn. (Wild Rye; Lyme- Grass.) Elymus condensatus Presl. (Giant Rye Grass.) Elymus Europeus. " striatus Willd. " triticoides Nutt. " Virginicus L. (Wild Rye.) Elymus Virginicus var. glauca. Eragrostis major Host. " pilosa L. " pectinacea Gray. " viscosa. (From Russia.) Festuca duriuscula L. " elatior L. (Tall Fescue.) Festuca pratensis L. (Meadow Fescue.) Festuca nutans Willd. " ovina L. (Sheep's Fescue.) Festuca ovina var. ? " rubra L. " scrabrella Torr. ienella Willd. Glyceria arundinacea Kth. 170 REPORT OF THE BOTANIST OF Glyceria Canadensis Trin. (Rattlesnake Grass.) Glyceria jluitans R. Br. " nervata Trin. Graphephorum melicoides Beauv. Holcus lanatus L. (Velvet Grass.) Holcus mollis L. Hordeum jubatum L. (Squirrel Tail Grass.) Eceleria cristata Pers. Leersia oryzoides Swz. " Virginica Willd. (Cut Grass.) Lolium perenne L. (Rye Grass.) Lolium perenne var. Italicum. (Italian Rye Grass.) Lolium temulentum L. Milium effusum L. Molinia ccerulea Mcench. Muhlenbergia diffusa Schreb. (Nimble Will.) Muhlenbergia glomerata Trin. " Mexicana Trin. " sylvatica T. & G. Oryzopsis asper folia Michx. " melanocarpa Muhl. Panicum capillare L. " olandestinum L. " crus-galli L. (Barnyard Grass.) Panicum crus-galli L. var. hispidum. depauperatum Muhl. dichotomum L. glabrum Gand. latifolium Muhl. " milliaceum L. (From Russia.) Panicum sanguinale L. (Crab Grass.) t( Panicum virgatum L. Pennisetnm longistylum. Phalaris arundinacea L. " " var. picta. (Cultivated.) Phalaris arundinacea. (Cultivated and reverted.) Phalaris Canariensis L. Phleum pratense L. (Timothy.) Poa alpina L. " annua L. " arachnifera Torr. " compressa L. (Blue Grass.) Poa debilis Torr. " nemoralis L. " J¥evade?isisY asey. " pratensis L. (June Grass; Ken. Blue Grass.) Poa serotina Ehrb. (Fowl Meadow Grass.) Poa sylvestris Gray. " trivial is L. Setaria glauca Beauv. (Pigeon Grass.) Setaria vividis Beauv. (Green Pigeon Grass.) Spartina cynosuroides Willd. " juncea Willd. Sporobolus cryptandrus Gray. " S. pallidus. (From Russia.) Sporobolus heterolepis Gray. Stipa spartea, Trin. Tricuspis seslerioides Torr. Triticum vulgare L. (Common Wheat.) Zizania aquatica L. (Wild Rice; Indian Rice.) OTHER THAN GRASSES. Achillea millefolium L. (Yarrow.) Capparis herbacea. (From Russia.) Elionurus hirsutus. (From Russia.) Iseilema laxum. (From Russia.) Linum usitatissimum L. (Flax.) Medicago sativa L. (Alfalfa; Lucerne.) Melilotus alba Lam. (Sweet Clover.) Onobrychis sativa Lam. (Sainfoin.) THE EXPERIMENT STATION. 171 Lespedeza striata. (Japan Clover.) Plantago lanceolata L. Trifolium arvense L. (Kabbit-foot Clover.) Trifolium Jiybridum L. (Alsike Clover.) Trifolium Kingii. Trifolium pratensis L. (Common Clover.) Trifolium procumbens L. (Hop Clover.) Trifolium medium L. (Mammoth Clover.) Trifolium repens. (White, or Dutch Clover.) THE ARBORETUM. This was started in 1873, and from time to time has been noticed in for- mer reports. This spring a small piece on the south side, consisting of about a third of an acre, was planted to white pines, Norway spruces and box elders, alternating, the plants in rows four feet apart. The arboretum is growing more and more interesting, and is a favorite place for many who are interested in forestry. For most of the report regarding the experiments begun at the college, I am indebted to my assistant, Eugene Davenport, who has shown great interest in the subject and has proved himself an accurate and careful experimenter. W. J. BEAL, Agricultural College, Mich.,) Botanist of the Station. June 30 3 1889. f KEPOBT OF THE VETEKENAKIAIS". To the Director of the Michigan Experiment Station : Sir — Since submitting my last report I have devoted considerable time to the study of micro-organisms, observing their development and other peculiarities. While watching the changes that occur in certain animal excretions when exposed to ordinary atmosphere, I was one day engaged making an examination of the faeces of a horse with the aid of a microscope, when I was somewhat surprised to find an exceedingly lively little creat- ure, performing very energetic serpentine movements in the field of the instrument. I followed the above exhibition up by making daily examinations of the excretions of the horse from which the specimen was obtained, and in nearly every instance where the examination was made, I found a variable number of immature whip-worms (oxyuris curvula), for such they proved to be. In one instance I counted thirty-four wriggling in a field only one-twentieth of an inch in diameter, showing that they might readily infest the intestines in countless millions without being observed by ocular examination, unaided by a magnifying power. On measuring one of the little creatures, I found it to be the one-sixtieth part of an inch long, and about the one ten-thousandth part of an inch in diameter; so we see why it would be next to impossible to discover their pres- ence in the fasces by the unaided eye. On inquiry into the history of the horse from which these worms were obtained, I learned that it was subject to frequent attacks of a disease known as spasmodic colic, and that the attacks came on, from time to time, with- out any apparent cause. With this account of the animal, I told the groom to watch the horse carefully to see if it passed anything of an unusual nature along with its faeces; but was not surprised some time afterwards at being told that everything appeared to be all right, as far as the appearance of the faeces was concerned, but that once in a while, besides the colic, there was a tendency to diarrhoea. After watching this case for some months, I concluded that the enteric irritation was due to these invisible parasites, and treated the horse accordingly. With this case before me, I concluded to examine the faeces of horses affected with colic — that is, when the symptoms are produced without any apparent cause — and have been gratified to find in those cases that I exam- ined with the microscope all showed plainly the presence of the immature worm. I regret somewhat that I have not been able to examine the faecal matter of a greater number of horses, but this, no doubt, will be done in course of time, as I do not intend to lose sight of what has already been brought under my notice; besides, the examination is so easily made, that I THE EXPERIMENT STATION. 173 am in hopes others interested in the welfare of our equine favorites will fol- low it up and report their findings to this department of our station. I am aware that mature whip-worms often cause colic in horses, but it had never occurred to me, nor have I ever heard it suggested, that the immature, or microscopic creature, would produce such severe symptoms as I have seen. The manner in which I now proceed to make the examination, is to take a small particle of the faecal matter to be examined and place it on a slide, then drop the smallest quantity of water that will cover it on steadily, and examine under a three-fourths inch objective or first-class pocket lens ; the worms, if present, will soon show themselves by their erratic movements. I have found them liveliest in fresh specimens, although they will live, even in the outside world, for some days. With regard to the destruction of the parasites, I have not had an oppor- tunity of experimenting very extensively; indeed, it may not be necessary, as I think they will yield to most vermifuge forms of treatment. I will add, though, that I have experienced very beneficial results from the administra- tion of quinine and chlorate of potash. The procedure which I adopted was to give fifteen grains of sulphate of quinine mixed with two drachms of chlorate of potassium. This dose was given in the food three times a day and continued for four days. ACTINOMTKOSIS. During the winter months of the present year the disease known con- ventionally as Lumpy Jaw (Actinomykosis) was frequently brought under the notice of the people of Michigan, as well as other States, and as I am not aware of its ever having been investigated in this country, and as there are certain features of the disease that I am not aware have been investi- gated in any part of the world, I recommended to the board of conference of the Michigan Experiment Station that the veterinary department of this station be instructed to investigate this complaint, and that the investiga- tion be directed: First, towards the cause of this disease; second, to determine if it is transmissible from animal to animal, and the circum- stances that are most favorable to its transmission ; third, to determine, as far as possible, what animals are most susceptible to the complaint ; fourth, to determine, if possible, if the poison will grow upon grass, or other aliment when exposed to the sun's rays ; fifth, to test the effect of cooking upon it, and determine what temperature it requires to destroy the poison. With regard to the first part of this investigation, I will say that during the last few years (in our own time) transatlantic investigators have dis- covered a radiating fungus composed of a number of little club-shaped bodies, arranged in such a manner that fthey have been called actinomyces. These, when transmitted to other animals under favorable circumstances, are said to reproduce themselves, and thus cause actinomykosis in the other animal. In carrying on this work it was my desire, first of all, to grow these fungi in some artificial culture medium, then transmit the artificial preparation to some animal, and watch the result ; and for this purpose I procured some tumors, supposed to be composed in part of ray fungi or actinomyces, and inoculated certain culture fluids, as well as solid culture material ; but up to the present time I have not been able to produce an artificial crop that 174 REPORT OF THE VETERINARIAN. would reproduce itself in another medium. I learn from experience that these microbes are not easy to grow, but trust that in the near future I will have discovered a medium that will reproduce them more rapidly, and thus facilitate further investigation in this important disease, and enable me to report more elaborately upon it ere long. In closing this brief report, I have to express a feeling of gratitude for help rendered me by Assistant Mayo, D. V. S., who devoted much time to the details of the experimental work. I am, sir, Yours obediently, E. A. A. GRANGE, Veterinarian to the Michigan Experiment Station. Agricultural College. June 30, 1889. \ EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. NO. 43.— WEATHER SERVICE DEPARTMENT. ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR, AND RAINFALL CHARTS OF MICHIGAN. MICHIGAN WEATHER SERVICE, ~) IN CO-OPERATION WITH THE U. S. SIGNAL SERVICE, I OFFICE OF THE DIRECTOR, Lansing, Mich., January 17, 1889. J Hon. Franklin Wells, President State Board of Agriculture, Constantine, Michigan. Sir — I have the honor to submit the following report of the work of this service for the year ending December 31, 1888. Instruments. — The instruments of the service are all in good condition, except one barometer, broken December 25, and one maximum thermom- eter, also broken in December. Instruments are now in the hands of observers in all the counties, except Alger, Cheboygan, Gogebic, Iron, Missaukee, Presque Isle and Luce. Observers will be appointed and instruments will be placed in these counties as soon as volunteers can be secured. Raihuay Weather Signals. — The weather signals have been regularly displayed during the year on the baggage cars of twenty-six trains of the following roads: Detroit, Grand Haven & Milwaukee Ry. ; Chicago & Grand Trunk Ry. ; Port Huron & Northwestern Ry. ; Michigan Central Ry. ; Port Huron Division Grand Trunk Ry. ; Grand Rapids & Indiana Ry. ; Chicago & West Michigan Ry. ; and the Pontiac, Oxford & Port Austin Ry. This method of displaying the weather indications to the people of the State has been very satisfactory and should be extended to the other railroads of the State, as far as possible. This system was extended to as many trains 176 EXPERIMENT STATION— BULLETINS. during the year 1887, as the number of sets of signals would admit; there was $200 appropriated for this purpose, all of which was used in placing the 26 sets of signals on the trains, and the service could have been extended if more sets of signals had been available. I would recommend that six more sets be made for the purpose of extending this service to roads that are not as yet supplied, and will carry the signals on their trains regularly. Instead of having a special appropriation for this purpose, I would suggest that the amount for " incidental expenses " be increased slightly and the necessary amount taken from that fund. In this connection the director takes pleasure in expressing the thanks of the service to the following managers for their hearty cooperation in having these signals regularly displayed on their trains : A. B. Atwater, General Superintendent Grand Trunk System; E. 0. Brown, General Superintendent Michigan Central System ; J. M. Metheany, General Superintendent Grand Kapids & Indiana By. ; J. K. V. Agnew, General Superintendent Chicago & West Michigan By. ; I. K. Wadsworth, General Superintendent Port Huron & Northwestern By. ; James Houston, General Manager Pontiac, Oxford & Port Austin By. Many farmers have expressed to the directors their satisfaction of the manner in which thse signals have been displayed during the year. Weather Signals. — At the date of my last report, there were 142 stations displaying the weather signals, the number at the close of the year was 106, a decrease of 36 stations. The cause for this decrease in the number of stations is for two reasons: First, the displaymen neglect in many cases to render the monthly report required by the regulations of the service, and therefore, the "indications" were discontinued for non-compliance with the regulations. The number is being reduced so that there will be only those stations that do render this monthly report regularly; the second reason is, that when the first set of flags are worn out, it falls on one or two persons to purchase a new set where the whole town was interested in pur- chasing the first set, and consequently the one or two on whom this burden falls do not desire to do all that is required for the benefit of the citizens of the town where the signals are displayed. To obviate this difficulty, I believe it would be of advantage to all, for the service to purchase the flags and thus control the display in a more satisfac- tory manner. This method has been adopted by the Pennsylvania service with success. The flags could be obtained much cheaper by the quantity than by pur- chasing them by the single sets, and $700 would be sufficient to purchase 100 sets of signals, which number would be all that would be required during the next two years. Voluntary Observers. — The director takes great pleasure in stating that corps of observers have accomplished more in building up this service than any other class; to them the service owes the vast amount of data that has been published during the past two years, and for the very substantial basis that the service has now attained. These observers have, as a rule, been very faithful in taking the observations and for- warding them to the central office promptly at the close of the month of which they were a record, and have greatly aided the director in prov- ing and computing the reports for publication. When it is understood the amount of work these observers give to _the service each month in taking WEATHER SERVICE DEPARTMENT. 177 the three observations each day and correcting them ready for use, and that these observations have to be taken every day in the month, it will be readily seen that they are entitled to a great deal of credit for the faithful perform- ance of the work which brings them no remuneration for the time given to the work. In this connection I would recommend that an "instrument shelter" be furnished to each of the voluntary observers, so that the shelters will all be uniform and better results be obtained thereby, and as a means of better pro- tection to the imstruments of the service. Another important reason for this move is, that when an observer is supplied with instruments, it takes from one to two months before the observer has a shelter made so as to make a satifactory report to this office. A shelter sent with the instruments, ready to be put up, would obviate the difficulty, and would secure to the service good observers, where it is now impossible to do so, more for the reason that the observer does not understand exactly the plan for the shelter, and that he may not have the ready money to expend to construct one properly. The director believes it would be more economical in the end to furnish the shel- ter direct than to have the voluntary observer furnish it. The matter of paying a small amount to each observer for each monthly report has been recommended, and I believe it to be of some importance that it should be done, as a means of securing better and more continuous reports. There are on the list of the service 103 voluntary observers, and of that number 56 make a continuous report for the entire year, the remainder having omitted from one to two or more months, so that the reports had to be thrown out of the annual summary of observation. I believe that a small compensation will in a great measure obviate the difficulty. It is not recommended that the observers be paid a regular salary yet, but a sum that would, in a measure, reimburse them for the money paid out to place the station in shape for making regular reports. Some observers have paid out as much as $50 to have their station in the best possible condition for making the reports. The value of the reports of these observers should be recognized in some substantial manner, and the director believes that the one recommended would be satisfactory to the observers. The reports of the observers are, upon receipt at the central office, care- fully computed, proved and entered on the appropriate tables, for publica- tion each month by the Secretary of State in the crop report. There has been an average of 75 voluntary observers reporting each month during the year, and since July 1, eight of the U. S. Service. These reports contain the following data: Kecord of barometer, temperature, relative humidity, precipitation, wind, clouds and the state of the weather at each of the three observations. Weather-Crop Bulletin. — This bulletin, which was inaugurated May 7, 1887, and continued during the growing season, was published each Satur- day morning from March 4, to September 29. As has teen stated, this bulletin in no way encroaches upon the prerogatives of the Secretary of State, but simply gives the condition of the growing crops for the past seven days, and what effect the weather has had upon them. Seventy-five copies were issued weekly, and the information given to the daily papers of the State was also published in many of the weekly papers. The information thus given placed the condition of the crops before the people every week, and has been of no little value to the agriculturists of the State. It is the 23 178 EXPERIMENT STATION-BULLETINS. intention to continue the bulletin during the coming season and enlarge some- what the amount of information that was supplied during the past year. Temperature Normals. — During the year the director has finished the work of compiling the mean daily temperature for each section of the State, and has had them published with the monthly reports. The work has occu- pied the spare time of the office force during the better part of two years, and it is with satisfaction that the director announces this work completed. These normals will allow of a comparison of the mean daily and monthly temperature of the State, and will be of great value to the people in determining the temperature of the locality in which they reside, and also in determining what trees or cereals are best adapted to their localities. These normals were used during the past season, in connection with the crop- bulletin to determine the departure each week of the mean daily temperature from the average, and the consequent effect upon the crops. Precipitation Charts. — During the year the director has had compiled the average monthly rainfall for each section of the State, and has had the figures published in the monthly report. Believing that the information thus compiled could be better shown by being charted, the director made a chart of the State showing the average monthly rainfall for each month and for the year. These charts were made up from the observations of 13 years, and about 4,000 reports were examined and proved to obtain the data. There was also made the charts of the monthly and annual rainfall for the present year which are to accompany the normal charts. The board, at its regular meeting, December 11, authorized the director to have these charts photo-engraved. This has been done at a cost of $76.14 for the 26 charts, and they are now ready for publication. These charts will be of great value to the people of Michigan, as the rainfall can be readily compared with the normal and thus ascertain in each locality, whether the rainfall has been the average or not. In this connection the director would state that in Septem- ber, 1887, he issued a circular calling for volunteers to take the daily rainfall, and in response he obtained 30 observers who have been furnishing valuable reports upon this important subject. These reports have been of the greatest service in making up these charts, as can be readily seen upon examination, and show conclusively the peculiarities of the rainfall in this State. This subject will receive the careful attention of the director during the coming year, and its close connection with the growing of crops. Office Force — The office force consists of the director, and the assistant to the director, Mr. E. H. Nimmo. They have compiled all the vast amount of data that has come from this service during the year. I wish to recom- mend the work of Mr. Nimmo, who has proved a very efficient assistant, and has performed all work assigned to him with promptness and ability, and to his quick work is due, in a measure, the amount of work accomplished by the central office. The service may be said to be now established, and if the favor with which it is received by the people is any indication of its worth, it has come to stay, and I would recommend that it be permanently established as it is now oper- ated, under the control of the State Board of Agriculture. In closing this report, the director desires to express his grateful apprecia- tion of the hearty co-operation of the board, as a whole, and to the members individually, for their support has been of great value in carrying on the work of the service. WEATHER SERVICE DEPARTMENT. 179 The service was established February 3, 1887, and at the close of the time for which the appropriations were made, the director believes that every pledge then made has been fulfilled. Very respectfully, your obedient servant, N. B. CONGER, Sergeant Signal Corps, Director. MICHIGAN WEATHER SERVICE, IN CO-OPERATION WITH THE U. S. SIGNAL SERVICE, OFFICE OF THE DIRECTOR, Lansing, Mich., January 15, 1889. Hon. Franklin Wells, President State Board of Agriculture, Constantine, Mich. : Sir — In compliance with the resolution of the State Board of Agriculture, adopted December 11, 1888, I have the honor to transmit to the Board the series of rainfall charts of Michigan. These charts are as follows: Rainfall charts January to December, 1888, and the normal rainfall charts for each month of the year, and the annual rainfall for the State. In the preparation of these charts about 4,000 monthly reports have been examined, proved and used. The normal rainfall has been compiled from the observations of thirteen years, and extend from 1876 to 1888. The records previous to the establishment of this service in 1887, were obtained from the files of the State Board of Health, and the director desires to state that the service is under great obligations to Dr. Henry B. Baker, Secretary of the State Board of Health, for the loan of the records for the years 1876-1886. It would have been impossible for the director to compile the normal charts if these records had not been accessible. The records which Dr. Baker has had taken have been worth 11 years' careful observa- tions to this service. I believe that there are at present no charts of the kind in existence in Michigan, and I believe that they will be of considerable value to the agri- cultural and experimental interests of the State. The service has been in operation now not quite two years, and in that time the director has compiled the daily normal temperatures for each sec- tion of the State and has had them published in the monthly reports of the service, and now the average monthly and yearly precipitation has been completed and charted so that it may be readily referred to, and with the monthly records of the precipitation, the condition of the staple cereals of the State may be more conveniently and surely estimated. The data for these charts have been entirely compiled in the central office, and the charts were designed and drawn by the director. As each chart has been carefully scaled and shaded, it is not considered necessary to publish the figures from which the charts were prepared, other than are shown on each chart. Very respectfully, your obedient servant, N. B. CONGER, Sergeant Signal Corj>s, Director. ISO EXPERIMENT STATION— BULLETINS. WEATHER SERVICE DEPARTMENT. 181 1S2 EXPERIMENT STATION— BULLETINS. WEATHER SERVICE DEPARTMENT. 185 SBIAHA J 1S4 EXPERIMENT STATION— BULLETINS. UKSMEiUBBA 35m WEATHER SERVICE DEPARTMENT. 185 186 EXPERIMENT STATIO N T — BULLETINS. WEATHER SERVICE DEPARTMENT. 187 188 EXPERIMENT STATION— BULLETINS. WEATHER SERVICE DEPARTMENT. 189 190 EXPERIMENT STATION— BULLETINS. WEATHER SERVICE DEPARTMENT. 191 192 EXPERIMENT STATION— BULLETINS. WEATHER SERVICE DEPARTMENT. 193 25 194 EXPERIMENT STATION— BULLETINS. WEATHEK SERVICE DEPARTMENT 195 196 EXPERIMENT STATION— BULLETINS. iHDIAHA WEATHER SERVICE DEPARTMENT. 197 198 EXPERIMENT STATION-BULLETINS. €>K IP WEATHER SERVICE DEPARTMENT. 199 200 EXPERIMENT STATIQN— BULLETINS. WEATHER SERVICE DEPARTMENT. 201 202 EXPERIMENT STATION— BULLETINS. jlJ — Dug Vinol.cn.atT Ma ck IN C0-OPLrO.tl0 «, v*»t/i tAti \A.S. £»qn.oX £>e)-v/6g?>. ;jg f & u i.Hi tA } t , T) .. T. n nD j rtrtmm — L^ux^t a.t^J ! ' vtrrxmnn /icrn\ /T2 '. liS ...j- \ , ' 1 l/A«LAMn J«GHAM. . LlVINCJTOlK I 'Jo ; i /jg\ Jackson. , \VasWt£n*i* . 'j,//.Vf*Ynlr 1 l.Ll Jo, iS^Tiaih. MaCC^B I i a 91 Bipu*c^ ; Hiusdmx j LrN»w« '.3+] Monpur ISglAHA /J; fflEHI WEATHER SERVICE DEPARTMENT. 203- 504 EXPERIMENT STATION— BULLETINS. WEATHER SERVICE DEPARTMENT. 205 206 EXPERIMENT STATION— BULLETINS. NO. 44.— FARM DEPARTMENT. FEEDING STEERS OF DIFFERENT BREEDS. By request of the Michigan Galloway and Holstein Cattle Breeders' Associa- tions, the bulletins heretofore published on the feeding of steers of different breeds are, in substance, published with this final report, as an appendix, so that the complete report of the experiment is contained in this bulletin. The last report carried the steers to October 10, 1887. The November following they were shown at the Chicago Fat Stock Show, attracting some attention from those who were familiar with the object of the experiment, and who knew that the aim had been to keep them in a thriving, growing condition, as they were to be carried another year. To have had them in the pink of perfection at this time would have increased many fold the chances of failure in the last year's feeding. Some visitors, who could only see merit in animals carrying great masses of flesh, passed our exhibit with a kind of seini-patronizing air, if not a direct criticism on the leanness of the cattle. They did not stop for weights, which showed plainly that their growth was above the average. "Many men of many minds," and I was amused by the grim courtesy of a Kansas City gentleman who took the pains to return a bulletin that had been given him, with the endorsement: " While the object sought to be obtained is well worthy a trial, yet from exhibit at Chicago, allow me to suggest that if the feeding was done by scientific feeders it would be better for the animals to be turned over to the unscientific feeders." But there were many thoughtful men who stopped long enough to learn what the exhibit meant, and were not slow to pronounce the work important and in the right direction. So that on the whole I was pleased with the results of the show. The steers were a good deal worried in going to Chicago. Were delayed somewhat and crowded on the car, and it took them several days to recover what they had lost by the trip. Mr. Robert Tulis had them in charge, and was assisted at the show by sophomores W. J. Robinson of Detroit and 0. A. Turner of Grand Rapids. The steers, while feeding in the main well, did not make as great gains •during the winter as I had looked for. They were thriving and vigorous, however, and, with a few exceptions, made some advance in weight each month. They were allowed the run of a small yard daily for some three hours, for exercise, and fed and cared for in the same manner as noticed heretofore. On June 1, Robert Tullis, the trusty Scotchman who had looked after the steers since the feeding began, decided to go to his family in Australia, and -June 15, Thomas Jack took his place, and had charge of the lot until they were slaughtered in Chicago. He has proved himself an efficient and reliable helper, and to his prompt and painstaking effort in carrying out my instruc- tions, much of the credit of the final finish is due. He is in charge of the new lot just put in the barns for the second test. The last of May, when the pasture was " a full bite," we accustomed the steers to grass gradually, and, for a couple of months, they got a good portion of their feed in the fields, adjoining the barn. They consumed only a small amount of grain during this period, as reference to the tables will show, and but little hay. I have FARM DEPAETMENT. 207 no doubt that a cessation of the grain ration, for a time, was beneficial, and that they fed to better advantage, after this rest from dry food. They were placed in their stalls daily, however, and offered grain, but they consumed very little. As the drought affected the pastures, we soon had to return to full feeding in stalls, and up to the 7th of September, when the lot was shipped to Jackson, to the State fair, they had made fair gains. The steers were shown at the State fair at Jackson ; the next week at the West Michigan at Grand Kapids; and then at the Central Michigan at Lan- sing. They were away from the College on this trip four weeks continuously, and yet, so well were they cared for and handled, that, with one exception, they had more than held their own. They proved an attractive exhibit at the fairs. On account of the Central fair occurring at same date as the Ionia county fair, we were compelled to give up our plan to exhibit there, as we felt under prior obligations to our home fair. I wish especially to thank the officials of all these shows for courtesies extended. In no month during the experiment did the steers feed to better advantage than the one after their fair trip up to the time of their shipment to Chicago, November 8, for the final exhibit at the Fat Stock Show, in charge of Thomas Jack, assisted by Sophomore J. K. Frank, of Eochester, Mich. The steers were in very good trim, not fat enough to show, perhaps, to good advantage with the cattle fitted expressly for the show, while on foot; but giving them a good rub when placed on the block. The exhibit attracted much attention and favorable comment from the leading breeders of the country. I subjoin a few extracts from various sources: The editor of one of our leading farm journals says: " The more I reflect on your ten steers at Chicago the more I appreciate the importance to our feeders of your very interesting experiment as tending to do something that the Fat Stock Show seems never likely to accomplish, namely, to indicate the comparative merits of the various breeds for the profitable production of beef." Another says: "The exhibit was the educational feature of the show. Here was the object lesson of animals of six breeds, fed under same condi- tions from calfhood, giving to visitors at a glance the differences in form, size, weight, finish and other characteristics." The Country Gentleman calls it, " A specially noteworthy show." The Orange Judd Farmer says: "As a matter of study, and an encour- agement to experiments in practical agriculture, it will well pay those attending the Stock Show to take a look at these animals." The Illnois Board of Agriculture very courteously gave me a hearing, and after discussing the subject came to the conclusion that as we had only one a,nimal of each of two breeds we should confine the slaughter to one of each breed. This decision was, I believe, a wise one. The Board also decided that I must select the animals to exhibit and for the slaughter test. I endeavored in each case to select the animal that I thought, everything con- sidered, would make the best showing for the breed. It was thought by some Shorthorn breeders that the steer Holt would have made the better carcass. He might have done so, but the carcass of Homer compared very favorably with that of the sweepstakes steer of that class, and I do not think there is much ground for criticism. Homer was over-ripe. I think Holt was also. They would have given better carcasses six months younger. I wish to express my cordial appreciation of the courtesies extended by President Dysart, Secretary Mills, Supts. Funk and Moore of the cattle 208 EXPERIMENT STATION— BULLETINS. exhibit, and Mr. Hostetter, in charge of the books of that department. To these gentlemen we had occasion to refer frequently, and to their kind atten- tion we are greatly indebted. At my suggestion the Board of Agriculture decided upon the appointment of a committee to pass upon the merits of the steers as beef producers, market demand and price being taken into the account. We were especially fortu- nate in having a committee whose intelligence, experience, and fairness greatly emphasized the value of their decision. Mr. Stocking is an old time feeder from Central Illinois, and, like Mr. Imboden, has almost a national reputation, gained by their very efficient services as judges at former fat stock shows, while Mr. Ingwersen brought the experience of many years in buying in the greatest cattle market of the world. The steers were shown November 19, and the following report made of their comparative merits by the committee. To the Illinois State Board of Agriculture : Your committee appointed to examine the steers of different breeds, fed by the Farm Department of the Michigan Agricultural College, to determine their value as far as profit to the feeder, their market value, and a profitable carcass from the butcher's and consumer's standpoint, submit the following report: The Shorthorn steer, Homer, we rank first in the lot so far as profit from the feeder's standpoint is concerned. He weighing 1,870 lbs. at 1,071 days old, again of 1.74 lbs. per day. Homer also ranks first in value for the market as well as the block. On most markets he would outsell any of the others. The Hereford steer, Hendricks, as a butchers' bullock is equal to the Short- horn. He has not made growth enough for age, weighing 1,450 lbs. at 1,100 days, a daily gain of 1.32 lbs., to make a profitable beast for the breeder. On account of the lack of weight he would not bring quite so much as the Shorthorn in the market. The Devon steer, Latitude, we should place third as a butchers' bullock and a seller in the market. While he is a well fleshed and even steer, he has not made growth enough to be profitable to the feeder, weighing 1,270 lbs. at 953 days, a gain per day of 1.33 lbs. j The Galloway steer, King Jumbo, on account of his rapid growth, weigh- ing 1,620 lbs. at 987 days, a daily gain of 1.64 lbs., should be ranked second as a profitable beast for the breeder. While he lacks somewhat the finish and quality of the Devon, on account of his greater weight he would rank with him in market value. As a butchers' bullock we should rank him fourth, his finish not being quite equal to the Devon. ! The Holstein steer, Nicholas, has also made rapid growth, weighing 1,660 lbs. at 976 days old, a growth of 1.70 lbs. per day, which would class him with the Galloway, from the standpoint of giving good returns to the feeder. He, however, lacks the quality which makes the best type of a butchers' bullock. He is too coarse, in the opinion of your committee, to make a profitable bullock, for the reason that, when finished and placed on the present markets, he would have to sell at a reduced price, from $1.00 to $1.50 per hundred less than the Shorthorn or Hereford. The Jersey steer, Roscoe, while an excellent specimen of the breed, should rank lowest as a feeder, weighing only 1,420 lbs. at 1,161 days old, a daily gain of 1.28 lbs. In the present markets we think he would sell for the same w H GO O SB FARM DEPARTMENT. 209 price as the Holstein, while, as a butchers' beast, on account of his finer bone and ripeness, he would be superior. Wm. Stocking, Feeder, Rochelle, III. C. G. Ingwersen, Live Stock Commission Merchant, Union Stock Yards, Chicago, III. J. G. Imboben, Representing Imboden Bros., Butchers, Decatur, III. On Tuesday, November 20, the following steers, being the same ones passed upon by the committee whose report precedes this, were slaughtered. The following table will give such facts as may be of interest in the compari- son. After hanging 36 hours the carcasses were weighed and placed upon the tables for the final inspection. The following report was made on the dressed carcasses by the same committee that_awarded the premiums in the dressed meat classes of the show : To the Illinois State Board of Agriculture: Your committee selected to report on the respective merits of the carcas- ses of six steers, each of a different breed, exhibited by the Michigan Agricult- ural College, respectfully report : That as to quality and percentage of edible meat combined, making a profitable carcass for the butcher and consumer as well, we place first, the Hereford; second, the Devon; third, the GaMoway; fourth, the Jersey; fifth, the Shorthorn ; sixth, the Holstein. Rudolph Weber, Chicago, III. Michael Oakes, Chicago, III. B. B. Bonner, Chicago, III. NOTES ON CARCASSES. There was but little difference between the carcasses of the Hereford and Devon. The meat in both was well marbled. The fat of a light color, laid on evenly but not to excess. The Galloway had less fat. The meat was not quite so well marbled but was pronounced by all judges a carcass that would cut up very profitably. The Jersey was especially characterized by the yellow color of the fat. The meat was excellently marbled with a sufficient amount of fat, so that it would cut up to good advantage. The Shorthorn carcass had too much fat on the outside, and this not quite evenly distributed, but the cuts in the best parts were thick and finely marbled. On account of the excess of fat it was not thought as profitable a carcass for the butcher or consumer. The Holstein carcass was less marbled than the others, and the meat was somewhat darker colored. The outside of the carcass was of a rather bluish cast, well covered with fat but not in excess. It must have given a good per cent of edible meat. In speaking of the carcasses, The Breeders' Gazette says: " To the great surprise of some people the Jersey showed probably the finest grained car- cass of the lot, the Devon, Hereford, and Shorthorn all presenting surpris- 27 210 EXPERIMENT STATION— BULLETINS. ingly rich cuts in the best parts, rivaling in fact the prize beef on the society's tables. It was a creditable showing in every way." The Orange Judd Farmer says: " The most interesting part was when the judges passed upon the merits of the different breeds tested in the Michigan College experiments. A few comments caught by the way during the judg- ing of these carcasses will aid very materially in forming an opinion upon the relative merits of this particular number. 'The Jersey will eat like a spring chicken,' 'no waste to it,' 'there's no piece of meat in the house that will out eat it,' 'the carcass drops away a little back of the shoulders and is a little coarse in the neck. (After tasting it). Just as I said it was.' 'The Shorthorn is very dear beef — over ripe.' They were surprised at the amount of fat. The Devon was considered the nicest meat for smaller butchers." Very good photographs of the animals alive, and also of cuts of the fore and hind quarters of each of the dressed carcasses, were taken by Mr. John W. Hills, of Delaware, Ohio. These last give quite an accurate representa- tion of the proportion of fat and lean, and the marbling of the same in the carcasses of the different breeds, and have been reproduced by the photo- lithograph process for insertion here as a definite illustration of the edible qualities of the meat of the different breeds. The numbers on the cuts are used to refer to 4 the different breeds as fol- lows: No. 1 represents the Devon, No. 2, the Hereford; No. 3, the Jersey; No. 4, the Galloway ; No. 5, the Shorthorn, and No. 6, the Holstein. Portions of each of the carcasses were sold to Hon. J. Irving Pearce, of the Sherman House, Chicago. I was very glad to place samples of the beef of each breed where its edible qualities would be as thoroughly tested as in this famous hostelry. Mr. Pearce's report will be read with interest in this connection. Mr. Pearce says: "Taken as a whole the beef was very good. My head cook, who is an unusually intelligent and experienced handler of meats, says (and I have bought beef at every one of the Fat Stock Shows held here) that it was the best flavored and most profitable, from having the least waste meat, of any that I have ever bought at these shows. "I found the Jerseys gave me a larger proportion of edible meat than any of the other carcasses, in fact there was no waste to it. No person tasted the meat without speaking of it. I was astonished at the amount of favorable comment it excited in regard to its tenderness and fine flavor. The poorest parts were better than ordinary choice cuts. The fats were good and profit- able for use in cooking. Our pastry cook called it equal to butter. "Next in order came the Galloway in quality and flavor and amount of edible meat ; then the Hereford, the Holstein and the Devon in the order named; the Devon, in amount and flavor of the edible meat and quality of the fats, being equal to either of the othqr bullocks, except the Jersey, but lacking that tenderness found in the others. The Shorthorn was fine in flavor and tender as anyone could desire, but would be very unprofitable to the consumer. There was a very large waste in fats ; much of what we call the corning pieces were so spongy and fat that we could not corn them or otherwise use them except to render them for fats which we could not use in cooking, and that is a product of little value to the consumer." The following tables give the results of the three years' feeding in a sum- marized form, and in such connection, it is hoped, as will enable those inter- FARM DEPARTMENT. 211 «sted in the cost of production of the different breeds, the daily and yearly gains, the per cent of dressed to live weight, and other important facts in this connection, to get by comparison a clear idea of the lessons which they teach. The grain fed the last year, like that of the two preceding, has been largely wheat bran, oats and some oil meal, and to this more corn meal was added, especially during the last six months. The grain is estimated in these tables at $16.00 per ton, being a combina- tion of bran at $12.00; oats at from $15.63 to $18.73 per ton, or from 25c to 30c per bushel; corn at from $14.28 to $16.07 per ton, or from 40c to 45c per bushel, and oil meal at $27.00 per ton. Hay was estimated at $8.00 per ton, roots at $3.00 and ensilage at $3.00. Table I. —From birth to one year old, amount and cost of milk not computed. Breed. Name of Animal. a '3 BQ O* ■z >> a a 00 x> a 55 00 « £ O so 00 □ a 0B .O O z •a &. € S3 Oi >, «a .a no >> to- ts u a c '3 C 1.42 1.93 2.02 2.27 1.56 1.55 2.00 2.40 2.19 2.07 C 00 O c Devon Hereford Latitude Hendricks .... King Jumbo.. Judge Roscoe Potter Nicholas Beltz Homer Holt 1,020 652 1,128 1,104 1,041 1,467 1,288 1,039 1,068 1,153 1,225 6)9 1,459 1,361 847 938 1,430 1,096 946 1,085 39 207 $13 43 7 65 14 89 14 27 11 74 15 54 16 11 12 70 12 34 13 57 521 705 738 829 571 568 731 876 801 754 .025 .01 .02 .017 .02 .027 .022 .014 .015 .017 Calved Mar.23,'86. Oct. 27, '85. Galloway G^llowav . 21 Feb. 17, '86. Jan 1, '86. Jersey Jersey Holstein Holstein 15 30 54 Aug. 27,'85. Feb. 25, '86. Feb. 26, '86. " Nov. 17,'85. Shorthorn Nov. 25,'85. Shorthorn Dec. 17, '85. This table gives the amount of the food consumed, the cost of the same, the weight of the animals at one year, gain^per day for one year, and cost per pound for one year. It will be noticed that the milk consumed is not computed in the cost. Some of the calves were raised on the pail, some ran with their dams. The cost of the milk varies in different localities, and as the calves were brought from various parts of the State, it was thought best to leave the cost of the milk, which at best could only be estimated, for each feeder to determine for himself. The Devon was brought up on the pail; after two weeks old he was fed on skim milk. Hendricks, the Hereford, on the other hand, was suckled by his dam, and not weaned until about 8 months old. He received some grain, and all the hay he would eat during this time. The Galloway, Jumbo, the two Holsteins, and the Jerseys were brought up on the pail. The other Galloway and the Shorthorns ran with their dams. 212 EXPERIMENT STATION— BULLETINS. A study of the table in regard to gains made may aid in answering the question, often asked, whether as good a calf can be raised on the pail as if allowed to run with the cow? The Holstein, Beltz, made the greatest gain during the year, weighing 4? pounds more than the Galloway, King Jumbo, who comes next in weight ; both were brought up on the pail. The differences, in cost, of the so-called beef breeds and of those usually thought of value solely for the dairy, are much less than is generally esti- mated ; the cost of the ten steers being quite uniform, with the exception of the Hereford, and, as has been stated, this was owing to his having been weaned later than any of the others, and so receiving more milk. The cost per pound is quite uniform, one of the Jerseys having cost most, and one of the Holsteins least ; excepting the Hereford, with one of the Shorthorns a close second. It will be noticed that the animals of the same breed differ some in cost. The greatest gain per day is by one of the Holsteins, while the Devon made the least. The individual gains of the same breeds are nearly uniform. Table II. — Cost and Gain for Second Year and Two Years. Breed. Name of Animal. 6 '3 u © a d oj n 03 Si o Z GO 43 o o a 00 d 55 <6 60 X 00 a H 09 6 153 390 1,216 390 330 1.335 1,382 390 390 458 ■a o o s. o -*= OO o D OS 3 >> z - S3 tg % 531 705 738 8^9 571 568 731 876 801 754 to >» 03 +3 u oj 1> >> •a CM a °5 a 488 405 474 514 436 480 585 566 566 480 •a at >> 03 ■c S 0. . c £ 1.33 1.10 1.29 1.40 1.19 1.31 1.60 1.55 1.55 1.31 01 £> u a> 3S .068 .072 .072 .078 .076 .071 .069 .078 .072 .081 as £ a 93 N >> OS ■3 V =•0= 1.38 1.57 1.66 1.85 1.38 1.43 1.80 1.97 1.87 1.69 3 V >> (M 09 O Cost per lb., 2 years. Devon — Hereford . Galloway.. Galloway.. Jersey Jersey ... Holstein... Holstein... Shorthorn Shorthorn Latitude Hendricks . KingJumbo Judge Roscoe Potter Nicholas ... Beltz Homer. Holt 2,329 2,273 2,677 3,059 2,638 2,461 2,989 3,517 3,157 2,666 3,051 3,090 2,689 3,645 2,870 3,105 3,594 3,903 3,741 3,642 1,678 228 326 503 199 102 226 222 226 225 $33 57 31 46 34 48 40 38 33 39 34 25 40 71 44 68 41 23 38 93 1,009 1,105 1,212 1,343 1,007 1,048 1,316 1,442 1,367 1,234 1,009 1,105 1,212 1,343 1,007 1,048 1,316 1,412 1,367 1,334 $47' 00 39 11 49 37 54 65 45 13 49 79 56 82 57 38 53 59 52 50 .045 .035 .04 .04 .044 .047 .043 .039 .039 .042 Table II carries the same items named in table I to the second year, and also gives some of the more important lessons for the two years. Some questions as to the varying amounts of ensilage and roots consumed by the different animals may arise. The difference is accounted for, in large measure, by the differences in dates of birth, fall and winter calves not receiving any their first winter, while tho3e born in the spring were so fed their first winter. The tastes of individual animals has also its effect. It will be noticed that the co3t of produatiou is much greater this year. In all cases doubled and in some trebled. In the cost per pound the first year, the greatest was 2.7 cents, while the lowest in the second year was 6.8 cents. The greatest is 8.1 cents. 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